Who is buried in the necropolis near the Kremlin wall. Who was the first to be buried in the Kremlin wall

The first burial was carried out on November 10, 1917 by decision of the Moscow Military Revolutionary Committee. In two mass graves were buried 238 Red Guards and soldiers who participated in. Later, the secretary was buried here ... ... Moscow (encyclopedia)

Necropolis near the Kremlin wall Necropolis near the Kremlin wall is a memorial cemetery on Moscow's Red Square, near the wall (and in the wall serving as a columbarium for urns with ashes) of the Moscow Kremlin. The burial place of prominent figures (mostly ... ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Kremlin wall (meanings) ... Wikipedia

The main necropolis of Russia near the Kremlin wall ... Wikipedia

The style of this article is not encyclopedic or violates the norms of the Russian language. The article should be corrected according to the stylistic rules of Wikipedia ... Wikipedia

The State Kremlin Palace (until 1992 the Kremlin Palace of Congresses) was built in 1961 under the direction of the architect Mikhail Vasilyevich Posokhin and with the support of Khrushchev. History The building was designed as a venue for ... ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see the Kremlin Palace. Palace Grand Kremlin Palace ... Wikipedia

Palace State Kremlin Palace Kremlin Palace of Congresses ... Wikipedia

- (until 1992 the Kremlin Palace of Congresses) was built in 1961 under the guidance of architect Mikhail Vasilyevich Posokhin and ... Wikipedia

- (until 1992 the Kremlin Palace of Congresses) was built in 1961 under the guidance of architect Mikhail Vasilyevich Posokhin and with the support of Khrushchev. History The building was designed as a platform for social and political events. So ... Wikipedia

Books

• Truth and fiction about the Kremlin necropolis and the Mausoleum, Abramov A.S. Until recently, the Lenin Mausoleum and the Honorary Necropolis near the Kremlin wall were sung as shrines of world significance. With the beginning of perestroika, the desecration of these sacred and iconic Soviet…
• Truth and Fiction about the Kremlin Necropolis and the Mausoleum, Alexey Abramov. More recently, the Lenin Mausoleum and the Honorary Necropolis near the Kremlin wall were sung as shrines of world significance. With the beginning of perestroika, the desecration of these sacred and iconic Soviet…

One of the historical sights of the city of Moscow is the Necropolis on Red Square, which is memorial place burials of prominent political and military figures former USSR. In addition, there is a columbarium in the Kremlin wall itself. In the 30s. of the twentieth century, members of foreign communist parties were buried here.

When was the necropolis founded?

The necropolis was founded in 1917. In November, announcements were published asking for information about the victims who fell fighting for the Bolsheviks in October 1917. After, on November 7, 1917, the military revolutionary council decided to make a burial place right on the territory of Red Square, and on November 10 it already scheduled the first funeral. As a result, the very next day after the decision, 2 places were allocated for mass graves between the railway tracks and the Kremlin wall, which ran parallel to them. The first one originated from the Senate Tower to the beginning of the Nikolsky Gates. The second one ran all the way to the Spassky Gates. On November 9, almost all newspapers indicated the routes of the funeral processions of a dozen districts and districts of the city, as well as the time of their arrival on the territory of Red Square. As planned, on November 10, a funeral took place, 238 of the 240 bodies buried in 1917 were lowered into the graves. The names of only one fourth of the buried were known. Since that day, the attitude of the public towards Red Square has changed forever. The western part has forever become its front side.

Already later in mass graves fifteen more revolutionaries who died in various catastrophes, or who died of their own death, were “buried” near the Kremlin wall. This practice ceased to be popular after 1927.
About 300 people are lying in the ground on Red Square, but we know only one third of their names.

In 1919, Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov, a Russian Bolshevik, a famous statesman, was the first to be buried in a separate grave.
In 1924, the memorial epicenter of the Moscow churchyard was erected - the famous Lenin Mausoleum. Gradually, the necropolis grew more and more, replenished with graves, both ordinary citizens and especially prominent ones.

Burials near the Lenin Mausoleum

Famous statesmen such as Frunze, Dzerzhinsky and Brezhnev were buried without cremation according to right side from the Mausoleum near the Kremlin wall. Busts of impressive size were built over their memorials, skillfully honed by the sculptor S.D. Merkurov. In 1961, Joseph Stalin was buried there, whose body was carried out right from the doors of the Mausoleum.

From 1930 to 1980s. most of the people were cremated. Urns with ashes were installed in the wall under the memorial plates on both sides of the Senate Tower. The names and dates of the buried are engraved on the slabs. In total, about 114 such plates were counted.

From 1925 to 1936 most of the urns were walled up mainly in the right side of the Necropolis up to the memorial of Alexander Petrovich Karpinsky, the most famous Russian geologist.

From 1934 to 1936 Kirov, Kuibyshev and the great Russian writer Maxim Gorky were buried to the left of the Necropolis, and already from 1937 to 1976. burials were made only on the left side. An exception was made for the ashes of Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov, who was buried on the right near Soviet military commander Sergei Sergeevich Kamenev in 1974

In 1977 and before the termination of burials, the ashes of the dead were placed to the right of the Necropolis.

Which of the politicians was not buried in Red Square?

Politicians such as Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, Nikolai Viktorovich Podgorny, Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan were not buried near the Kremlin wall, as they were in a position of disgrace. Their bodies lie in the ground of the Novodevichy cemetery.
If the party leadership condemned someone posthumously, then his ashes were not removed into the Kremlin wall. This happened after the death of Sergei Sergeevich Kamenev.
Ashes of such prominent personalities as scientists Alexander Petrovich Karpinsky and Mstislav Vsevolodovich Keldysh, pilots of the 1930s-1940s. and astronauts of the 1960s-1970s. rests in the Kremlin wall on Red Square.

Notable military leaders who died or died in the rank of Marshal Soviet Union, were buried near the Kremlin wall until 1976.

Until 1931 mass graves covered with their shadow blooming fragrant lindens, and already in the autumn of that year blue spruces were planted instead. In addition to them, until 1973, blooming mountain ash and lilac bushes also pleased the eye.

From 1946 to 1947 the talented Soviet architect Isidor Aronovich Frantsuz was engaged in architectural design. He also acted as one of the co-authors of the Lenin Mausoleum.

Already in 1973-1974. The necropolis was completely reconstructed: new trees were planted, the well-kept marble slabs were now decorated with flower wreaths, and granite banners were added. All this thanks to the sculptor P. I. Bondarenko, as well as the projects of extraordinary architects - V. P. Danilushkin and G. M. Vulfson.
The last burial took place in March 1985. Red Square took under its bosom a well-known statesman and political figure, a member communist party Soviet Union Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko. Necropolis on Red Square.

The correspondent of “MK” penetrated the deep secrets of the necropolis of the Kremlin wall

There are still many rumors around the necropolis near the Kremlin wall. And that just does not say human rumor! They say that many of the remains were recently secretly transferred and buried in ordinary cemeteries ... They say that the ghosts of the deceased (including Stalin and Brezhnev) regularly appear here ... And they also say that representatives of science and culture are preparing an appeal to the president, in which they ask to return the tradition and again bury the most prominent personalities in the Kremlin wall or at its foot.

Like it or not, the MK correspondent found out, having been on duty at the main graveyard of the country.

Wake at the “teeth”

- There is no way here, - the guard blocked my way to the monuments. - By prior arrangement only.

- This place is under special state protection and protection of UNESCO, - employees of the commandant's office explain. - It is considered a historical monument. But it's not only that. You understand, it is impossible to allow burials, God forbid, to be defiled, as is sometimes the case in ordinary churchyards. And there are so many great people resting here! The constant duty of soldiers and officers, which is organized here, is also a tribute to them.

- Or maybe everything is under current here now and the alarm goes underground?

No one will reveal such secrets to you. In our memory, the cases when someone persistently wanted to break through to the graves can be counted on the fingers. In addition, access here is not at all prohibited, as many mistakenly think. Those who visit the Mausoleum can walk along the graves near the Kremlin wall. However, staying here, just like at the Mausoleum, is not recommended.

- And all these strictness apply to the relatives of the deceased?

- Not. They can come at any time, and not only during the days and hours of the Mausoleum (these are all days of the week, except Monday and Friday from 10.00 to 13.00). Although there are small restrictions for them - visits during daylight hours and except for those days when official events are held. But relatives, unlike the curious, can stand at the graves, lay flowers. But before that, they still have to warn about their visit. And in order to take a picture, they must also get a “go-ahead” here. Usually the application is considered only a couple of days.

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The first burials appeared on Red Square in November 1917. These were mass graves in which 238 revolutionaries were buried - soldiers, workers, sailors and nurses who fell in battles for the power of the Soviets. At the opening of the necropolis, Lenin delivered a speech, and the choir performed a cantata to poems by Sergei Yesenin “Sleep, beloved brothers, in the light of imperishable tombs.” In 1919, Yakov Sverdlov was buried on Red Square. Built in 1924, the Lenin Mausoleum became the center of the necropolis.

Looking ahead, I will say that on the day of my “duty” no one approached the graves near the Kremlin wall. The mausoleum was closed, relatives did not apply. In general, relatives rarely come here. Mostly for some holidays, birthdays or death days. Recently, for example, the grandson of Leonid Brezhnev came. Brought on November 10, the day of grandfather's death, a large bouquet of roses. He stood silent for a few minutes.

By the way, visitors cannot commemorate the legendary relatives by pouring a glass: drinking alcohol near the Kremlin wall is strictly prohibited. Food cannot be brought in.

And just recently the daughter of Marshal Biryuzov and the son of Marshal Zakharov came. In general, no records of visitors to burials are kept. And no one calls relatives who have not visited the ashes of their eminent fathers, grandfathers or great-grandfathers for many years. It is considered to be of no use. After all, any grave, even if none of the relatives visited it for half a century (there are such), is looked after daily: there are no abandoned graves on Red Square and cannot be.

Inviolable graves

The longer I wander from monument to monument, the more I find out unexpected details. It turns out that some relatives (especially distant relatives) come with one goal - to take a couple of pictures as a keepsake. So that later you can brag to your friends.

For all the past years, not one of the bodies in the churchyard was moved.

“The bodies or ashes of all these people actually lie here,” says my escort Evgeny. And nobody touched them. Except for Stalin, who was moved from the Mausoleum here in 1961. Even if a person was posthumously condemned by the party, his burial in the Kremlin wall was not liquidated. They did not even touch the urns with the ashes of such odious people as Vyshinsky and Mekhlis. You can look at them. In total, there are 115 urns with ashes in the wall, and at its foot there are 12 graves. Between the graves and the wall there are two 75-meter mass graves, where the remains of 289 people are buried, including even a 12-year-old child. This boy died in a revolutionary battle in 1917.

Urns with ashes in the wall are not visible - they are hidden in niches cut in the Kremlin wall and covered with memorial plaques. This year, the plates have been restored by experts, returning them to their original luster. But the holes in the wall were not patched up.

“These are recesses for the flags of the republics of the USSR, which were hung here for every holiday in the Soviet years,” security officers enlighten me. - Since they are our history, and they are visible only at close range, it was decided not to touch them. You better pay attention to the fact that five plates are located separately from all. And the names on them are clearly non-Russian. These are the dead fighters of the International.

- Oh, there's a mistake! - I point to one of the plates with the name of Miron Vladimirov (in parentheses it is indicated that he is also Comrade Lev). - Look, it says “socialist”.

My guides just shrug their shoulders. They say that, perhaps, when it was made (it was 1925 in the yard), it was customary to write it that way. Or maybe they really made a mistake, and now experts consider it unacceptable to correct it - after all, this is also history.

BY THE WAY

Opponents of the burial on Red Square do not know that in tsarist times along the Kremlin wall, only between the Spassky and Nikolsky gates, there were fifteen small churchyards (according to the number of churches located there). In 1552, Tsar Ivan the Terrible, all the boyars and close associates were present at the solemn funeral of the holy fool Basil the Blessed on the graveyard of the Church of the Holy Trinity above the Kremlin moat. (Now in its place is St. Basil's Cathedral.) The remains of the holy fool John of Vologda are also buried under a bushel.

Flowers for Stalin

According to FSO employees, visitors to the Mausoleum, passing near the urns with ashes, invariably slow down at the tablets with the names of Gorky, Zhukov, Korolev, Grechko, Gagarin and Chkalov. And it is to them that flowers are often placed. As for the graves, here Stalin's grave is always strewn with live roses and carnations - it's a sin to hide, a good half of all visitors to the necropolis go to him. Sometimes they even let a tear at the grave. How to explain this love of the people for the one who shed so much of their blood? Personally, I decided to lay the flowers that I brought with me to Brezhnev - after all, he recently had a date.

- Do all 12 dead lie in one line? - I'm interested in my "guides".

- In general, yes. All of them are buried with their heads towards the Kremlin, and their feet towards Red Square. That's how they were originally laid - and no one has ever touched. So all the stories about the exhumation are fiction. Think for yourself: it is unlikely that one of the relatives would allow any manipulations with bodies (and such permission is required by law). And why is it necessary? In what state the remains are now, no one knows. But the coffins were probably preserved in their original form, since they were all made using a special technology from precious woods. Such in any soil can lie almost for centuries. And the ground near the Kremlin walls is not too wet, which allows the remains to be stored for a long time. As for the mass graves, at one time special large coffins were made for them from solid material. Here, for your information, mostly not bodies, but fragments of them. After all, some of the dead were victims of explosions and disasters. Some of the buried are not even identified. In 1974, these granite banners, wreaths on marble slabs and the inscription “Eternal memory to the heroes of the revolution who died in the struggle for Soviet power” appeared over their mass graves.

By the way, it is impossible to liquidate the necropolis (for political, religious or some other reasons) precisely because of mass graves. According to Russian law, they are not allowed to touch the remains without the permission of relatives. If it is not even known who lies here, then how to find these same relatives?

- And why do some of the buried, for example, Chernenko, have a black bust on the monument? - I continue to pester with questions. “Everyone else is brown, gray or red.

- There is no subtext here. Just found at that moment suitable stone(all busts are made of natural marble) of this color. All monuments are in excellent condition and do not need restoration.

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The last to be buried at the Kremlin wall was the General Secretary of the CPSU KU Chernenko. He was buried in March 1985. And the last one whose ashes were placed in the Kremlin wall was Marshal Ustinov, who died in December 1984.

Not only the graves are in excellent condition here. A year and a half ago, employees of the State Unitary Enterprise “Kremlin Improvement” changed the soil, planted arborvitae and replaced most of the old blue fir trees. Gardeners cut all shrubs and Christmas trees almost daily, give them the correct shape. And for their freshness, they built a special watering system that turns on and off automatically.

So that during the rain it was not slippery to walk along the paths near the wall, they made special plums. So there are no puddles here at all. Since there is a lot of dust, dirt and smog in the city center, special cleaners wipe down monuments and memorial plaques every day at dawn. And already experts make sure that the flowers are always fresh - withered flowers have no place on Red Square. Near each grave and each urn, there must be 4 red carnations. Only by touching them, you understand that they are artificial. But still, they have to be changed quite often - after all, they lie under the snow and rain. I was very surprised to notice that only near one burial there were pink carnations - at Marshal Malinovsky. But there was no subtext in this either - just the flowers lying here deteriorated, and they were recently replaced with those that were in stock.

I look around the Kremlin wall from the Spasskaya Tower to the Senate Tower. The potential of the necropolis is great. According to rough estimates, fifty more urns can be buried on each side, and a dozen more graves at the foot. But there was no decree in this regard. And only the President of the Russian Federation can make such a decision.

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List of those buried in 12 separate graves (from right to left) Konstantin Chernenko, Semyon Budyonny, Kliment Voroshilov, Andrei Zhdanov, Mikhail Frunze, Yakov Sverdlov, Leonid Brezhnev, Felix Dzerzhinsky, Yuri Andropov, Mikhail Kalinin, Joseph Stalin, Mikhail Suslov.

- this is a wonderful medieval creation of the architects Fryazins and Antonio Solari, decorating the heart of the capital. They are not only architectural and historical monument but also a memorial necropolis. In the thickness of the walls themselves there is a columbarium for urns with ashes, and at their foot, along the northeastern part, famous figures of the Soviet state are buried.

In the post-Soviet period, the issue of transferring the necropolis to another territory was discussed many times, but to this day it remains open, having both its inveterate supporters and its ardent opponents. In addition, there are legal obstacles, since current legislation prohibits reburial without the consent of relatives. The likelihood of obtaining such permits is low.

The history of the necropolis

The first burials appeared on central square back in 1917, they then laid the foundation for the laying of the main necropolis of Moscow. These were the victims of the October armed uprising. By a resolution of the military revolutionary committee of Moscow, it was decided to allocate a place for their mass grave. Then, on gloomy autumn days, people from all sides of the city reached the Kremlin funeral processions with armed soldiers, and in two common graves more than two hundred dead Bolsheviks found eternal peace. Later, about a dozen more group burials of fighters for the revolution were added to these graves, but by the end of the 1920s, this tradition had ceased.

At first, in the post-revolutionary years, on the November and May Day holidays, a guard of honor was organized at the mass graves. At this place, the defenders of the revolution also solemnly took the military oath.

In 1919, the first separate burial appeared, it was the grave of Sverdlov. The necropolis began to grow, prominent party members were escorted here on their last journey, statesmen, military leaders. And not only the Soviet state. In the 1920s and 1930s, representatives of the communist movement in other countries were also buried near the Kremlin wall.

After the death of V. Lenin, the center of the main necropolis became. The monument-tomb was erected in 1924, the author of the project was the Soviet architect A.V. Shchusev. The choice of place was, in fact, predetermined, because even during the life of the leader of the proletariat, a memorial cemetery had already formed near the red Kremlin walls.

Starting from the 1930s, the vast majority of the figures buried here were cremated, the urns with their ashes were immured in wall niches, and memorial plates were placed below, on which the names and dates of the life of the deceased were immortalized. The Columbarium is located on both sides of the Senate Tower. Along with the party and statesmen, the walls of the Kremlin became the last refuge for the ashes of the dead cosmonauts, famous pilots and outstanding scientists. It is enough to name such names as Y. Gagarin and S. Korolev.

The last burials date back to 1984-1985. These were the urn with the ashes of V.D. Ustinov and the grave of K.U. Chernenko.

How was the necropolis designed?

Back in 1918, the city authorities approved a project, according to which it was supposed to frame the mass graves, planting them with three rows of lindens. However, it was not until the early 1930s that the first trees were planted, and these were blue spruces. Such a variety coniferous tree does not take root well in the conditions of the Moscow climate, however, the long-term work of breeders has borne fruit: the trees have begun and grown.

In the first half of the 70s, the necropolis was reconstructed, during which new fir trees were planted, granite was replaced on memorial plaques and the Mausoleum. After reconstruction in 1974, the necropolis was listed among the monuments of the capital, protected by the state.