Kuzma (Cosma) Minin (full name since 1613 - Kuzma (Cosma) Minich Minin, according to the Nikon chronicle - Kozma Minich Minin Sukhoruk, according to many writers - Kozma Minich Zakharyev Sukhoruky; second half of the 16th century - May 21, 1616) - the organizer and one of the leaders of the Zemsky militia of 1611-1612 during the struggle of the Russian people against the Polish and Swedish interventions.
Origin
Little is known about Minin's early years. There is an assumption, based on local tradition (no later than the first half of the 19th century), that Kuzma Minin was the son of a salt maker Mina Ankudinov from Balakhna.
The modern version of the Balakhna origin, which has become practically universally recognized in the USSR, did not originate from documents about this itself, and is based not only on legend, but also on the fact that in Balakhna there were tubs in one pipe that belonged to the Balakhna Minins and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. Then, purely theoretically, families could be friends, Kuzma Minin could be called by the direct Christian name of Dmitry Pozharsky (who was also called Kozma (Cosma), and not Dmitry), Kuzma Minin proposed to lead the militia not just to the namesake, but to a family friend, etc. etc. Moreover, most likely, a significant part of the property of the Minins from Balakhna, who were called the Ankudinovs for a long time, and who changed their nickname after the Troubles, apparently for a reason, received after the execution at the end of 1608 for the adherence to the Tushins of the two main salt producers of Balakhna - township elders Vasily Kukhtin and Alexei Surovtsev - and the confiscation of their property. D. M. Pozharsky, as evidenced by the Register of the city of Balakhna 1674-1676, in 1628 was the owner of 100 buckets of brine in the Luninskaya pipe. In the same pipe, Fyodor Minin Ankudinov owned five hundred buckets. Only after the Time of Troubles, according to A. Melnikov-Pechersky, who referred to the Iskalsky inventory of 1618, the Minins-Ankudinovs occupied the 3rd place in the number of brines (925 buckets) after Spirin (2200 buckets) and the Trinity-Sergius Monastery (1025 buckets) . In the Scribe Book of the Zauzolskaya volost for 1591, Mina Ankudinov listed only the brine in the Kamenka pipe (by the way, in the same pipe his son Fyodor also owned brines in 1628). Moreover, unlike the folk history about the “Tatar origin” of Minin, this version has an author - a prominent and serious historian I. A. Kiryanov, and before that, the origin of Kuzma Minin from Mina Ankudinov was also admitted by A. Ya. Sadovsky.
The version about the Balakhna origin of Minin (previously substantiated by the historian I. A. Kiryanov in 1965) is now being questioned; there are suggestions that the Balakhna Minins were only his namesakes. Similar views were held by Melnikov-Pechersky; In our time, the relevant statements were put forward by a group of Nizhny Novgorod scientists in an article published in 2005-2006. in the collection "Minin's Readings". In their opinion, the "Balakhna" version is not confirmed by a repeated study of documents from the Central Archive of the Nizhny Novgorod Region (commemorative records and a scribe book).
As a result, S. V. Sirotkin states: “... the study of cadastral and other documents on the history of the Minin family in Balakhna allows us to speak quite confidently about the absence of their relationship with Kuzma Minin”. So, Kuzma Minin is not mentioned in any document that has come down to us, neither in connection with the Balakhna “brothers”, nor in connection with the “grandfather Ankundin”. “Neither in the 17th century, nor in the first half of the 18th century. Minin's overalls did not refer to their kinship with the Nizhny Novgorod headman in order to achieve any privileges, although if they were descendants of Kuzma Minin's brothers, they could count on a special attitude towards themselves.- the author also writes. (A special attitude would be necessary, if only because the Balakhna people supported the Tushino people and even undertook an unsuccessful campaign against Nizhny Novgorod, in connection with which, when the Second Militia entered Balakhna, and after the liberation of Moscow, the Balakhnin people were forced to fork out). But according to the scribe books, the Minins just got rich, apparently as a result of the division of the property of the executed supporters of the Tushins, and after the election of Mikhail Romanov, the son of the Tushino patriarch and the nephew of one of the members of the Seven Boyars, as tsar, pardoning the supporters of the Tushinos and the Seven Boyars, returning them and the relatives of the dead property , the hooded Minins could try not to remind themselves once again. At the same time, according to the signature on one of the letters, the name of one of Kuzma Minin's brothers, Sergei, is reliably known. There was no such person among the balakhon Minins. The strongest argument against descent from the Balakhon Minins (which does not exclude kinship with them) is the absence of the name Ankudin in the synodics of Kuzma's son, Nefed. The fact that in the synodic of the nobleman Nefyod Minin the lineage ends with his grandfather, Mina, at the end of his life, the monk Misail, may indeed testify in favor of the fact that Kuzma Minin's father was an orphan who did not remember his parents, a foundling or illegitimate, or Mina's parents ( Misail) were heretics, non-Orthodox, Gentiles, pagans (from the peoples of the Volga region). But this can also be explained by the fact that the commemoration of Mina's parents and their ancestors was already provided by another synodic, paid for by other relatives (for example, Mina's (Misail's) brothers or sisters, etc.).
B. M. Pudalov in his work spoke about the fact that “in the media, without any evidence, a version was voiced about the non-Russian origin of K. Minin (“baptized Tatar”?). It cannot be accepted, as it contradicts the evidence of sources about the deep Orthodox roots of the clan..
For the first time, the Tatar origin of Kuzma Minin was announced in 2002 by the Ogonyok magazine in a sidebar to an article by the historian V. L. Makhnach. The magazine called Kuzma Minin "the baptized Tatar Kirisha Minnibaev." But then, after verification, this material was never published, the material was also lost, we do not even know the author of this version. In 2006, the chairman of the Council of Muftis of Russia, Ravil Gainutdin, supported the version of the anonymous supplier of materials to Ogonyok about Minin's "Tatar origin".
At the same time, the thesis about the “possible Tatar nationality” of the hero of 1612 was voiced by the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia Alexy II. The patriarch also believed that there were many Tatars in the militia of Minin and Pozharsky, who went to liberate Moscow from the interventionists because Minin was a "Tatar". (Indeed, when I. I. Birkin tried to withdraw the entire army of the Kazan state from Yaroslavl, the Tatars, for the most part, remained, and the Russians left, etc.) But the fact that the Muslims of the Volga region supported the Second Militia is just more evidence against this version, since they would have considered a newly baptized Tatar a renegade.) V.V. Putin supported the mufti and the patriarch, saying that Russia was liberated by the Tatar Minin, and the liberation came from Kazan. Apparently, he was referring to the oath of the Kazan state on January 9, 1611, to the already dead False Dmitry II, and the subsequent letter from Kazan to the Vyatka land, which preceded the creation of both the First and Second Militias, “become, gentlemen, we Orthodox peasants for the true Orthodox faith of Christ, all unanimously so that we Orthodox peasants do not give up the Orthodox peasant faith in the evil and damned Latin faith. But after leaving for the First Militia, along with the troops and the icon of Our Lady of Kazan, the great voivode Morozov, Kazanians, whom the historical cities of Russia called for help, hesitated. Therefore, despite the call of the Russian cities to Kazan, and Patriarch Hermogenes - both to Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan - contrary to the hopes of the Russians and the promise of the Kazanians, the liberation of the Moscow state did not come from Kazan, but thanks to Minin - from Nizhny Novgorod.)
The well-known Kazan scholar-philologist, academician A. Kh. Khalikov, who died before the emergence of the version of the Tatar origin of Kuzma Minin, in his book “500 Russian Surnames of Bulgar-Tatar Origin” unequivocally states that the surname Minin can come from the name of the genus “Min”, which was a leading Kipchak-Horde clan (appeared among the Kipchaks after the Mongol conquest). Professor R. Z. Yanguzin also wrote in detail about the kind of mines as one of the powerful and viable formations of Turkic-Kypchak origin. Noble Horde clans, for example, the Kokand khans, came out of this Min tribe. The Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles also says that people from this Horde clan Min in the Muscovite state were called Minins. So, the arguments about the “Turkic origin” of the surname are very convincing.
But Minin's common man There was no first name. He was named after his father, whose Christian name was the name Mina that arose long before the appearance of the Ming clan. The surname Minin Kuzma received in 1613, when he became a duma nobleman. In addition, Christianity appeared among the Kipchaks earlier than Islam, and according to all sources, Kuzma Minin is from an Orthodox family: most likely, Russians or Kryashens - both of them assimilated many Kipchaks by the 17th century, but theoretically it could be of a different origin, since all the Orthodox of Muscovite Russia, of course, considered themselves, first of all, Russians, and his nickname Minin was from his father Mina, and not from the clan Min.
Thus, there is no reliable and reasoned scientific information about whether Kuzma Minin was actually a Tatar. This, by by and large, a completely new and original version without an author and without evidence, which only in principle has the right to exist. It does not offend the Russian people in the same way as the heroism of the Kryashens, General Karbyshev, Major Gavrilov, Muslim Musa Jalil, etc. - on the contrary, politically it would be very good. But there is so little evidence for this that no one has yet admitted who was the author of this anonymous folk history, supported by Mufti Ravil Gainutdinov, Patriarch Alexy and President V.V. Putin.
It is known for certain that the widow of K. Minin, Tatyana Semyonovna, having outlived her husband and childless son Nefed, died shortly after 1635, taking monastic vows under the name “Taisia” before her death. V. A. Kuchkin in his work “On the family of Kuzma Minin” (ISSSR. - M., 1973. No. 2. S. 209-211) points to the monk Misail, inscribed in the synodics for commemoration of the Minin family, as a possible father folk hero.
Even about the middle name of Kuzma Minin, there were different opinions. In the second half of the 19th century, according to the erroneous opinion popularized by N.I. Kostomarov, which, apparently, only goes back to M.P. Pogodin, who was friends with the playwright A.N. namesakes - also Kuzma, but not Minin. Now the opinion has been established that "Minin" is not a family nickname, but a patronymic. P. I. Melnikov (Andrey Pechersky), who found this bill of sale, never called Minin that name either in his writings or in his correspondence, despite Pogodin’s opinion. The only thing he allowed himself was to call him Kozma instead of Kuzma. From the text of the bill of sale, in fact, it follows that in 1602 in Nizhny Novgorod he lived “above the river. Pochaenoy, on the Nikolskaya side, Kuzma Zakhariev, the son of Sukhoruk, ”who had nothing to do with his namesake Kuzma Minin.
Different versions also exist about Minin's occupation: either he was a "salt industrialist", or a "beef" (cattle trader). Today it is known for certain that he was a townsman from Nizhny Novgorod, elected headman.
What is known for certain today, and is supported by accurate scientific data, and not speculation, is the genealogical tree of the Kuzma Minin family. Father - Mina, mother - unknown, Mina's sons - Kuzma Minin (wife Tatyana Semyonovna, Taisia in monasticism) and Sergey Minin, Mina also had a daughter Sophia (nun), their sister. On Nefyod, the only son of Kuzma Minin and his wife Tatyana Semyonovna, the tree breaks. Kuzma Minin is a great citizen, "an elected representative of the whole earth" - the first democratically elected legitimate acting head of the Russian state, a citizen of Nizhny Novgorod, a townsman of Nizhny Novgorod, as he is called in the surviving documents of his time.
Participation in the militia
M. I. Scotty. Minin and Pozharsky. 1850
It is only known for certain that at the beginning of the 17th century he opened a shop in Nizhny Novgorod and engaged in the meat trade. In 1608-1610. as part of the local city militia (under the leadership of the governor A. Alyabyev and A. Repnin), he participated in battles with supporters of False Dmitry II. The Nizhny Novgorod people then managed to defeat the Tushinos, clear the outskirts of the city from them and gain combat experience. Details about the activities of Minin personally become known only from the autumn of 1611, when a letter from Patriarch Hermogenes was read out in Nizhny Novgorod (but now some suggest that in reality they read the letter from Troitsky monastery). The city council, convened to discuss the letter, was attended by the clergy and senior people in the city. Among the participants was Kuzma Minin, a zemstvo (townsman) headman elected in September, a middle-class man and a butcher by trade. The next day after the meeting, the content of the letter was read out to the townspeople. Undeservedly forgotten now, but in reality, who led the Nizhny Novgorod militia together with Minin and Pozharsky, the patriot Archpriest Savva convinced the people to “stand for the faith”, but the speech of Minin who spoke behind him turned out to be much more specific:
We want to help the Muscovite state, so we do not spare our property, do not spare anything, sell yards, mortgage wives and children, beat with the forehead of anyone who would stand up for the true Orthodox faith and was our leader.
S.M. Soloviev. History of Russia since ancient times. Volume 8. Chapter 8. End of the Interregnum
In Nizhny Novgorod, constant gatherings began: they talked about how to rise, where to get people and funds. With such questions, they turned primarily to Minin, and he developed his plans in detail. Every day his influence grew; Nizhny Novgorod was carried away by Minin's proposals and, finally, decided to form a militia on a new basis, convene service people and collect money for their maintenance.
Prince Dmitry Pozharsky was chosen as the leader of the militia, who was then treated for wounds in the Nizhny Novgorod estate and wished that the economic part in the militia was entrusted to Minin.
With the support of Pozharsky's troops, Minin carried out an assessment of the property of the Nizhny Novgorod population and determined the part that should go to the militia. On the advice of Minin, they gave the "third money", that is, a third of the property, or, in some cases, a fifth. Persons who did not want to allocate the required amount were given into slaves, and their property was completely confiscated.
According to the chronicle, he “satisfied the thirsty hearts of the soldiers and covered their nakedness, and in everything they rested, and by these deeds he gathered not a small army.” Nizhny Novgorod was soon joined by other cities, raised by the well-known district charter, in the preparation of which, undoubtedly, Minin participated. Unlike the First Militia, which relied on the exceptionally brave but low-paid Cossack freemen, Minin did not spare money for more disciplined, albeit more expensive, military specialists. Both Nizhny Novgorod and Pozharsky themselves participated in the First Militia, recaptured almost 9/10 of Moscow, and then, due to the lack of siege artillery and specialists in the siege of cities, they could not do anything with the Poles and Little Russian Cossacks who had settled in Kitay-Gorod and the impregnable Kremlin. The first to come were two thousand experienced Belarusian warriors wandering near Nizhny, who participated in the defense of Smolensk, pardoned by King Sigismund after the capture of the city, but flatly refused to go to serve him and his son Vladislav, whom Sigismund, with the help of the Seven Boyars, wanted to approve on the Moscow throne. Minin managed to give even ordinary military specialists a very high salary - from 30 to 50 rubles a year. Many military personnel came to him - not only subjects of the Moscow state or patriots of the united Russian people, but, as we would say now, internationalist soldiers - both from the East and the West, as Simon Azaryin emphasizes - "from the whole Universe" . At the beginning of April 1612, a huge militia was already standing in Yaroslavl, headed by Prince Pozharsky and Minin.
Kuzma joined the “Council of the Whole Land”, created in Yaroslavl in the middle of 1612, and until the Zemsky Sobor was convened in 1613, he performed the functions of the highest body of state power, which he actually headed, although due to the custom of localism, his signature was only 15th. After all, he attracted the Council of the whole land and brought with him to Yaroslavl many Cossacks, the closest relative of Ivan the Terrible - his wife's nephew - Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Cherkassky, and the most well-born Rurik boyars, and even the signature of Rurikovich Dmitry Pozharsky turned out to be only 10th. The Council turned for military assistance to the King of Sweden and the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, promising their sons the throne of Moscow - and received help from Germany and Sweden in large military detachments, and, most importantly, secured their rear from attacks by the Swedes, their puppet Novgorod state and the Holy Roman Empire. empire in conditions when the Commonwealth concluded a truce with them and wanted to attack the Russians together with them. In order to keep some of the serving Poles, Minin did not rule out the election of Vladislav to the kingdom. Only the possibility of participation in the management of the great Russian state of Sigismund III and any other foreigners, except for the tsar who converted to Orthodoxy, was categorically denied. Subsequently, on Zemsky Cathedral, all foreign applicants for the Moscow throne were given a turn from the gate - so as not to offend any of them and not to bring confusion into the relations of Christian states among themselves. In Yaroslavl, Minin no longer accepted ordinary foreign condottieri into the militia. The Cossacks of the princes Cherkassky and Shakhovsky organized their Circle, and Minin was looking for money to fulfill the decisions of both the “masters” and the “comrades”, Kuzma immediately found money for everything useful for the state, and did not refuse the rest to both authorities, but “continued the money search". On April 7, 1612, the Council of the Whole Land called the Muscovite State a great Russian power. But then the militia began to mow down a terrible pestilence. Contrary to the expectations of the Seven Boyars, the militia did not flee, and thanks to competent sanitary measures, the epidemic was stopped. Convinced of the safety of the rear, the militia marched on Moscow.
In the battles for Moscow 22-24.8 (01-03.9). 1612 Kuzma also showed resourcefulness and military prowess. His detachment, which consisted of three hundreds of nobles and a gonfalon, captain Khmelevsky, who had come to serve him from the Commonwealth (in the Second Home Guard there were a lot of people from the Commonwealth, usually from its Western Russian lands, but also opponents of Sigismund of a different origin - for example, those who feared him revenge, participants of the Sandomierz Rokosh), crossed the Moskva River and, like snow on his head, fell on two Lithuanian companies set up by Hetman Khodkevich near the Crimean courtyard. Here the enemy could not withstand the onslaught, losing up to 500 people on the spot. Khodkevich was forced to leave Catherine's camp and retreated to the Donskoy Monastery. This provided a turning point in the course of the battle. So, in August, with the personal participation of Minin, Khodkevich was defeated, and in October Moscow was cleared of the Poles. Kuzma Minin, together with Dmitry Timofeevich Trubetskoy and Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky, ruled the great Russian power until the Zemsky Sobor was convened, since after the unification of the Soviets of the entire land of the First and Second militias as a result of the capture of Moscow and the final unification of the militias, the Council of the whole land did not meet. (Probably to prevent conflicts). Like all the great princes, tsars and rulers of the Moscow state before Peter I, Kuzma Minin, the “elected of the whole earth,” did not sign anything himself. All letters, for example, on the convocation of the Zemsky Sobor, were signed for him by his comrades Trubetskoy and Pozharsky. The next day after the wedding to the kingdom (July 12, 1613), Mikhail Fedorovich granted Minin the rank of duma nobleman and estate. There were only two Duma noblemen in the Duma - appointed by False Dmitry I, but proclaiming at the Zemsky Sobor all Rurikovichs to be the same foreigners as Prince Vladislav, and therefore making it possible to elect Mikhail Romanov, a relative of the Romanovs Gavrila Pushkin with a salary of 120 rubles and the only one appointed by Mikhail himself - Kuzma Minin with a salary of 200 rubles. Since then, constantly sitting in the Duma and living in the royal palace, Minin enjoyed the great confidence of the tsar (in 1615, he, along with his fellow boyars, was instructed to “protect Moscow” during the tsar’s trip to the Sergius Monastery) and received the most important “parcels”.
Death
He died in 1616, "during the search" in the "Cossack places" (where the population of the former Kazan Khanate carried out the Cossack service to the proclaimed great Russian power) on the occasion of the uprising of the Tatars and Cheremis. Minin Kuzma Minich was buried in the graveyard of the parish church of Pokhvalinsk.
Tomb of Kuzma Minin in the Cathedral of the Transfiguration of the Savior in the Kremlin. Erected by L. V. Dalem in 1874
Later, in 1672, his ashes were transferred to the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin to the Cathedral of the Transfiguration of the Savior by the first Nizhny Novgorod Metropolitan Filaret.
By the 1830s, the cathedral fell into disrepair and was demolished at the direction of the Nizhny Novgorod governor M.P. Buturlin. In 1838, a new cathedral was built, its foundation was shifted by several tens of meters relative to old building, and the ashes of Minin and the specific princes resting nearby were placed in the sub-church.
In 1930, after the destruction of the Transfiguration Cathedral, the ashes were transferred for storage to the historical and architectural museum-reserve, and then transferred to the Mikhailo-Arkhangelsk Cathedral of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin.
According to the TV program "Searchers", a completely different ashes lie in the grave on the territory of the Kremlin, and the real remains of Minin continue to remain in the ground at the place where the Transfiguration Cathedral stood. Currently in place cathedral Built in 1838, there is a wooden cross.
Since 1804, IP Martos began to work on a sculptural composition in Nizhny Novgorod in honor of Kozma Minin. Upon completion of the sketches in the spring of 1809, a fundraising was announced in the Nizhny Novgorod province. By 1811, 18,000 rubles had been received, but on February 15 of the same year, the Committee of Ministers decided to erect a monument in Moscow. In 1818 a monument was erected to Minin and Pozharsky in Moscow, and in 1828 a granite obelisk was erected in Nizhny Novgorod.
Family
Kuzma (Kozma) had an only son - Nefed and sister Sophia (name in monasticism). After the death of Minin, the tsar, by a letter dated July 5, 1616, confirmed the right to own a patrimony in the Nizhny Novgorod district - the village of Bogorodskoye with villages - to the widow of Kuzma Tatyana Semyonovna and his son Nefed. Nefed had a courtyard on the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin, although he himself lived in Moscow in his service while performing the duties of a solicitor. Information about him is rather scattered. In 1625 he was present at the departure of the Persian ambassador, in 1626 he was "at the sovereign's lantern" at two royal weddings. The last mention in the palace ranks dates back to 1628. He died in 1632. The granted estates returned to the state treasury and were given to Prince Yakov Kudenetovich Cherkassky.
Tatyana Semyonovna Minina continued to live in Nizhny Novgorod. Apparently, at an advanced age, she became a nun, ending her life in one of the Nizhny Novgorod monasteries (most likely, in Voskresensky, located on the territory of the Kremlin).
Performance evaluations
Most historians (especially I. E. Zabelin and M. P. Pogodin) describe the historical portrait of Minin as worthy of respect for his heroic actions, mentioning his feat before the fatherland as a decisive step in defense of the Motherland, in contrast to N. I. Kostomarov, who considered him a man "with a strong will, a strong temper, who used all means to achieve the goal."
organizer of the national liberation struggle of the Russian people against the Polish intervention, one of the leaders of the Zemstvo militia of the year.
Kozma Minin(1562 / 1568-1616), organizer of the national liberation struggle of the Russian people against the Polish intervention, one of the leaders of the 2nd zemstvo militia in 1612, member of the zemstvo government (1612-1613), Nizhny Novgorod townsman, zemstvo elder (since September 1611 ), Duma nobleman (since July 16, 1613).
Biography
Family of Kozma Minin
Many books and articles have been written about the great patriot, the initiator of the creation of the national militia of 1611-1612, Kuzma Minin. But even to the present Burden, there are still many "blank spots" in our information about Minin himself and his descendants. Documentary and literary materials claim that Kuzma Minin's father left Balakhna at the end of the 16th century in connection with the beginning of the decline of the salt industry in Nizhny Novgorod. With him was a young (8-10 years old) son Kuzma. Kuzma's older brothers remained in Balakhna. In Nizhny, Kuzma's father, apparently, was not lucky, he went to the monastery and there he took the tonsure under the name of Misail. When Kuzma grew up, he began to engage in trade. In subsequent years, Kuzma Minin stood out among the townspeople with his mind, gained respect and influence, and began to be elected to important city posts. Having become independent, Kuzma was written with the name of his own father: Kuzma Minin's son. It is appropriate to say that he did not call himself Kuzma. So, on the letter sent to Poland in 1614, among others, there is a signature: Duma nobleman Kuzma Minin. The genealogy of Kuzma Minin was studied by many researchers, including Nizhny Novgorod P. I. Melnikov and A. Ya. Sadovsky. Their work was continued by I. A. Kiryanov, who, on the basis of new sources, established that Kuzma Minin comes from the Balakhnin family of Mina Ankudinov. And what is known about the descendants of Minin? In 1842, the writer and local historian P. I. Melnikov-Pechersky was engaged in clarifying this. On the basis of archival research, he came to the conclusion that there were no direct descendants of Kuzma Minin, because his only son Nefediy also died childless shortly after the death of his father, and the remaining property, as escheated, was transferred to the treasury. Kuzma Minin had brothers Sergey and Bezson and a sister Daria, but exact information about their descendants was not preserved, although subsequently many tried to prove that they belonged to the Minin family. Different people put their hands on the search for Minin's descendants, even the Nizhny Novgorod police chief Makhotin. Such "historians" falsified the facts, attached families of rich people who were never related to Minin to the Minin family. Minin's absence of children, except for Nefedius, was mainly judged by Kuzma's petition to the tsar and the reciprocal royal order of May 31, 1615, where only one son of Minin was named - Nefed. However, it should be noted that the royal decree applied only to Minin's relatives who lived in the Nizhny Novgorod district (Minin himself lived in Moscow at that time). But in the State Archive of the Gorky Region, a document was found that reports on the descendants of Minin living in the Tula province. This is the petition of M. V. Ivanova, nee Minina, submitted to the Nizhny Novgorod City Duma in July 1916. In her petition, Maria Vasilievna Ivanova reports that her father, a descendant of Kuzma Minin, Vasily Vasilyevich Minin, died 6 years ago. After his death, from the once rich estates in the Chernsky district of the Tula province, there was absolutely nothing left that could serve as at least a memory of the former well-being, Ivanova asked the city duma, in “the memory of Kuzma Minin, an exemplary citizen for all of Russia, to come to the rescue by issuing a cash allowance for maintaining the existence of an impoverished family of descendants of a once glorious family, ”and also to accept her son Igor, who at that time was 6 years old, on a scholarship from the city duma. Attached to the petition is a certificate issued from the Tula noble assembly July 28, 1916. It says that Maria Vasilievna, the daughter of the deceased "lieutenant Vasily Vasilyevich Minin", as can be seen "from the documents available in the case of the nobility of the Minin family, including the coat of arms of this family, included in the highest approved armorial, comes from Kuzma Minin." We sent a letter to the Tula archivists with a request to send documents about the Minin family. After several months of waiting, we found documents of great interest in our hands - a photocopy from the book by V. I. Chernopyatov about the Tula descendants of Minin and a description of the coat of arms of the Minin family (Chernopyatov V. I. The nobility of the Tula province, III-XII, part VI, p. 381). It is known that in 1613, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich granted Minin the title of Duma nobleman, approved his family in noble dignity. The painting of the noble family of the Minins testifies that, in addition to Nefediy, Minin had another son - Leonty. His descendants continued the Minin family on Russian soil. Why Minin did not name Leonty in the petition of 1615 remains unclear. There is no information about Leonty Kuzmich in the painting by V. I. Chernopyatov. His son, Mikhail, the grandson of Kuzma Minin, was a duma nobleman and was granted for "courage and courage" by the villages in the Cheri district. But, it turns out, he is known to Tula. The coat of arms is a shield divided in two. In the upper half there are crossed olive and laurel branches, in the lower half there is a sword thrust into a silver crescent. The shield is surmounted by a nobleman's helmet and crown. The description of the coat of arms says that the founder of the Minin clan, Kozma Minin, showed “a laudable example of zeal for the Fatherland, giving all his property to the salaries of warriors, bowed his fellow citizens to take saving measures and, sacrificing himself, became the reason for delivering the state from death.” As can be seen from the family tree of the painting, the majority of the Tula branch of the Minin clan are military men. They carry military service in the ranks of lieutenants, captains, majors. Some served in the secular line. But neither the military nor the civilian Minins rose to high ranks. The family of Nikolai Vasilyevich Minin is interesting for us (in painting No. 31). He fought in the Balkans Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878 and received the soldier's St. George's Cross. His son Alexander Nikolayevich (painted No. 34) served in the Navy for more than half a century. In 1918-1920, he commanded the Okean warship, later renamed Komsomolets. Died in 1947. His daughter Lyudmila Alexandrovna is a surgeon. It is known that in 1956 she lived in Leningrad. Now that something has become known about the bearers of this glorious family, more detailed information about the descendants of the Kuzma Minin family will have to be collected.
In the center of the capital, on the main square of our country, there is a well-known monument created in 1818 by the sculptor IP Martos. It depicts the most worthy sons of Russia - Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, who, at a difficult time for the Motherland, managed to organize and lead thousands of people's militia to fight the invaders. The events of those early years have become one of the glorious pages of our history.
Young and enterprising Nizhny Novgorod
When Kuzma Minin was born, it is not known exactly. It is generally accepted that this happened around 1570 in the Volga city of Balakhna. She preserved the history and names of his parents - Mikhail and Domniki. It is also known that they were wealthy people, and when their son was eleven years old, they moved to Nizhny Novgorod, one of the largest cities on the Volga. In those days, it was customary for sons from an early age to help their fathers to the best of their ability to get bread. So Kuzma acquired the habit of work in his youth.
When he grew up, he opened his own business. Not far from the walls of the Kremlin, a slaughterhouse for cattle and a shop with meat goods, which belonged to Minin, appeared. Things went excellently, which made it possible to build their own house in the suburb of Blagoveshchenskaya Sloboda, where wealthy people settled at that time. Soon a good bride was found - Tatyana Semyonovna, who, becoming a wife, bore him two sons - Nefed and Leonty.
The call of the Zemstvo headman
Among other townspeople, Kuzma stood out for his intelligence, energy and obvious inclinations of a leader. Thanks to these qualities, the inhabitants of the settlement, in whom he enjoyed authority, elected Kuzma as their headman. But the abilities truly inherent in it were revealed in 1611, when a letter of Patriarch Hermogenes was delivered to Nizhny Novgorod, calling on all classes of the Russian people to rise to fight against the Polish invaders.
To discuss this message on the same day, the city council, consisting of representatives of the city leaders and the clergy, met. Kuzma Minin was also present. Immediately after the letter was read to the inhabitants of Nizhny Novgorod, he addressed them with a fiery speech, urging them to stand up for their faith and the Fatherland and for this holy cause to spare neither life nor property.
The harsh demands of war
The inhabitants of the city readily responded to his call, but for such a large-scale undertaking, an energetic and business executive was needed, who would be able to financially provide the army, and an experienced military commander capable of taking command. They were Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, who more than once showed himself to be an excellent governor. Now, on all issues related to human resources and the necessary in cash, addressed directly to Minin.
Using the powers given to him and relying on the support of Pozharsky's troops, he decided that every resident of the city was obliged to contribute to the general fund an amount equal to a third of all his property. In exceptional cases, this amount was reduced to a fifth of the assessment of everything that the city dweller owned. Those who did not want to pay the due share were deprived of all civil rights and passed into the category of slaves, and all their property was completely subject to confiscation in favor of the militia. Such are the harsh laws of wartime, and Kuzma Minin had no right to show weakness.
The formation of the militia and the beginning of hostilities
Diplomas, similar to the one received in Nizhny Novgorod, were also sent to many other cities of Russia. Very soon, numerous detachments from other regions joined the Nizhny Novgorod residents, where the inhabitants responded to the call of the Patriarch with no less enthusiasm. As a result, at the end of March, thousands of militia were assembled on the Volga, led by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky.
The base for the final formation of troops was the populous trading city of Yaroslavl. From here, in July 1612, the militia, in the amount of more than thirty thousand people, came out to intercept the forces of Hetman Jan Khodkevich, who was hurrying to help the Polish garrison blockaded in Moscow. The decisive battle followed on August 24 under the walls of the capital. The numerical superiority was on the side of the interventionists, but the morale of the militias deprived them of this advantage. Prince Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin led the course of the battle and instilled courage in the fighters with their personal examples.
Siege of the Kremlin
The victory was complete. The enemies fled, leaving rich trophies in the hands of the militia: tents, banners, timpani and four hundred wagons of food. In addition, many prisoners were taken. Hetman was thrown back from Moscow, but for Kremlin walls there were detachments of Polish colonels Strusya and Budila, who still had to be driven out of there. In addition, their accomplices, the boyars, who defected to the side of the invaders, also represented a certain force. Each of them had their own squads, with whom they also had to fight.
The Poles besieged in the Kremlin had long run out of food, and they endured terrible famine. Knowing this, Kuzma Minin and Pozharsky, in order to avoid unnecessary victims, offered them to surrender, guaranteeing their lives, but were refused. On October 22 (November 1), the militias went on the attack and captured Kitay-Gorod, but the resistance of the besieged continued. From hunger, cannibalism began in their ranks.
The capitulation of the Poles and the entry of the militias into the Kremlin
Prince Pozharsky softened his demands and suggested that the invaders leave the Kremlin with weapons and banners, leaving only the stolen valuables, but the Poles did not agree to this either. Only the traitors came out - the boyars with their families, whom Kuzma Minin, standing on the Stone Bridge at the gates, had to protect from the Cossacks, who were burning with the desire to immediately deal with the traitors.
Realizing their doom, on October 26 (November 5), the besieged surrendered and left the Kremlin. Their further fate was different. The regiment commanded by Budila was lucky: he ended up at the location of Pozharsky's militia, and he, having kept his word, saved their lives, subsequently deporting them to Nizhny Novgorod. But the Strusya regiment came to the governor Trubetskoy and was completely destroyed by his Cossacks.
The great day in the history of Russia was October 27 (November 6), 1612. After a prayer service performed by the Archimandrite of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery Dionysius, the militia of Kuzma Minin and Pozharsky solemnly entered the Kremlin to the sound of bells. Unfortunately, the Russian people, who raised their call to fight against the invaders, did not live to this day. For refusing to submit to their will, the Poles starved him to death in the basement of the Chudov Monastery.
royal mercy
In July 1613, a significant event took place that marked the beginning of the three-hundred-year rule of the Romanov dynasty: their first representative, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, ascended the Russian throne. This happened on July 12, and the very next day, the founder of the monarchical dynasty - in gratitude for his patriotic deeds - granted Kuzma Minin the rank of a Duma nobleman. It was a worthy reward, since in those days this rank was the third in “honor”, second only to the boyar and roundabout. Now the creator of the militia had the right to sit at the head of orders or be a governor.
Since then, Minin enjoyed the unlimited confidence of the sovereign. When in 1615 Mikhail Fedorovich with his inner circle went on a pilgrimage to the city, he entrusted the protection of the capital to him, because he knew that, having freed Moscow from former enemies, this person would be able to protect her from future ones. And in the future, the sovereign often entrusted Minin with responsible assignments.
Death and the Mystery of the Hero's Remains
Kuzma Mikhailovich Minin died on May 21, 1616 and was buried in the graveyard of the Pokhvalinskaya Church. In 1672, the first Nizhny Novgorod Metropolitan Philaret ordered that his ashes be transferred to the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral of the Kremlin in Nizhny Novgorod. In the thirties of the 19th century, the temple, which had deteriorated by that time, was demolished, and in 1838 a new one was built aside from it.
The ashes of Minin and several other specific princes were transferred to his dungeon. A hundred years later, pursuing a policy of militant atheism, the Bolsheviks razed this temple to the ground, and the remains of the Nizhny Novgorod militia got into the local museum, and then were transferred to the Mikhailo-Arkhangelsk Cathedral in Nizhny Novgorod. It is customary to officially consider it the burial place of Kuzma Minin.
However, researchers have some doubts about this. There is an assumption that the ashes of a completely different person are stored in the Mikhailo-Arkhangelsk Cathedral, and the remains of the glorified hero still remain in the ground at the place where the destroyed temple was. The building of the Nizhny Novgorod administration and the City Duma has now been built there, so it is no longer possible to carry out excavations and confirm or refute this hypothesis.
Gratitude of descendants
After the death of Minin, his son Nefed remained, who served in Moscow as a lawyer - a petty official in one of the sovereign's orders. Remembering the merits of his father, with a special letter he secured for him the right of patrimonial possession of the village of Bogorodskoye in the Nizhny Novgorod district. He also owned a site on the territory of the Kremlin in Nizhny Novgorod.
Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky defended Russia, and in 1818 grateful descendants erected in Moscow a monument to these true patriots of their Motherland. Its author was the outstanding sculptor I.P. Martos, and it was created with voluntary donations from citizens. Initially, it was planned to erect a monument in Nizhny Novgorod - a cradle, but subsequently they decided to move it to the capital, since the feat of these people in its scale goes far beyond the boundaries of one city.
M. I. Scotty. Minin and Pozharsky. 1850
The Time of Troubles was one of the most difficult historical periods for our country. Constant changes in power, the march of impostors across Russia and the occupation by Polish and Swedish interventionists almost destroyed statehood. However, despite the fact that this time is estimated by historians as dark and difficult, it was it that showed all the wisdom and strength of the Russian people. It was this period that was inscribed in golden letters people's memory in the annals of Russia the names of its heroes and devoted sons.
The school curriculum includes the mandatory study of the biographies of emperors, noble nobles and politicians, even criminals are given attention, while real heroes are only mentioned in passing. It is not surprising that the younger generation simply does not know most of the glorious names that grateful descendants should be proud of.
Minin Kuzma Zakharyevich practically left no historical traces about himself until 1611. It is only known that he was a butcher or had his own butcher's shop. There is evidence that he bore the nickname Sukhoruk and, apparently, did not differ much from the townspeople. From what year Kuzma Zakharyevich lived in Nizhny Novgorod is unknown, however, according to historians of that time, he lived in an average income and was respected among the inhabitants. If we take into account the pace of life at the end of the sixteenth century, as well as the mores of independent Novgorodians, then in order to earn their respect and trust, it was necessary for Minin to stay in the city for 10 years, or even more. It is also possible to speak about the age of this glorious Russian only presumably. Most historians are inclined to believe that he was mature, but not quite an old man. Judging by medium duration life during this period, we can say that at the time of the speech to the townspeople with a call to collect the militia, Kuzma Zakharyevich was 35 or 45 years old. Historical documents testify that the folk hero had a small family. His wife Tatyana Semyonovna, having outlived her husband, ended her life as a nun in one of Novgorod's cells. Researchers are inclined to believe that it was the Resurrection Monastery. The only son of Nefed Kuzmich was a famous Moscow lawyer and until his death owned the village of Belogorodskoye granted to his father and nearby villages and lands in the Nizhny Novgorod district. Already after his death in 1632, the possessions again returned to state ownership. According to the official version, Kuzma Minin came from a large family of the Ankudinov saltworker, but this point of view is last years subjected to harsh and justified criticism. Recently, books and archival documents were analyzed, and as a result, historians came to the conclusion that Minin had no relationship with this person. The hypothesis is controversial, so it should not be taken as the only true one. However, one should not evaluate the former point of view as an indisputable truth. Both theories have their serious gaps and cannot claim full reliability.
K.E. Makovsky. Minin's appeal. 1896
The beginning of vigorous activity is associated with the reading of the letter of Hermogenes at the city council. According to contemporaries, Minin himself told that the canonized Sergius appeared to him more than once with a demand to start convening a militia to protect the state. It is not known how reliable the legend is, most likely, this is just another folk tale, invented in order to further exalt the glorious Novgorod city dweller. In the fall of 1611, Minin was elected headman and began to collect the militia.
Minin received recognition from Novgorodians thanks to his speech at the gathering about the need for a militia and its financing. Kuzma Zakharyevich knew how to speak. The eloquent and fiery appeal of the headman was heard, and the personal example of donation also helped. His words kindled the hearts of the townspeople and forced them to give a third of their personal property to the collection and maintenance of the national army. By the way, it is still impossible to say that the financing was completely voluntary, since attempts to evade the transfer of the contribution were subject to a strict sanction in the form of selling the culprit into slaves with the confiscation of all his property.
Novgorod quickly became the center of a concentration of militias, and Minin proposed that Dmitry Pozharsky be elected as military commander. The prince was being treated near the city and expressed a desire to become the head of the army and use his military talent for the good of the Fatherland. Kuzma Zakharyevich was appointed as the head of the treasury of the militia, as a person who had earned the great trust of the people. The position was very difficult, because in the conditions of general ruin, Minin had to not only take care of feeding the soldiers, but also dress them in the harsh Russian autumn and winter. The merit of Kuzma Minin, first of all, is that the provision of the rebel army was established at the very high level, which was facilitated by the business acumen, diligence, responsibility and crystal honesty of the Novgorod headman. Largely thanks to the work of Kuzma Zakharyevich, the second militia escaped the fate of Lyapunov's people's army.
An amazing man, whose origin is still not known for certain, possessed not only the gift of eloquence and management. Not far from Moscow, in a battle with Khodkevich, a detachment led by him delivered a decisive blow to the enemy, thereby deciding the outcome of the battle in favor of the militias. Courage, honesty, diligence, responsibility, accuracy and many more positive and unique qualities were combined in this mysterious personality. Minin became a national hero who, together with other no less valiant sons of the Russian state, defended its independence and freedom.
The merits of Kuzma Zakharyevich were marked by the young Tsar Mikhail Romanov with a title of nobility and service in the Boyar Duma. Already in 1614, in view of his proven honesty and diligence, Minin was charged with collecting duties from foreigners, merchants and other merchants to the treasury, which, in a devastated country, was a very honorable and responsible matter. In 1615, the sovereign reaffirmed his respect and benevolence for the folk hero, including him in the collegium that managed capital and state affairs during Mikhail Romanov's pilgrimage to holy places. Minin rightfully enjoyed the endless trust of the tsar and his entourage, and even greater love among the common people. In the same year, Kuzma Zakharyevich had to participate with Romodanovsky in an investigation into the uprising of foreigners.
Tomb of Kuzma Minin in the Cathedral of the Transfiguration of the Savior in the Kremlin. Erected by L. V. Dalem in 1874
The death of the national hero, about whom legends and tales began to take shape during his lifetime, in May 1616. became a real grief for the common people. After the death of Minin, the government treated his family with special reverence and provided the widow and son with all kinds of support.
There are very few historical estimates of this person. For the most part, we explore only the second half of the life of this mysterious man who came from nowhere to save a distressed country. Of course, the expulsion of the interventionists was not only the work of Kuzma Zakharyevich, but his contribution to this national feat is invaluable. It is unacceptable to consign to oblivion such glorious names as Minin, just as it is not worthy to challenge his positive role in our state. This is one of the most brilliant examples of a worthy citizen of his country.
Minin Kuzma Minich (? -1616) - organizer of the militia against the Polish invaders in the early 17th century.
He came from the family of the Balakhna salt industrialist Mina Ankudinov. "Minin" - was originally a patronymic, then became a generic surname. Arriving in Nizhny Novgorod, Minin traded meat and fish. Elected by the Zemstvo headman, he began to form a people's militia in the city. According to legend, he gave a third of the property to the organization of the militia, including his wife's jewelry and silver salaries from icons. Chronograph 1617 quotes Minin's appeal to the people of Nizhny Novgorod: “You should not spare your property; and not only property! Do not regret selling your yards, and pawning your wives and children!”
Minin invited Dmitry Pozharsky as the chief governor, becoming the treasurer of the militia and their administrative head. He took from the population the “fifth”, and even the “third money” (one third of the property), paid the warriors, bought weapons and supplies. According to N.I. Kostomarov, he combined “the features of a dictator with tough, tough measures.”
In the winter of 1611-1612, under the leadership of Minin and Pozharsky, a kind of government took shape in Yaroslavl, the “Council of All the Earth”, which sent orders to other cities and counties. Minin was illiterate, Pozharsky put his signature on orders for him (“Prince Dmitry Pozharsky put his hand in the elected man with all the land in Kozmino in the place of Minino”). Minin's illiteracy did not prevent him from being an excellent organizer, he was well versed in the solvency of the population, the appointment of governors, considered complaints and petitions. The aristocrats and the provincial nobility were unhappy that some Nizhny Novgorod merchant was resolving disputes (“Let x[o]lop cultivate the land, let the priest know the church, let the Kuzmas engage in trade”). The dignitaries managed to push him to the background in the list of persons who signed the documents of the “Council of All the Earth”. Pozharsky in this list was in tenth place, and Minin in fifteenth place.
In the fighting of the First (February-March 1612) and Second (July-October 1612) militias, Minin played a more prominent role. Together with “three hundred noblemen”, showing military prowess and courage, he “crossed the river [in] a hundred [l] against the Crimean court for Moscow” and did not let the detachments of the Polish hetman Jan, who came to the Kremlin to help the Poles, settled in the Kremlin Karl Hodkiewicz. In October 1612, the starving Poles capitulated. According to contemporaries, it was Minin who accepted property from them, which he then distributed to Cossack soldiers.
From the autumn of 1612 until the crowning of Mikhail Romanov in February 1613, the Zemstvo government was headed by a triumvirate - Minin, Pozharsky and Prince Trubetskoy, Minin dealt with financial and economic issues. After the election of Mikhail Romanov, he received the rank of duma nobleman and a fiefdom in the village of Bogorodskoye near Nizhny Novgorod with 9 villages "in a kind of motionless." As a member of the Boyar Duma, he continued to live in Moscow, collected a fifth (20%) from the property of the townspeople, replenishing the treasury depleted by the Time of Troubles, participated in government if the tsar left the capital.
In the winter of 1615, Tatars and Cheremis rebelled in the Volga region. To clarify the reasons, Minin was sent to Kazan. He died on the way back in Nizhny Novgorod, before he could reach Moscow. He was buried in the Nizhny Novgorod Transfiguration Cathedral.
A monument was erected to Minin and Pozharsky in Moscow on Red Square (sculptor I.P. Martosa), a monument to one Minin in Nizhny Novgorod (sculptor A.I. Melnikov). The image of Minin was captured in the 19th century. artists A.Kivshenko (Appeal of Kuzma Minin to the people of Nizhny Novgorod), M.Scotti (Minin and Pozharsky). In 1939 directors V. Pudovkin and M. Doller shot the film Minin and Pozharsky.
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