Auditing standards. Federal Rules (Standards) of Auditing

12.10.2019

The book includes Federal Law No. 307-FZ of December 30, 2008 “On audit activity» and federal rules (standards) of audit activity that regulate the procedure for conducting an audit in Russian Federation(as amended on November 19, 2008), as well as the Code of Ethics for Russian Auditors (approved by the RF Ministry of Finance on May 31, 2007, protocol No. 56). The publication is intended for heads of organizations of various forms of ownership, legal and individuals as a practical guide for independent financial control economic activity own organization and organizations of business partners; teachers and students of economic universities, students of advanced training courses, training of accountants and auditors - as study guide; professional auditors - as a reference tool. Text with amendments and additions as of October 15, 2009

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The given fact-finding fragment of the book Auditing Standards. 34 Federal regulations. The text with amendments and additions for 2009 (A team of authors) was provided by our book partner - the LitRes company.

FEDERAL RULES (STANDARDS) OF AUDITING ACTIVITIES

Approved

Government Decree

Russian Federation

RULE (STANDARD) No. 1. PURPOSE AND MAIN PRINCIPLES OF THE AUDIT OF FINANCIAL (ACCOUNTING) STATEMENTS

Introduction

1. This federal rule (standard) of audit activity, developed taking into account international standards audit, establishes common goals and basic principles for the audit of financial (accounting) statements (hereinafter referred to as the audit), which the audit organization and the individual auditor (hereinafter referred to as the auditor) are required to comply with.

Purpose of the audit

2. The purpose of the audit is to express an opinion on the reliability of the financial (accounting) statements of the audited entities and the compliance of the accounting procedure with the legislation of the Russian Federation. The auditor expresses his opinion on the reliability of the financial (accounting) statements in all material respects.

Although the auditor's opinion may contribute to the growth of confidence in the financial (accounting) statements, the user should not take this opinion either as an expression of confidence in the continuity of the entity being audited in the future, or as confirmation of the effective conduct of business by the management of this entity.

General audit principles

3. When doing your professional duties The auditor should be guided by the standards established by the professional audit associations of which he is a member (professional standards), as well as the following ethical principles:

independence;

honesty;

objectivity;

professional competence and integrity;

confidentiality;

professional behaviour.

4. The auditor in the course of planning and conducting the audit must show professional skepticism and understand that there may be circumstances that entail a material misstatement of the financial (accounting) statements.

The exercise of professional skepticism means that the auditor critically assesses the weight of the audit evidence obtained and carefully examines audit evidence that contradicts any documents or statements of management or casts doubt on the reliability of such documents or statements. Professional skepticism should be exercised during the audit, in particular, not to overlook suspicious circumstances, not to make unjustified generalizations in drawing conclusions, not to use erroneous assumptions in determining the nature, timing and extent of audit procedures, as well as in evaluating their results.

When planning and conducting an audit, the auditor should not assume that the management of the entity being audited is dishonest, but should not assume that management is unconditionally honest. Oral and written representations by management are not a substitute for the auditor's need to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to draw reasonable conclusions on which to base the auditor's opinion.

Audit Scope

5. The term "audit scope" refers to the audit procedures that are considered necessary to achieve the audit objective under the circumstances. The procedures necessary for conducting an audit must be determined by the auditor, taking into account the federal rules (standards) of auditing, internal rules (standards) of auditing, applied in professional audit associations, of which he is a member, as well as the rules (standards) of auditing activities of the auditor. In addition to the rules (standards), when determining the scope of the audit, the auditor must take into account federal laws, other regulatory legal acts and, if necessary, the terms of the audit assignment and the requirements for preparing an opinion.

Reasonable Confidence

6. The audit is designed to provide reasonable assurance that the financial (accounting) statements considered as a whole do not contain material misstatements. The concept of reasonable assurance is general approach relating to the process of accumulating audit evidence necessary and sufficient for the auditor to conclude that there are no material misstatements in the financial (accounting) statements, considered as a whole. The concept of reasonable assurance applies to the entire audit process.

7. The limitations inherent in the audit and affecting the auditor's ability to detect material misstatements in the financial (accounting) statements take place due to the following reasons:

sampling methods and testing are used during the audit;

any accounting and internal control systems are imperfect (for example, they cannot guarantee the absence of collusion);

The majority of audit evidence provides evidence to support a particular conclusion, and is not exhaustive.

8. An additional factor limiting the reliability of an audit is that the work performed by the auditor to form his opinion is based on his professional judgment, in particular with respect to:

gathering audit evidence, including when determining the nature, timing and extent of audit procedures;

drawing conclusions based on audit evidence, for example, when determining the reasonableness of accounting estimates obtained by the management of the entity under audit in the course of preparing financial (accounting) statements.

9. In addition, there are other limitations that may affect the strength of the evidence used to draw conclusions about certain financial (accounting) reporting assertions (for example, transactions between affiliates). For such cases, some rules (standards) of audit activity define special procedures that, by virtue of the content of certain premises, provide sufficient appropriate audit evidence in the absence of:

unusual circumstances that increase the risk of material misstatement of the financial (accounting) statements in excess of what would be expected under normal conditions;

a sign indicating the presence of any material misstatement of the financial (accounting) statements.

Responsibility for financial (accounting) reporting

10. While the auditor is responsible for formulating and expressing an opinion on the reliability of the financial (accounting) statements, the responsibility for the preparation and presentation of financial (accounting) statements lies with the management of the entity being audited. An audit of financial (accounting) statements does not release the management of the audited entity from such responsibility.

RULE (STANDARD) No. 2. AUDIT DOCUMENTATION

Introduction

1. This federal rule (standard) of audit activity, developed taking into account international auditing standards, establishes uniform requirements for the preparation of documentation in the process of auditing financial (accounting) statements.

2. The audit organization and the individual auditor (hereinafter referred to as the auditor) must document all information that is important in terms of providing evidence supporting the audit opinion, as well as evidence that the audit was conducted in accordance with federal rules (standards) of auditing .

3. The term “documentation” refers to working papers and materials prepared by and for the auditor, or received and retained by the auditor in connection with the audit. Working documents may be presented in the form of data recorded on paper, photographic film, in electronic form or in other form.

4. Working papers are used:

when planning and conducting an audit;

when exercising current control and checking the work performed by the auditor;

to record the audit evidence obtained to support the auditor's opinion.

5. The auditor should write working papers in sufficient detail and in sufficient detail to provide an overall understanding of the audit.

6. The auditor should reflect in the working papers information about the planning of the audit work, the nature, timing and extent of the audit procedures performed, their results, as well as the conclusions drawn from the obtained audit evidence. The working papers should contain the auditor's rationale for all important points on which professional judgment is required, together with the auditor's conclusions thereon. In cases where the auditor has reviewed complex matters of principle or expressed professional judgment on any matters important to the audit, the working papers should include the facts that were known to the auditor at the time of formulating the conclusions, and the necessary arguments.

7. The auditor has the right to determine the scope of documentation for each specific audit, guided by his professional opinion. Reflection in the documentation of each document or issue considered by the auditor during the audit is not necessary. At the same time, the scope of the audit documentation should be such that, if it becomes necessary to transfer work to another auditor who does not have experience in this assignment, the new auditor could solely on the basis of this documentation (without resorting to additional conversations or correspondence with the previous auditor) to understand the work done and the validity of the previous auditor's decisions and conclusions.

8. The form and content of working papers are determined by factors such as:

the nature of the audit engagement;

requirements for an audit report;

the nature and complexity of the activities of the entity being audited;

the nature and condition of the accounting and internal control systems of the entity being audited;

the need to give instructions to the auditor's employees, to monitor them and check their work;

specific methods and techniques used in the audit process.

9. Working papers should be drawn up and systematized in such a way as to meet the circumstances of each specific audit and the needs of the auditor during its implementation. In order to increase the efficiency of preparation and verification of working documents, it is recommended that standard forms of documentation be developed in an audit organization (for example, a standard structure of an audit file (folder) of working documents, forms, questionnaires, standard letters and appeals, etc.). This standardization of documentation makes it easier to assign work to subordinates and at the same time allows you to reliably control the results of their work.

10. To improve the efficiency of the audit, it is allowed to use during the audit schedules, analytical and other documentation prepared by the entity being audited. In these cases, the auditor must ensure that such materials are properly prepared.

11. Working papers usually contain:

information regarding the legal form and organizational structure the entity being audited;

extracts or copies of necessary legal documents, agreements and protocols;

information about the industry, economic and legal environment in which the audited entity operates;

information reflecting the planning process, including audit programs and any changes thereto;

evidence of the auditor's understanding of the accounting and internal control systems;

evidence supporting the assessment of inherent risk, the level of risk of controls, and any adjustments to those assessments;

evidence confirming the fact that the auditor analyzed the work of the audited entity on internal audit and the conclusions drawn by the auditor;

analysis of financial and economic operations and balances of accounting accounts;

analysis of the most important economic indicators and their trends;

information about the nature, time frame, scope of audit procedures and the results of their implementation;

evidence confirming that the work performed by the auditor's employees was carried out under the supervision of qualified specialists and was verified;

information about who performed the audit procedures, with an indication of the time they were performed;

detailed information on the procedures applied to the financial (accounting) statements of divisions and/or subsidiaries audited by another auditor;

copies of communications sent to and received from other auditors, experts and third parties;

copies of letters and telegrams on audit issues brought to the attention of the heads of the audited entity or discussed with them, including the terms of the audit agreement or identified significant shortcomings in the internal control system;

written statements received from the audited entity;

conclusions drawn by the auditor on the most significant audit matters, including errors and unusual circumstances that were identified by the auditor in the course of performing audit procedures, and details of actions taken in connection with this auditor;

copies of financial (accounting) statements and audit report.

12. In the case of audits over a number of years, some working paper files (folders) may be classified as permanent, updated as new information becomes available, but still significant, in contrast to current audit files (folders), which contain information relating primarily to the audit of a particular period.

Confidentiality, security and ownership of working papers

13. The auditor needs to establish appropriate procedures for ensuring confidentiality, safety of working documents, as well as for their storage for a sufficient period of time, based on the characteristics of the auditor's activities, as well as legal and professional requirements, but not less than 5 years.

14. Working papers are the property of the auditor. Although parts of the documents or excerpts from them may be provided to the audited entity at the discretion of the auditor, they cannot serve as a substitute for the accounting records of the audited entity.

RULE (STANDARD) No. 3. AUDIT PLANNING

Introduction

1. This federal rule (standard) of audit activity, developed taking into account international auditing standards, establishes uniform requirements for planning an audit of financial (accounting) statements (hereinafter referred to as an audit), applies primarily to audits that the auditor conducts for more than a year in for that audited entity. To conduct an audit during the first year, the auditor is required to expand the planning process to include matters other than those specified in this rule (standard).

2. An audit organization and an individual auditor (hereinafter referred to as the auditor) are obliged to plan their work so that the audit is carried out effectively.

3. Audit planning involves the development of an overall strategy and a detailed approach to the expected nature, timing and extent of audit procedures.

Work planning

4. The planning of the auditor's work helps to ensure that important areas of the audit are given the necessary attention, so that potential problems are identified and the work is performed at optimal cost, quality and in a timely manner. Planning allows you to effectively distribute the work among the members of the group of specialists involved in the audit, as well as coordinate such work.

5. The time spent on planning work depends on the scope of the audited entity, the complexity of the audit, the auditor's experience with this entity, as well as knowledge of the characteristics of its activities.

6. Obtaining information about the activities of the audited entity is an important part of work planning, it helps the auditor to identify events, transactions and other features that may have a significant impact on the financial (accounting) statements.

7. The auditor has the right to discuss certain sections of the general audit plan and certain audit procedures with employees, as well as with members of the board of directors and members of the audit committee of the audited entity in order to increase the effectiveness of the audit and coordinate audit procedures with the work of the audited entity's personnel. At the same time, the auditor is responsible for the correct and complete development of the overall plan and audit program.

General audit plan

8. The auditor needs to develop and document the overall audit plan, describing in it the expected scope and procedure for the audit. The overall audit plan should be detailed enough to guide the development of the audit program. At the same time, the form and content of the general audit plan may vary depending on the scope and specifics of the audited entity, the complexity of the audit and the specific methods used by the auditor.

9. In developing the overall audit plan, the auditor should take into account:

a) activities of the audited entity, including:

general economic factors and conditions in the industry that affect the activities of the entity being audited;

features of the audited entity, its activities, financial condition, requirements for its financial (accounting) or other reporting, including changes that have occurred since the date of the previous audit;

general level of management competence;

b) accounting and internal control systems, including:

the accounting policy adopted by the audited entity and its changes;

the impact of new regulatory legal acts in the field of accounting on the reflection in the financial (accounting) statements of the results of the financial and economic activities of the audited entity;

plans for the use of controls and substantive procedures during the audit tests;

c) risk and materiality, including:

expected assessments of inherent and control risks, identifying the most important areas for audit;

establishing levels of materiality for the audit;

the possibility (including based on past audits) of material misstatement or fraud;

(as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2004 No. 532)

identification of complex areas of accounting, including those where the result depends on the subjective judgment of the accountant, for example, when preparing estimates;

d) the nature, time frame and scope of procedures, including:

the relative importance of the various sections of accounting for the audit;

the impact on the audit of the presence of a computer accounting system and its specific features;

the existence of an internal audit unit of the audited entity and its possible impact on external audit procedures;

e) coordination and direction of work, current control and verification of work performed, including:

involvement of other audit organizations in the audit of branches, divisions, subsidiaries of the audited entity;

involvement of experts;

the number of territorially separate divisions of one audited entity and their spatial remoteness from each other;

the number and qualifications of specialists required to work with this audited entity;

e) other aspects, including:

the possibility that the entity's going concern assumption may be in question;

circumstances requiring special attention, such as the existence of affiliates;

features of the contract for the provision of audit services and legal requirements;

the term of work of the auditor's employees and their participation in the provision of related services to the audited entity;

the form and terms of preparation and submission to the audited entity of conclusions and other reports in accordance with the legislation, rules (standards) of audit activity and the terms of a specific audit assignment.

Audit Program

10. The auditor should establish and document an audit program that defines the nature, timing and extent of the planned audit procedures needed to carry out the overall audit plan. The audit program is a set of instructions for the auditor performing the audit, as well as a means of monitoring and verifying the proper performance of the work. The audit program may also include verifiable financial (accounting) reporting assertions for each area of the audit and the time scheduled for the various areas or audit procedures.

11. In the process of preparing the audit program, the auditor must take into account the assessments of inherent risk and risk of controls obtained by him, as well as the required level of assurance that must be provided in substantive procedures, the timing of tests of controls and substantive procedures, coordination any assistance that is expected to be received from the audited entity, as well as the involvement of other auditors or experts. In the process of developing an audit program, the issues specified in paragraph 9 of this rule (standard) should be taken into account.

Changes in the overall plan and audit program

12. The overall audit plan and audit program should be updated and revised as necessary during the course of the audit. The auditor's planning of his work is carried out continuously throughout the duration of the audit engagement due to changing circumstances or unexpected results obtained during the performance of audit procedures. Reasons for significant changes to the overall audit plan and program should be documented.

RULE (STANDARD) No. 4. MATERIALITY IN THE AUDIT

Introduction

1. This federal rule (standard) of audit activity, developed taking into account international auditing standards, establishes uniform requirements regarding the concept of materiality and its relationship with audit risk.

2. An audit organization and an individual auditor (hereinafter referred to as the auditor) in the process of conducting an audit are required to assess materiality and its relationship with audit risk.

3. Information about individual assets, liabilities, income, expenses and business transactions, as well as components of capital, is considered material if its omission or distortion may affect the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of financial (accounting) statements. Materiality depends on the value of the indicator of financial (accounting) statements and/or errors, assessed in case of their absence or distortion.

materiality

4. The auditor evaluates what is material in his professional judgment.

When developing an audit plan, the auditor establishes an acceptable level of materiality in order to identify significant (from a quantitative point of view) misstatements. However, both the magnitude (quantity) and nature (quality) of misstatements must be taken into account. Examples of qualitative distortions are:

insufficient or inadequate description of accounting policies, when there is a possibility that the user of financial (accounting) statements will be misled by such a description;

failure to disclose information about a violation of regulatory requirements in the case where it is likely that the subsequent application of sanctions could have a significant impact on the results of the entity's activities.

5. The auditor needs to consider the possibility of misstatements in relation to relatively small amounts, which together can have a significant impact on the financial (accounting) statements. For example, an error in a month-end procedure could indicate a possible material misstatement if such an error were repeated every month.

6. The auditor considers materiality both at the level of financial (accounting) statements as a whole, and in relation to balances on individual accounting accounts, groups of similar transactions and cases of information disclosure. Materiality may be influenced by regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, as well as factors related to individual accounting accounts of financial (accounting) statements and the relationships between them. Depending on the considered aspect of the financial (accounting) statements, different levels of materiality are possible.

(as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2004 No. 532)

7. The auditor should consider materiality when:

determining the nature, timing and scope of audit procedures;

assessment of the effects of misstatements.

Relationship between materiality and audit risk

8. When planning an audit, the auditor considers what could cause a material misstatement of the financial (accounting) statements. The auditor's assessment of materiality, relating to individual accounting accounts and groups of similar transactions, helps the auditor decide such issues as, for example, the question of which indicators of the financial (accounting) statements to check, as well as the use of selective checks and analytical procedures. This allows the auditor to select audit procedures that are expected to collectively reduce audit risk to an acceptably low level.

9. Between materiality and audit risk there is an inverse relationship, that is, the higher the level of materiality, the lower the level of audit risk, and vice versa. The inverse relationship between materiality and audit risk is taken into account by the auditor when determining the nature, timing and extent of audit procedures. For example, if, after planning specific audit procedures, the auditor determines that the acceptable level of materiality is lower, then audit risk is increased. The auditor compensates for this either by reducing the pre-assessed level of control risk where possible and maintaining the lower level through enhanced or additional tests of controls, or by reducing the risk of misstatement by changing the nature, timing and extent of planned substantive procedures.

Materiality and Audit Risk in Evaluating Audit Evidence

10. The assessment of materiality and audit risk at the initial stage of planning may differ from such an assessment after summing up the results of audit procedures. This may be due to a change in circumstances or a change in the auditor's knowledge of the results of the audit. For example, if the audit is planned before the end of the reporting period, the auditor can only predict the results of economic activities and the financial position of the entity being audited. If actual results of operations and financial position are materially different from those projected, the assessment of materiality and audit risk may change. In addition, the auditor, in planning his or her work, may deliberately set an acceptable level of materiality at a level lower than that which is intended to be used to evaluate the audit results. This may be done to reduce the likelihood that misstatements will not be detected, as well as to provide the auditor with some degree of safety in assessing the consequences of misstatements discovered during the audit.

Assessing the Consequences of Misstatements

11. When evaluating the reliability of financial (accounting) statements, the auditor should determine whether the totality of uncorrected misstatements identified during the audit is material.

12. The set of uncorrected misstatements includes:

specific misstatements identified by the auditor, including the results of uncorrected misstatements identified during a previous audit;

the auditor's best estimate of other misstatements that cannot be specifically identified (ie, predictable errors).

13. If the auditor concludes that misstatements may be material, the auditor should reduce audit risk by performing additional audit procedures or by requiring the entity's management to amend the financial (accounting) statements. Management has the right to amend the financial (accounting) statements taking into account the identified misstatements.

14. If the entity's management refuses to amend the financial (accounting) statements, and the results of the extended (additional) audit procedures do not allow the auditor to conclude that the totality of uncorrected misstatements is not material, the auditor should consider appropriate modification of the auditor's report. in accordance with the federal rule (standard) of audit activity "Auditor's report on financial (accounting) statements".

15. If the aggregate of uncorrected misstatements identified by the auditor approaches materiality, the auditor needs to determine whether it is probable that undetected misstatements, taken together with the aggregate of detected but uncorrected misstatements, could exceed the auditor's determination of materiality. Therefore, as the cumulative uncorrected misstatements approach the level of materiality, the auditor considers reducing the risk through additional audit procedures or requires the entity's management to amend the financial (accounting) statements to take into account the identified misstatements.

RULE (STANDARD) No. 5. AUDITOR EVIDENCE

Introduction

1. This federal rule (standard) of audit activity, developed taking into account international auditing standards, establishes uniform requirements for the quantity and quality of evidence that must be obtained during the audit of financial (accounting) statements, as well as for procedures performed to obtain evidence.

2. The audit organization and the individual auditor (hereinafter referred to as the auditor) must obtain sufficient appropriate evidence in order to formulate sound conclusions on which the auditor's opinion is based.

(as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2004 No. 532)

3. Audit evidence is obtained as a result of a set of tests of internal controls and the necessary substantive procedures. In some situations, evidence may be obtained solely through substantive procedures.

4. Audit evidence is the information obtained by the auditor during the audit, and the result of the analysis of this information, on which the auditor's opinion is based. Audit evidence includes, in particular, primary documents and accounting records, which are the basis of financial (accounting) statements, as well as written explanations of authorized employees of the audited entity and information obtained from various sources (from third parties).

5. Tests of internal controls means activities performed to obtain audit evidence regarding the proper organization and effectiveness of the accounting and internal control systems.

(as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2004 No. 532)

6. Substantive procedures are carried out in order to obtain audit evidence of material misstatements in the financial (accounting) statements. These verification procedures are carried out in the following forms:

detailed tests evaluating the correctness of the reflection of transactions and the balance of funds on the accounts of accounting;

analytical procedures.

Sufficient Appropriate Audit Evidence

7. The concepts of sufficiency and appropriateness are interrelated and apply to audit evidence obtained as a result of tests of internal controls and substantive audit procedures. Sufficiency is a quantitative measure of audit evidence. Appropriate nature is the qualitative side of audit evidence, which determines their coincidence with a specific premise of the preparation of financial (accounting) statements and its reliability. Typically, the auditor finds it necessary to rely on audit evidence that only provides evidence to support a particular conclusion, and is not exhaustive, and often collects audit evidence from different sources or from documents of different content in order to support the same business transaction or group. similar business transactions.

(as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2004 No. 532)

8. When forming an audit opinion, the auditor usually does not check all the business transactions of the entity being audited, since the conclusions regarding the correct reflection of the balance of funds in the accounts of accounting, a group of similar business transactions or internal controls may be based on judgments or procedures carried out in a selective way.

9. The auditor's judgment about what is sufficient appropriate audit evidence is influenced by the following factors:

audit assessment of the nature and magnitude of audit risk both at the level of financial (accounting) statements and at the level of the balance of funds in accounting accounts or similar business transactions;

the nature of the accounting and internal control systems, as well as the assessment of the risk of internal controls;

(as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2004 No. 532)

the materiality of the item being checked in the financial (accounting) statements;

experience gained during previous audits;

the results of audit procedures, including the possible discovery of fraud or error;

(as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2004 No. 532)

source and reliability of information.

10. When obtaining audit evidence using tests of internal controls, the auditor should consider the sufficiency and appropriateness of that evidence to support an assessment of the level of risk of internal controls.

(as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2004 No. 532)

11. The objects of assessment of accounting and internal control systems, regarding which the auditor collects audit evidence, include:

organization - the arrangement of accounting and internal control systems that ensures the prevention and (or) detection, as well as the correction of material misstatements;

performance - the effectiveness of the operation of accounting and internal control systems during the relevant period of time.

12. When obtaining audit evidence using substantive audit procedures, the auditor should consider the sufficiency and appropriateness of this evidence, along with evidence obtained from tests of internal controls, in order to confirm the financial (accounting) reporting assertions.

(as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2004 No. 532)

13. Prerequisites for the preparation of financial (accounting) statements - statements made by the management of the audited entity in an explicit or implicit form, reflected in the financial (accounting) statements. These prerequisites include the following elements:

existence - the presence as of a certain date of an asset or liability reflected in the financial (accounting) statements;

rights and obligations - belonging to the audited entity as of a certain date of an asset or liability reflected in the financial (accounting) statements;

occurrence - a business transaction or event related to the activities of the entity being audited that took place during the relevant period;

completeness - the absence of unrecorded assets, liabilities, business transactions or events, or undisclosed accounting items;

valuation - reflection in the financial (accounting) statements of the proper balance sheet value of an asset or liability;

accurate measurement - the accuracy of reflecting the amount of a business transaction or event with the attribution of income or expenses to the corresponding period of time;

presentation and disclosure - explanation, classification and description of an asset or liability in accordance with the rules for its reflection in financial (accounting) statements.

14. Audit evidence, as a rule, is collected, taking into account each premise of the preparation of financial (accounting) statements. Audit evidence relating to one assertion, such as the existence of inventory, cannot compensate for the lack of audit evidence relating to another assertion, such as a valuation. The nature, timing and extent of substantive testing procedures depend on the assertion being tested. During tests, the auditor may obtain evidence related to more than one assertion, for example, when checking the collection of receivables, he may identify audit evidence both about their existence and about their size (valuation).

15. The reliability of audit evidence depends on its source (internal or external), as well as on the form of its presentation (visual, documentary or oral). When evaluating the reliability of audit evidence, depending on the specific situation, proceed from the following:

audit evidence obtained from external sources(from third parties) are more reliable than evidence obtained from internal sources;

audit evidence obtained from internal sources is more reliable if existing systems accounting and internal controls are effective;

audit evidence collected directly by the auditor is more reliable than evidence obtained from the entity being audited;

Audit evidence in the form of documents and written statements is more reliable than statements presented orally.

16. Audit evidence is more persuasive if it is obtained from different sources, has different content and does not contradict each other. In such cases, the auditor may provide a higher degree of assurance than would be obtained by considering the audit evidence individually. Conversely, if the audit evidence obtained from one source is inconsistent with the evidence obtained from another, the auditor should determine what additional procedures need to be performed to determine the reasons for such a discrepancy.

17. The auditor should weigh the costs associated with obtaining audit evidence against the usefulness of the information obtained. However, the complexity of the work and the costs are not sufficient grounds for refusing to perform the necessary procedure.

18. If there are serious doubts about the reliability of the reflection of business transactions in the financial (accounting) statements, the auditor should try to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to eliminate such doubt. If it is not possible to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor should express his opinion with an appropriate qualification or disclaim an opinion.

Procedures for Obtaining Audit Evidence

19. The auditor obtains audit evidence by performing the following substantive procedures: inspection, observation, inquiry, confirmation, recalculation (checking the entity's arithmetic calculations), and analytical procedures. The duration of these procedures depends, in particular, on the period allotted for obtaining audit evidence.

20. Inspection is the examination of records, documents or tangible assets. During the inspection of records and documents, the auditor obtains audit evidence of varying degrees of reliability, depending on their nature and source, as well as on the effectiveness of internal controls over the process of their processing.

Documentary audit evidence, characterized by varying degrees of reliability, includes:

documentary audit evidence created by and held by third parties (external information);

documentary audit evidence created by third parties, but held by the audited entity (external and internal information);

documentary audit evidence created by and held by the audited entity (inside information).

The inspection of the entity's tangible assets provides reliable audit evidence regarding their existence, but not necessarily their ownership or valuation.

(as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2004 No. 532)

21. Observation is the auditor's observation of a process or procedure performed by others (for example, the auditor's observation of inventory counts carried out by employees of the entity being audited, or the observation of internal control procedures for which no audit trail remains).

22. An inquiry is a search for information from knowledgeable persons within or outside the entity being audited. The request in the form can be either a formal written request addressed to third parties or an informal verbal question addressed to employees of the entity being audited. Answers to inquiries (questions) may provide the auditor with information that he did not previously have or that confirm audit evidence.

23. Confirmation is a response to a request for information contained in accounting records (for example, the auditor usually requests confirmation of receivables directly from debtors).

24. Recalculation is a verification of the accuracy of arithmetic calculations in primary documents and accounting records or the performance of independent calculations by the auditor.

25. Analytical procedures are the analysis and evaluation of the information received by the auditor, the study of the most important financial and economic indicators of the audited entity in order to identify unusual and (or) incorrectly reflected business transactions in accounting, identify the causes of such errors and distortions.

RULE (STANDARD) No. 6. AUDITOR'S REPORT ON FINANCIAL (ACCOUNTING) STATEMENTS

Introduction

1. This federal rule (standard) of audit activity, developed taking into account international auditing standards, establishes uniform requirements for the form and content of an audit report, which is drawn up based on the results of an audit of financial (accounting) statements (hereinafter referred to as an audit). Most of these requirements can be used to prepare audit reports on accounting information that is not financial (accounting) statements.

2. The auditor's report is an official document intended for users of the financial (accounting) statements of the audited entities, drawn up in accordance with this rule and containing the opinion of the audit organization or individual auditor (hereinafter referred to as the auditor) expressed in the established form on the reliability in all material respects of the financial (accounting) statements of the audited entity and the compliance of the accounting procedure with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

(as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2004 No. 532)

3. Reliability in all material respects is understood as the degree of accuracy of financial (accounting) reporting data, which allows users of these reporting to draw correct conclusions about the results of economic activity, financial and property status of audited entities and make informed decisions based on these conclusions. To assess the degree of compliance of financial (accounting) statements with the legislation of the Russian Federation, the auditor must establish the maximum allowable deviations by determining, for the purposes of the audit, the materiality of accounting indicators and financial (accounting) statements in accordance with the federal rule (standard) of audit activity "Materiality in Audit" .

Key Elements of the Auditor's Report

4. The auditor's report includes:

a) name;

b) addressee;

c) the following information about the auditor:

organizational and legal form and name, for an individual auditor - last name, first name, patronymic and an indication that he carries out his activities without forming a legal entity;

location;

number, date of granting a license to carry out auditing activities and the name of the body that granted the license, as well as the validity period of the license;

membership in an accredited professional audit association;

d) the following information about the audited entity:

legal form and name;

location;

number and date of the certificate of state registration;

paragraph is excluded. - Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2004 No. 532;

e) introductory part;

e) a part describing the scope of the audit;

h) the date of the auditor's report;

i) auditor's signature.

The form and content of the auditor's report should be consistent in order to facilitate its understanding by the user and to help detect unusual circumstances if they occur.

5. The auditor's report should have the title "Auditor's report on the financial (accounting) statements" in order to distinguish the auditor's report from the reports drawn up by other persons, for example, officials of the entity being audited, the board of directors.

6. The auditor's report must be addressed to the person stipulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation and (or) the audit agreement. As a rule, the audit report is addressed to the owner of the audited entity (shareholders), the board of directors, etc.

7. The auditor's report must contain a list of audited financial (accounting) statements of the audited entity, indicating the reporting period and its composition.

8. The auditor's report should include a statement that the responsibility for accounting, preparation and presentation of financial (accounting) statements is assigned to the audited entity, and a statement that the auditor's responsibility lies only in expressing an opinion on the reliability of this financial (accounting) statements in all material respects and compliance of the accounting procedure with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

9. An example of the presentation of information in the introductory part of the auditor's report:

balance sheet;

income statement;

explanatory note.

The responsibility for the preparation and presentation of these financial (accounting) statements lies with executive agency organization "YYY". Our duty is to express an opinion on the reliability in all material respects of these financial statements and the compliance of the accounting procedure with the legislation of the Russian Federation based on the audit.”

10. The audit report should describe the scope of the audit, indicating that the audit was conducted in accordance with federal laws, federal rules (standards) of auditing, internal rules (standards) of auditing in force in professional audit associations, of which the auditor is a member, or in accordance with other documents. Audit scope refers to the auditor's ability to perform the audit procedures that are considered necessary in the circumstances, based on an acceptable level of materiality. This is necessary to give the user confidence that the audit was conducted in accordance with the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, rules and standards.

11. The auditor's report must contain a statement that the audit was planned and performed in order to provide reasonable assurance that the financial (accounting) statements do not contain material misstatements.

12. The auditor's report should indicate that the audit was conducted on a selective basis and included:

study, based on testing, of evidence confirming the numerical indicators and disclosure in the financial (accounting) statements of information on the financial and economic activities of the audited entity;

assessment of the form of compliance with the principles and rules of accounting used in the preparation of financial (accounting) statements;

consideration of the main estimated indicators obtained by the management of the audited entity in the preparation of financial (accounting) statements;

assessment of presentation of financial (accounting) statements.

(clause 12 as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2004 No. 532)

13. The auditor's report must contain the auditor's statement that the audit provides sufficient grounds for expressing an opinion on the reliability in all material respects of the financial (accounting) statements and the compliance of the accounting procedure with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

14. An example of the presentation of information in the part describing the scope of the audit:

(as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2004 No. 532)

The audit was planned and conducted in such a way as to obtain reasonable assurance that the financial (accounting) statements do not contain material misstatements. The audit was carried out on a selective basis and included the study, based on testing, of evidence confirming the numerical indicators in the financial (accounting) statements and the disclosure of information about financial and economic activities in it, assessing compliance with the accounting principles and rules used in the preparation of financial (accounting) reporting, consideration of the main estimated indicators obtained by the management of the audited entity, as well as an assessment of the presentation of financial (accounting) statements. We believe that the conducted audit provides sufficient grounds for expressing our opinion on the reliability of the financial (accounting) statements and the compliance of the accounting procedure with the legislation of the Russian Federation.”

(as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2004 No. 532)

15. To express the auditor's opinion, the words are used: "In our opinion, the financial (accounting) statements of the organization" YYY "represents fairly in all material respects ... ".

16. The auditor's report must clearly indicate the basic principles and methods (applied procedure) of accounting and preparation of financial (accounting) statements of the entity being audited.

17. The main principles and methods of accounting and preparation of financial (accounting) statements are determined by the relevant regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation.

18. In addition to the opinion on the reliability of the financial (accounting) statements, it may be necessary to express in the auditor's report an opinion on the compliance of these statements with other requirements, as well as on other documents and transactions related to the financial and economic activities of the entity being audited, if they are subject to mandatory audit in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

19. An example of the presentation of information in the part containing the auditor's opinion:

“In our opinion, the financial (accounting) statements of the organization “YYY” reflect fairly in all material respects the financial position as of December 31, 20(XX) and the results of its financial and economic activities for the period from January 1 to December 31, 20(XX) d. inclusively in accordance with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation regarding the preparation of financial (accounting) statements (and/or indicate the documents that define the requirements for the procedure for preparing financial (accounting) statements)”.

(as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2004 No. 532)

20. The auditor should date the auditor's report with the date when the audit was completed, as this circumstance provides the user with reason to believe that the auditor has taken into account the impact that the financial (accounting) statements and the auditor's report had on the events and transactions known to the auditor and occurred before this date .

(clause 20 as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2004 No. 532)

21. Since the auditor must issue an auditor's report on the financial (accounting) statements prepared and presented by the management of the entity being audited, the auditor should not indicate in the report a date prior to the date of signing or approval of the financial (accounting) statements by the management of the entity being audited.

22. The audit report must be signed by the head of the auditor or an authorized head of the person and the person who conducted the audit (the person who led the audit), indicating the number and validity of his qualification certificate. These signatures must be sealed. If the audit was carried out by an individual auditor who independently conducted the audit, the audit report can be signed only by this auditor.

23. The auditor's report is accompanied by financial (accounting) statements in respect of which an opinion is expressed and which is dated, signed and sealed by the audited entity in accordance with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation regarding the preparation of such statements. The auditor's report and the specified reporting must be bound in a single package, the sheets are numbered, laced, sealed with the auditor's seal indicating the total number of sheets in the package. The audit report is prepared in the number of copies agreed upon by the auditor and the audited entity, but both the auditor and the audited entity must receive at least one copy of the audit report and the attached financial (accounting) statements.

Audit report

24. An unconditionally positive opinion should be expressed when the auditor concludes that the financial (accounting) statements give a fair idea of the financial position and results of the financial and economic activities of the entity being audited in accordance with the established principles and methods of accounting and preparation financial (accounting) reporting in the Russian Federation.

25. An example of an auditor's report expressing an unconditionally favorable opinion:

"AUDIT REPORT ON FINANCIAL (ACCOUNTING) STATEMENTS

Name: XXX Limited Liability Company.

License: number, date, name of the body that granted the audit organization a license to carry out audit activities, validity period.

Is a member of (indicate the name of an accredited professional audit association).

Auditee

Name: open Joint-Stock Company"YYY".

Location: zip code, city, street, house number, etc.

State registration: number and date of registration certificate.

The paragraph is excluded. - Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2004 No. 532.

We have audited the attached financial (accounting) statements of YYY for the period from January 1 to December 31, 20(XX) inclusive. The financial (accounting) statements of the organization "YYY" consists of:

balance sheet;

income statement;

explanatory note.

We have audited in accordance with:

Federal Law "On Auditing";

federal rules (standards) of audit activity;

(as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2004 No. 532)

internal rules (standards) of audit activity (indicate an accredited professional association);

rules (standards) of auditor's activity;

regulatory acts of the body that regulates the activities of the audited entity.

(as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2004 No. 532)

"XX" month 20(XX)

The head (or other authorized person) of an audit organization or an individual auditor (full name, signature, position).

The head of the audit (full name, signature, number, type of qualification certificate and its validity period).

Auditor's stamp.

Modified Auditor's Report

26. The auditor's report is considered modified if:

factors that do not affect the auditor's opinion, but are described in the auditor's report in order to draw the attention of users to any situation that has developed with the audited entity and disclosed in the financial (accounting) statements;

Factors affecting the auditor's opinion that may result in a qualified opinion, a disclaimer of opinion or an adverse opinion.

27. Under certain circumstances, the auditor's report may be modified by including a part that draws attention to the situation affecting the financial (accounting) statements, but considered in the explanatory notes to the financial (accounting) statements.

28. The auditor, if necessary, should modify the auditor's report by including a part indicating an aspect relating to compliance with the going concern principle of the entity being audited.

29. The auditor should also consider modifying the auditor's report by including a portion that indicates a significant uncertainty (other than going concern) that depends on future events and that may have an impact on the financial (accounting) statements.

30. The non-influencing part of the auditor's opinion is usually included after the opinion part and contains an indication that this situation does not warrant the inclusion of a qualification in the auditor's opinion.

31. An example of an auditor's report in the part that attracts attention:

“We have audited the attached financial (accounting) statements of YYY for the period from January 1 to December 31, 20(XX) inclusive. The financial (accounting) statements of the organization "YYY" consists of:

balance sheet;

income statement;

applications to balance sheet and income statement;

explanatory note.

Responsibility for the preparation and presentation of these financial (accounting) statements lies with the executive body of the organization "YYY". Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the reliability in all material respects of these financial statements and the compliance of the accounting procedure with the legislation of the Russian Federation based on the audit.

We have audited in accordance with:

Federal Law "On Auditing";

federal rules (standards) of audit activity;

(as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2004 No. 532)

internal rules (standards) of audit activity (indicate an accredited professional association);

rules (standards) of auditor's activity;

regulatory acts of the body that regulates the activities of the audited entity.

(as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2004 No. 532)

In our opinion, the financial (accounting) statements of the organization "YYY" fairly reflect in all material respects the financial position as of December 31, 20(XX) and the results of its financial and economic activities for the period from January 1 to December 31, 20(XX) .including in accordance with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation in terms of the preparation of financial (accounting) statements (and/or indicate the documents that define the requirements for the procedure for preparing financial (accounting) statements).

(as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2004 No. 532)

Without changing our opinion on the reliability of the financial (accounting) statements, we draw attention to the information set out in the explanations to the financial (accounting) statements (paragraph X), namely, that the legal proceedings between the organization "YYY" have not yet been completed ( defendant) and the tax authority (plaintiff) on the issue of the correctness of the calculation of the tax base for income and value added taxes for the year 20 (XX). The amount of the claim is XXX thousand rubles. The financial (accounting) statements do not provide for any provisions for the fulfillment of obligations that may arise as a result of a court decision not in favor of the organization "YYY".

32. Inclusion of an attention-grabbing portion describing a going concern or significant uncertainty issue is usually sufficient for the auditor to fulfill his or her responsibilities in issuing the auditor's report. However, in some cases, for example, in the case of a large number factors of uncertainty significant for the financial (accounting) statements, the auditor may consider it appropriate to refuse to express an opinion on their reliability instead of including a part that draws attention to this aspect.

33. The auditor may also modify the auditor's report by including (after the opinion part) a part that draws attention to a situation that does not affect the financial (accounting) statements.

(clause 33 as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 07.10.2004 No. 532)

34. The auditor may not be able to express an unconditionally favorable opinion if at least one of the following circumstances exists and, in accordance with the auditor's judgment, this circumstance has or may have a significant impact on the reliability of the financial (accounting) statements:

a) there is a limitation on the scope of the auditor's work;

b) there is a disagreement with management regarding:

admissibility of the selected accounting policy;

method of its application;

adequacy of information disclosure in financial (accounting) statements.

The circumstances referred to in subparagraph (a) of this paragraph may lead to a qualified opinion or a disclaimer of opinion.

The circumstances specified in subparagraph "b" of this paragraph may lead to the expression of an opinion with a reservation or to an adverse opinion.

35. A qualified opinion should be expressed if the auditor concludes that it is not possible to express an unqualified opinion, but the impact of a disagreement with management or a limitation on the scope of the audit is not significant or profound enough to warrant an adverse opinion or disclaimer. opinions. A qualified opinion should contain the wording: “except for the influence of circumstances ...” (indicate the circumstances to which the reservation applies).

36. A disclaimer of opinion occurs when the limitation on the scope of the audit is so significant and profound that the auditor cannot obtain sufficient evidence and, therefore, is unable to express an opinion on the reliability of the financial (accounting) statements.

37. An adverse opinion should only be expressed when the effect of any disagreement with management is so material to the financial statements that the auditor concludes that a disclaimer in the auditor's report is not adequate to disclose the misleading or incomplete nature of the financial (accounting) statements.

38. If the auditor expresses any opinion other than unconditionally positive, he must clearly describe all the reasons for this in the auditor's report and, if possible, quantify the possible impact on the financial (accounting) statements. As a rule, this information is set out in a separate part, the preceding part with an expression of opinion or with a disclaimer of opinion, and may include a link to more detailed information (if any) in the notes to the financial (accounting) statements.

Circumstances that may lead to the expression of an opinion that is not unqualifiedly positive

39. Sometimes limits on the scope of the auditor's work may be set by the entity being audited (for example, if the terms of the audit engagement stipulate that the auditor cannot perform the audit procedures that the auditor considers necessary). If the limitation stipulated by the terms of the engagement is such that the auditor considers it necessary to disclaim an opinion, he or she will not normally be accepted for such an engagement, unless the performance of the engagement results from the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation. In addition, the auditor should not be taken for the performance of an audit engagement when such a limitation prevents the performance of the auditor's obligations established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

40. A limitation on the scope of the audit may be due to circumstances (for example, if the timing of the appointment of the auditor does not allow him to oversee the inventory count). Limitation of the volume is also possible if, in the opinion of the auditor, the accounting documentation of the entity being audited is missing or does not comply with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation, or if the auditor cannot perform the audit procedures that he considers necessary. In these circumstances, the auditor should perform possible alternative procedures to obtain sufficient evidence.

41. If a limitation on the scope of the auditor's work requires a qualified opinion or a disclaimer of opinion, the auditor's report should include a description of the limitation and possible adjustments to the financial (accounting) statements that might be necessary were it not for the limitation.

42. An example of an auditor's report in the part containing an opinion with a reservation due to scope limitations:

balance sheet;

income statement;

appendices to the balance sheet and income statement;

explanatory note.

We have audited in accordance with:

Federal Law "On Auditing";

federal rules (standards) of audit activity;

(as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2004 No. 532)

internal rules (standards) of audit activity (indicate an accredited professional association);

rules (standards) of auditor's activity;

regulatory acts of the body that regulates the activities of the audited entity.

(as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2004 No. 532)

However, we did not monitor the inventory count as of December 31, 20(XX), as that date preceded the date we were engaged as YYY's auditors.

In our opinion, with the exception of adjustments, if any, that might have been necessary had we been able to verify inventory levels, the financial (accounting) statements of Entity YYY present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position as at 31 December 20(XX) and the results of its financial and economic activities for the period from January 1 to December 31, 20(XX) inclusive in accordance with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation regarding the preparation of financial (accounting) statements (and / or specify the documents determining the requirements for the procedure for preparing financial (accounting) statements).

(as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2004 No. 532)

43. An example of an auditor's report in the part containing the disclaimer of opinion due to scope limitation:

balance sheet;

income statement;

appendices to the balance sheet and income statement;

explanatory note.

We have audited in accordance with:

Federal Law "On Auditing";

federal rules (standards) of audit activity;

(as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2004 No. 532)

internal rules (standards) of audit activity (indicate an accredited professional association);

rules (standards) of auditor's activity;

regulatory acts of the body that regulates the activities of the audited entity.

The paragraph is excluded. - Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2004 No. 532.

(The part describing the scope of the audit should either be omitted or modified to suit the specific circumstances.)

We were unable to attend the inventory count due to restrictions imposed by Organization YYY (briefly state the circumstances).

We also did not receive sufficient evidence (briefly state the reasons) regarding:

accounts receivable;

proceeds from the sale of goods, works, services;

accounts payable;

retained earnings (etc.).

Due to the materiality of these circumstances, we are not able to express an opinion on the reliability of the financial (accounting) statements of the organization "YYY" and the compliance of the accounting procedure with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

44. The auditor may have disagreements with the management of the entity being audited on issues such as the appropriateness of the chosen accounting policy, the method of its application, or the adequacy of disclosures in the financial (accounting) statements. If such disagreements are material to the financial (accounting) statements, the auditor should express a qualified opinion or an adverse opinion.

45. An example of an auditor's report in a part containing a qualified opinion due to a disagreement regarding accounting policies and an inappropriate accounting method:

balance sheet;

income statement;

appendices to the balance sheet and income statement;

explanatory note.

We have audited in accordance with:

Federal Law "On Auditing";

federal rules (standards) of audit activity;

(as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2004 No. 532)

internal rules (standards) of audit activity (indicate an accredited professional association);

rules (standards) of auditor's activity;

regulatory acts of the body that regulates the activities of the audited entity.

(as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2004 No. 532)

As a result of the audit, we found violations of the current procedure for preparing financial (accounting) statements and accounting, namely: the cost of production equipment in the amount of XXX thousand rubles was not reflected in the composition of non-current assets in line 190 of the balance sheet, and in the composition of current assets line 220 "Value added tax on acquired valuables" does not reflect the amount of value added tax attributable to the specified equipment in the amount of XXX thousand rubles. Accordingly, line 621 "Suppliers and contractors" does not reflect accounts payable to the supplier in the amount of XXX thousand rubles.

In our opinion, with the exception of the impact on the financial (accounting) statements of the circumstances set forth in the previous part, the financial (accounting) statements of the organization “YYY” represent fairly, in all material respects, the financial position as of December 31, 20(XX) and the results of its financial - business activities for the period from January 1 to December 31, 20(XX), inclusive, in accordance with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation regarding the preparation of financial (accounting) statements (and/or specify the documents that determine the requirements for the procedure for preparing financial (accounting) ) reporting).

(as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2004 No. 532)

46. An example of an auditor's report in a part containing an opinion with a qualification due to a disagreement regarding disclosure of information:

balance sheet;

income statement;

appendices to the balance sheet and income statement;

explanatory note.

We have audited in accordance with:

Federal Law "On Auditing";

federal rules (standards) of audit activity;

(as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2004 No. 532)

internal rules (standards) of audit activity (indicate an accredited professional association);

rules (standards) of auditor's activity;

regulatory acts of the body that regulates the activities of the audited entity.

(as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2004 No. 532)

In the financial (accounting) statements of the organization "YYY" material information is not disclosed:

on securing obligations and payments in the amount of XXX thousand rubles;

on leased fixed assets in the amount of XXX thousand rubles.

In our opinion, with the exception of the circumstances set forth in the previous part, the financial (accounting) statements of the organization “YYY” present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position as of December 31, 20(XX) and the results of its financial and economic activities for the period from 1 January to December 31, 20(XX), inclusive, in accordance with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation regarding the preparation of financial (accounting) statements (and/or indicate the documents that define the requirements for the procedure for preparing financial (accounting) statements)”.

(as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2004 No. 532)

47. An example of an auditor's report in the part containing a negative opinion due to a disagreement regarding accounting policies or the adequacy of the presentation of financial (accounting) statements:

(as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2004 No. 532)

balance sheet;

income statement;

appendices to the balance sheet and income statement;

explanatory note.

We have audited in accordance with:

Federal Law "On Auditing";

federal rules (standards) of audit activity;

(as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2004 No. 532)

internal rules (standards) of audit activity;

rules (standards) of auditor's activity;

regulatory acts of the body that regulates the activities of the audited entity.

(as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2004 No. 532)

(Description of disagreements).

In our opinion, due to the influence of these circumstances, the financial (accounting) statements of the organization "YYY" unreliably reflect the financial position as of December 31, 20(XX) and the results of its financial and economic activities for the period from January 1 to December 31, 20(XX) inclusive and, therefore, cannot be recognized as complying with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation in terms of the preparation of financial (accounting) statements (and / or specify the documents that determine the requirements for the procedure for preparing financial (accounting) statements)”.

(as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2004 No. 532)

RULE (STANDARD) No. 7. QUALITY CONTROL OF THE PERFORMANCE OF AUDIT ENGAGEMENTS

Introduction

1. This federal rule (standard) of audit activity, developed taking into account international auditing standards, establishes uniform requirements for quality control of the performance of audit assignments.

2. Members of the audit team:

a) must follow the quality control procedures applicable to the specific audit engagement;

b) must provide the audit organization with relevant information to ensure the effective functioning of the quality control system in terms of observing the principle of independence;

c) may rely on the firm's established quality control policies and procedures (for example, with regard to skills and professional competence of employees, on the principles and procedures for hiring employees and continuing professional education, with regard to independence, on the principles and procedures for collecting and reporting relevant information on independence, with respect to maintaining relationships with clients, on the principles and procedures governing the procedure for deciding whether to accept a new client or continuation of cooperation with existing clients, in relation to compliance with regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation and professional standards - for monitoring).

Definitions

3. The terms used in this rule (standard) mean the following:

a) "audit manager" - an authorized person of the audit organization who is responsible for the performance of the audit engagement and the preparation of the audit report;

b) "engagement quality review" - a process designed to objectively evaluate the significant judgments and conclusions of the audit team formed on the basis of the audit results before issuing the auditor's report;

c) “engagement quality reviewer” means a senior member of the firm or another authorized person of the firm, a third party competent person or a group of such third parties who has sufficient appropriate experience and authority to objectively evaluate significant judgments before issuing the auditor’s report. and conclusions of the audit team formed on the basis of the results of the audit;

d) "audit team" - employees performing an audit engagement, including all experts engaged by the audit organization to perform this engagement;

e) "publicly significant economic entity" - an open joint stock company, another organization whose securities are admitted to trading on stock exchanges and (or) organizers of trading on the securities market (for example, a credit or insurance organization, an investment fund, etc.) ;

f) “monitoring” means the process of reviewing and evaluating an audit firm's audit quality system, including periodic selective inspection of completed audit engagements, to achieve reasonable assurance that the quality control system is operating effectively;

g) "network organization" - an economic entity that has common control, ownership or management with another organization and which can be recognized on a reasonable basis by any third party with relevant information as part of a national or international network;

h) "leading officer of an audit organization" - a person with the authority to conclude contracts for the provision of audit and audit-related services on behalf of an audit organization;

i) "employees" - senior employees of the audit organization and other specialists involved in the audit activities of the audit organization and the provision of services related to the audit;

j) "professional standards" - federal rules (standards) of audit activity, internal rules (standards) of audit activity in force in professional audit associations, rules (standards) of audit activity of audit organizations, as well as the Code of Ethics of Auditors of Russia;

k) "specialists" - employees of the audit organization, with the exception of senior employees;

l) "outside competent person" - a person who is not an employee of the audit organization and has professional competence sufficient to direct the audit (for example, a senior employee of another audit organization or a representative (with relevant experience) of a professional audit association whose members can perform tasks by audit).

Responsibilities of the audit leader to ensure the quality of the audit

4. The audit leader is responsible for the quality of the performance of each audit engagement that he/she supervises.

5. At all stages of the audit, the audit partner must demonstrate to the audit team members the high quality of work by the example of their own actions or by appropriate instructions to the audit team members. Such actions and instructions should emphasize:

a) the importance of complying with the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation and professional standards, applicable principles and procedures for quality control of the audit organization, as well as issuing an audit opinion that meets the conditions of a specific assignment;

b) quality assurance, which is a top priority.

Ethical Requirements

6. The audit partner should monitor compliance with ethical requirements by members of the audit team.

7. Ethical requirements applicable to audits are established by the Code of Ethics for Auditors of Russia and include:

a) honesty;

b) objectivity;

c) professional competence and due diligence;

d) confidentiality;

e) professional conduct;

e) independence.

8. The audit partner should pay particular attention to ethical compliance by all members of the audit team throughout the audit. If the audit partner becomes aware of non-compliance with ethical requirements by members of the audit team, then he should consult with the appropriate persons from the staff of the audit organization and ensure that appropriate disciplinary actions are taken against those who do not comply with ethical requirements.

9. The audit partner and other members of the audit team should document the problems identified and how they were resolved.

10. The audit partner should express an opinion on whether the independence requirements applicable to the specific audit engagement have been met and should:

a) obtain information from the audit firm and, if appropriate, from network organizations in order to identify and evaluate circumstances and relationships that create threats to independence;

b) evaluate information about identified violations of independence procedures, if any, and determine whether they pose a threat to independence for a particular audit engagement;

c) take appropriate steps to eliminate threats to independence or reduce them to an acceptably low level, and report any such incidents to the firm in a timely manner so that the firm can take appropriate action;

d) document the conclusions regarding independence, as well as any relevant reasoning supporting these conclusions.

11. The audit partner may identify a threat to independence in relation to a particular audit engagement that safeguards have failed to eliminate or reduce to an acceptably low level. In such a case, the audit partner should consult with appropriate individuals within the audit firm to ensure that appropriate safeguards are in place to ensure that threats to independence are eliminated or reduced to an acceptably low level, up to and including abandoning the engagement. All reasoning and conclusions regarding this issue should be documented.

Decision to accept a new client or continue to cooperate with a client on a specific audit engagement

12. The audit partner should ensure that all necessary procedures in relation to the decision to accept a new client or continue to work with a client on a specific audit engagement have been followed and that appropriate conclusions have been drawn and documented.

13. The decision to accept a new client or continue cooperation with a client may be initiated by the head of the audit or another person.

14. The decision to accept a new client or continue cooperation with a client on a specific audit engagement provides for:

assessment of the honesty of the main owners of the potential audited entity, its management and representatives of the owner;

assessment of the professional competence of the members of the audit team necessary to perform a specific audit engagement, as well as the availability of the necessary time and resources, the ability of the audit organization and members of the audit team to comply with ethical requirements.

If questions arise in evaluating one of these conditions, then the members of the engagement team should seek the advice of the audit firm's management or legal counsel, documenting how to resolve these issues.

15. The decision to continue with the client is preceded by an assessment of the significant issues that have arisen during the current or previous audit engagement, as well as the impact of their consequences on the continuation of cooperation. For example, the client may have begun expanding its activities in an area in which the employees of the audit organization do not have the necessary experience and knowledge.

16. The head of the audit, in the event that he receives information that, being known earlier, would lead to the refusal to perform the audit engagement, must communicate this information to the audit organization in a timely manner to ensure the adoption of a collegial decision.

Formation of the audit team

17. The audit leader must make sure that the members of the audit team have the appropriate skills, professional competence, authority and time necessary to complete the audit engagement in accordance with the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation and professional standards.

18. Relevant skills and professional competence means:

a) understanding of the audit engagement and practical experience in audit engagements of a similar nature and complexity, acquired through training and previous work;

b) knowledge and understanding of the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation and professional standards;

c) knowledge in the field of information technology;

d) knowledge of the industries in which the client operates;

e) the ability to form professional judgment;

f) an understanding of the quality control principles and procedures established by the firm.

Completing a task

19. The head of the audit is responsible for the distribution of work, supervision and execution of the audit engagement in accordance with the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation and professional standards, as well as for issuing an audit opinion that complies with the terms of the assignment.

20. The audit partner leads the audit engagement by informing the engagement team of their duties and responsibilities, the nature of the client's business, risk issues, issues that may arise, and the detailed approach to the engagement.

It is the responsibility of the members of the engagement team to maintain objectivity and exercise due professional skepticism, and to perform assigned work in an ethical manner. Members of the engagement team may seek clarification from more experienced members, maintaining appropriate professional communication within the engagement team.

21. Members of the audit team should understand the goals and objectives of the audit engagement they are performing.

22. Engagement supervision by the audit partner includes:

a) monitoring the progress of the audit engagement;

b) an assessment of the skills and professional competence of each member of the audit team, whether they have sufficient time to complete the audit engagement, understand the instructions given to them, and whether their work is consistent with the planned approach;

c) addressing significant issues that arise in the course of the audit engagement, assessing their significance and, if necessary, changing the planned approach accordingly;

d) identifying issues that require clarification or consultation during the audit with more experienced members of the audit team.

23. Oversight functions involve reviewing the work of less experienced members of the audit team by more experienced members, including the audit leader. Supervisors evaluate:

a) whether the work performed complies with the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation and professional standards;

b) whether significant issues have arisen that require further consideration;

c) whether consultations were held and whether the conclusions of the consultations, provided they were held, were documented and applied in practice;

d) whether there is a need to review the nature, timing and scope of the work performed;

e) to what extent the work performed confirms the findings and is documented;

e) the sufficiency and appropriateness of the audit evidence obtained on which the auditor's report is based;

g) whether the objectives of the audit procedures are achieved.

24. Prior to issuing an audit opinion, the audit partner should review the auditor's working papers and discuss the work with the audit team members to ensure that the audit evidence obtained to support the conclusions is sufficient and appropriate.

25. The audit manager should oversee the progress of each stage of the audit in a timely manner. This allows significant issues to be resolved in a timely manner prior to the issuance of an auditor's report. Such oversight by the audit partner should cover the most significant judgments, especially those relating to complex or controversial issues identified during the audit, as well as significant risks and other areas that the audit partner deems important. The audit manager does not need to check all the auditor's working papers, but he must document information about when and which working papers were checked by him. Answers to the questions of the head of the audit, arising from the implementation of the specified supervision, must be reasoned.

26. In the event that a newly appointed audit partner takes over the direction of the audit during its execution, that audit partner should check what work has already been done as of the date of his appointment. Supervisory procedures of this kind should be sufficient to ensure that the specified audit partner is satisfied that the work performed as of the date of these procedures was planned and performed in accordance with the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation and professional standards.

27. When more than one audit partner is involved in an audit engagement, the members of the audit team should have a clear understanding of the roles and responsibilities of each audit partner.

28. The audit leader should:

a) be responsible for organizing the receipt of consultations by members of the audit team on complex and controversial issues;

b) ensure that members of the audit team have the opportunity, during the course of the audit engagement, to obtain appropriate clarifications and advice from both other, more experienced members of the audit team or persons with relevant knowledge, authority and experience working in the audit organization, and from third parties. competent persons;

c) make sure that the nature and extent of consultations, as well as the conclusions drawn from such consultations, are documented and agreed with the persons who carried out the consultations;

d) make sure that the conclusions drawn from the results of the consultations have been applied in practice.

29. In order for consultations with competent persons to be effective, it is necessary that these persons be provided with all the initial information on the basis of which they could give appropriate recommendations on methodological, ethical and other issues. If necessary, members of the audit team may seek advice from individuals with relevant knowledge, authority and experience working within and outside the firm. The conclusions drawn from such consultations should be documented and put into practice.

30. The Auditing Organization may seek advice from third-party competent persons, in particular other auditing organizations and professional auditing associations, as well as other organizations that provide relevant services in the field of audit quality control and audit-related services.

31. Documentation relating to consultations with a competent person on complex or controversial issues should be agreed upon by the person seeking advice and the person who provided the advice. Documentation should be sufficiently complete and detailed to clearly disclose the subject of the consultation and the results of the consultation, including any decisions made, the reasons for their adoption and how they are applied in practice.

32. In the event that a disagreement arises between members of the engagement team and the consultant, or between the engagement partner and the engagement quality reviewer, the engagement team members should follow the principles and procedures for resolving disputes established by the audit team. in an audit organization.

33. The audit partner informs the audit team members that they may report differences of opinion to him or other senior members of the audit firm.

34. When conducting an audit of financial (accounting) statements of socially significant economic entities, the head of the audit must:

a) ensure that a person is appointed to perform the quality review of the engagement;

b) discuss significant matters arising in the course of an audit engagement, including matters arising in the course of an engagement quality review, with the engagement quality reviewer;

c) not issue an auditor's report until the engagement quality review has been completed.

35. With regard to other audit engagements for which an engagement quality review is performed, the audit manager should follow the provisions provided for in subparagraphs “a” - “c” of paragraph 34 of this rule (standard).

36. If a pre-engagement quality review is not deemed necessary, the audit partner should systematically assess changing circumstances that may warrant such a review.

37. An engagement quality review includes an objective assessment of the significant judgments made by the members of the engagement team and the conclusions that form the basis of the auditor's report.

38. An engagement quality review typically includes discussing the progress of the engagement with the audit leader, reviewing the financial (accounting) statements and the auditor's report, in particular its compliance with the terms of the particular engagement. Also, such a review involves a selective analysis of the auditor's working papers related to significant judgments and conclusions made by the audit team. The extent of this review depends on the complexity of the engagement and the risk that the auditor's report may not be consistent with the terms of the engagement. An engagement quality review does not reduce the responsibility of the audit partner.

39. A review of the quality of performance of assignments for the audit of financial (accounting) statements of socially significant economic entities includes:

a) the audit team's assessment of the firm's independence in the context of the specific audit engagement;

b) assessment of significant risks identified in the course of the engagement (in accordance with rule (standard) No. 8), and the procedures performed in response to the risks assessed by the auditor, including the assessment by the audit team of the risk of errors and fraud and the implementation of procedures by the audit team in response for this risk;

c) judgments regarding the level of materiality and significant risks;

d) receiving appropriate advice on complex or controversial issues or in case of disagreement, as well as the conclusions drawn from these consultations;

e) the significance of corrected and uncorrected misstatements identified during the audit;

f) circumstances, information about which must be brought to the attention of the management of the audited entity, representatives of the owner or other persons;

g) the compliance of the auditor's working documents selected for analysis with the work performed, which served as the basis for the formation of significant judgments and conclusions;

h) the appropriate nature of the audit report issued.

40. Review checks of the quality of performance of assignments, other than the audit of financial (accounting) statements of socially significant economic entities, may, depending on the circumstances, cover in full or in part all the provisions specified in paragraph 39 of this rule (standard).

Monitoring

41. The audit partner should evaluate the monitoring results reflected in latest information, distributed by the audit firm and, if applicable, other audit firms that are members of network audit firms.

The audit partner evaluates how the deficiencies reflected in this information may affect the audit engagement and whether the actions taken by the audit firm to correct the situation are sufficient in the context of this audit engagement.

42. Deficiencies in the quality control system for the performance of assignments identified during the monitoring process do not mean that a specific audit assignment was not performed in accordance with regulatory legal acts in the field of audit and federal rules (standards) of auditing.

RULE (STANDARD) No. 8. UNDERSTANDING THE ACTIVITIES OF THE AUDITED ENTITY, THE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH IT IS CARRIED OUT, AND ASSESSING THE RISKS OF MATERIAL MISTORTION OF THE AUDITED FINANCIAL (ACCOUNTING) STATEMENTS

Introduction

1. This federal rule (standard) of audit activity, developed taking into account international auditing standards, establishes uniform requirements for understanding the activities of the audited entity and the environment in which it is carried out, including the internal control system and the assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the audited financial (accounting) statements.

2. The auditor must study the activities of the audited entity and the environment in which it is carried out, including the internal control system, to the extent sufficient to identify and assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial (accounting) statements resulting from errors or dishonest actions of management and (or) employees entity, and sufficient to plan and perform further audit procedures.

3. Understanding the activities of the audited entity and the environment in which they are carried out is of great importance when conducting an audit. In particular, such an understanding provides a basis for planning the audit and expressing the auditor's professional judgment on assessing the risks of material misstatement of the financial (accounting) statements and responding to these risks in the audit process, such as:

a) establishing the level of materiality and assessing whether the judgment of materiality remains unchanged during the course of the audit;

b) consideration of the appropriateness of the choice and procedure for applying the accounting policy and the adequacy of information disclosure in the financial (accounting) statements;

c) identifying areas of the entity that require the auditor's particular attention, such as transactions with related parties, the appropriateness of management's assumptions about the going concern of the entity, or an examination of the purpose of business transactions;

d) determination of the expected economic indicators of the audited entity for use in the performance of analytical procedures;

e) planning and performing further audit procedures to reduce audit risk to an acceptably low level;

f) assessing the sufficiency and appropriateness of the audit evidence obtained, such as the appropriateness of the assumptions, as well as oral and written representations and explanations of the entity's management.

4. The auditor uses professional judgment to determine the required level of knowledge about the activities of the entity and its environment, including the internal control system. The primary task of the auditor is to determine whether the achieved understanding of the activity is sufficient to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial (accounting) statements, as well as to plan and perform further audit procedures. The amount of knowledge of the entity's activities required by the auditor is generally less than the amount of knowledge possessed by the entity's management.

Risk assessment procedures and sources of information about the activities of the entity and the environment in which it is carried out, including the internal control system

5. The acquisition of knowledge about the activities of the audited entity and the environment in which it is carried out, including the internal control system, is a continuous dynamic process of collecting, updating and analyzing information at all stages of the audit. Audit procedures performed with the aim of acquiring knowledge about the activities of the audited entity are classified as risk assessment procedures, because certain information obtained by performing such procedures can be used by the auditor as audit evidence when assessing the risks of material misstatement of the financial (accounting) statements. In addition, by performing risk assessment procedures, the auditor may obtain audit evidence about groups of similar business transactions, account balances and disclosures and related assertions in the preparation of financial (accounting) statements, as well as about the operating effectiveness of controls, even if such audit procedures were not specifically planned as substantive procedures or tests of controls. The auditor may also schedule substantive procedures or tests of controls to be performed in parallel with the risk assessment procedures, if such an approach is considered effective.

6. The auditor should perform the following risk assessment procedures to become familiar with the activities of the entity being audited and the environment in which they are carried out, including internal control:

inquiries to the management or other employees of the audited entity;

analytical procedures;

observation and inspection.

The auditor is not required to perform all of the specified risk assessment procedures with respect to each issue identified in paragraph 19 of this rule (standard). However, all risk assessment procedures are performed by the auditor in the course of achieving the necessary amount of knowledge about the activities of the entity being audited.

7. In addition to the risk assessment procedures provided for in paragraph 6 of this rule (standard), the auditor performs other audit procedures to obtain information that may be useful in identifying risks of material misstatement. For example, the auditor may consider sending inquiries to organizations that provide legal or valuation services to the entity being audited. Reviewing information obtained from external sources, in particular analytical reports, reports prepared by banks or statistical authorities, economic and professional newspapers and magazines, or official legal and financial publications, can be useful in familiarizing yourself with the activities of the entity being audited.

8. Although much of the information the auditor obtains through inquiries may be obtained from the entity’s management and those responsible for preparing the financial (accounting) statements, inquiries made to the entity’s employees, in particular production staff, internal auditors and other employees with different administrative functions can be helpful in providing the auditor with different perspectives when identifying risks of material misstatement.

In determining the employees of the entity to whom inquiries may be directed, as well as the number of such inquiries, the auditor considers the types of information that may be obtained to help the auditor identify risks of material misstatement.

Responses to inquiries directed to the owner's representatives may help the auditor understand the environment in which the financial (accounting) statements are being prepared.

Responses to inquiries sent to internal auditors may be relevant to their activities relating to the organization and operation of the audited entity's internal control system, and give an idea of how satisfactorily the management of the audited entity responded to the results of these activities.

Responses to inquiries addressed to employees involved in initiating, performing or accounting for complex or unusual transactions may assist the auditor in assessing the appropriateness of the entity's selection and application of certain accounting rules.

Responses to inquiries sent to the legal department of the audited entity may be relevant to such issues as court cases and claims disputes in which the audited entity is involved, compliance by the audited entity with regulatory legal acts, knowledge of the facts of fraud or circumstances indicating the possibility of fraud , guarantees, obligations, agreements (in particular on joint activities) with counterparties and the content of contractual terms.

Responses to inquiries made to marketing or sales personnel may relate to changes in the entity's marketing strategies, sales trends, or contractual arrangements with customers and customers.

9. Analytical procedures can help identify unusual transactions or events, as well as indicators, ratios and trends that may indicate possible problems important for financial (accounting) reporting and auditing.

When performing analytical procedures as risk assessment procedures, the auditor makes an approximate estimate of expected performance indicators and likely relationships. If comparing these expected performance measures with the recorded amounts or ratios calculated from the recorded amounts results in unusual or unexpected relationships, the auditor considers these results when identifying risks of material misstatement.

If such analytical procedures use data generalized to sufficiently high level, then the results of such analytical procedures can only serve as a primary indicator of the presence of a material misstatement. The auditor considers the results of such analytical procedures along with other information gathered in identifying risks of material misstatement.

10. Observation and inspection can become both the basis for making inquiries to the management and other employees of the entity being audited, and a source of information about the activities of the entity being audited and the environment in which they are carried out. Such audit procedures typically include:

a) overseeing the various areas of activity and operations of the entity being audited;

b) inspection of documents (such as business plans and development strategies), records and regulations of the internal control system;

c) studying reports prepared by management (such as quarterly management reports and interim financial (accounting) statements), reports of representatives of the owner (for example, minutes of meetings of the board of directors);

d) visiting administrative buildings and industrial premises of the audited entity;

e) tracking the reflection of business transactions in information systems that generate data for financial (accounting) reporting (end-to-end checks).

11. If the auditor intends to use information about the activities of the entity and its environment collected in previous periods, the auditor should determine whether there have been changes that may affect the relevance of such information for the current audit. In recurring audits, experience gained from a previous audit contributes to a better understanding of the activities of the entity being audited.

In particular, audit procedures performed in previous audits typically provide audit evidence about the entity's organizational structure and controls, as well as information about past misstatements and whether they have been corrected in a timely manner. All of these assist the auditor in assessing the risks of material misstatement during the current audit. However, such information may become irrelevant to the ongoing audit due to changes in the entity's operations and environment. Therefore, the auditor should make appropriate inquiries and perform other appropriate audit procedures, including walkthroughs, to identify possible changes that could affect the relevance of such information.

12. The auditor also takes into account other information, if it is relevant for the current audit, in particular, that which was collected when deciding whether to enter into an agreement with the audited entity or continue cooperation with him, or information obtained from the experience of providing other audit services for of the entity being audited, in particular the review of interim financial information.

13. Members of the audit team should discuss the susceptibility of the financial (accounting) statements of the entity being audited to material misstatement.

14. The purpose of this discussion is for the members of the engagement team to achieve a greater understanding of the potential for material misstatement of the financial (accounting) statements, whether due to fraud or error, that may occur in certain areas that are the subject of their assignments, and to understand how the results audit procedures performed by members of the audit team may affect other aspects of the audit, including decisions about the nature, timing, and extent of further audit procedures.

16. The decision which member of the audit team to involve in the discussion of the susceptibility of the financial (accounting) statements of the entity being audited to material misstatement, how, where and in what form to conduct such a discussion, is the subject of professional judgment. The discussion usually involves key members of the audit team, since all members of the audit team do not need to have an exhaustive understanding of all aspects of the audit. The form of the discussion depends on the functions performed by the members of the audit team, their experience and information needs.

For example, in an audit that spans multiple auditees, there may be multiple discussions, each with leading members of the audit teams for each of the most important auditees.

When planning discussions, you should decide whether to invite experts included in the audit team to participate in them. The engagement partner may decide that it is necessary to include an expert with knowledge of information systems or some other skill in the discussion.

17. In accordance with the rule (standard) No. 1, the auditor, in the course of planning and conducting an audit, must exercise professional skepticism. Discussions with members of the engagement team should emphasize the need to exercise professional skepticism throughout the engagement period so as not to miss information or other circumstances that indicate the possibility of material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.

18. There may be other discussions that facilitate the exchange of information between members of the audit team regarding the susceptibility of the financial (accounting) statements of the entity being audited to material misstatement. The goal in this case is communication between members of the audit team and the exchange of information obtained during the audit, which may affect both the assessment of the risks of material misstatement due to fraud or error, and the audit procedures performed in relation to the risks.

Understanding the entity's activities and the environment in which they operate, including internal controls

19. The auditor's understanding of the activities of the entity being audited and the environment in which they are carried out is to understand the following issues:

sectoral, legal and other external factors affecting the activities of the audited entity, including the methods of accounting and preparation of financial (accounting) statements of the audited entity;

the nature of the entity's activities, including the selection and application of accounting policies;

the goals and strategic plans of the audited entity, associated risks of economic activity, indicating a possible material misstatement of the financial (accounting) statements;

main performance indicators of the audited entity and trends in their change;

internal control system.

Examples of problems that the auditor may consider in the process of becoming familiar with the activities of the entity and the environment in which it is carried out are given in Appendix No. 1. Elements of the internal control system are given in Appendix No. 2.

20. The nature, timing and scope of risk assessment procedures to be performed depend on the scale and complexity of the entity's activities and the auditor's experience with the entity. In addition, identifying significant changes in any of these matters from prior periods is especially important to achieve a sufficient understanding of the entity's activities to identify and assess the risks of material misstatement.

21. The auditor should familiarize himself with the relevant industry, legal and other external factors affecting the activities of the entity being audited, including the methods of accounting and preparation of financial (accounting) statements used. These factors include the following industry specifics:

a) competition in the industry;

b) relationships with suppliers and customers;

c) changes in production technology;

d) environmental requirements affecting the industry and the entity;

e) applied methods of accounting and preparation of financial (accounting) statements;

f) requirements of regulatory legal acts, including those regulating the scope of activities of the audited entity;

g) current general economic conditions.

22. The industry in which the entity operates may have specific risks of possible material misstatement related to the very nature of the business or its governing framework. In such cases, the audit team should include individuals with appropriate and sufficient knowledge and experience.

23. Regulatory legal acts establish the applicable methods of accounting and preparation of financial (accounting) statements, which the management of the audited entity must use when preparing financial (accounting) statements and by which the auditor is guided. At the same time, both the auditor and the audited entity must understand these methods.

24. The auditor should familiarize himself with the peculiarities of the activities of the entity being audited. Features of the activity of the audited entity are determined by the business operations carried out, the form of ownership and the method of management, the type of financial investments that it makes and intends to make, its structure and source of funding. Understanding the characteristics of the activities of the audited entity allows the auditor to understand the groups of similar transactions, account balances and disclosures in the financial (accounting) statements.

25. The audited entity may have a complex structure, including subsidiaries or geographically distant structural units, which complicates the process of consolidating financial (accounting) statements and may cause risks of material misstatement of information.

26. Understanding who the entity's owners are and what the relationships are between the owners and others is important in determining whether transactions with related parties are identified and properly accounted for.

27. The auditor needs to have knowledge of the accounting policy chosen and applied by the audited entity, the auditor must also determine whether it is appropriate for the activities of the audited entity and whether it is consistent with the methods of accounting and preparing financial (accounting) statements. The knowledge required by the auditor to perform the audit engagement also includes knowledge of:

the ways the entity uses to account for complex or unusual transactions;

the consequences of accounting for business transactions in respect of which there is uncertainty or ambiguity due to the inconsistency of regulatory requirements or their absence;

changes in the accounting policy of the entity being audited.

The auditor should also identify cases where the audited entity first applies the requirements of new regulatory legal acts governing accounting. If there has been a change in the entity's accounting policies, the auditor should consider the reasons for the change and determine whether the change is appropriate and consistent with established ways accounting and preparation of financial (accounting) statements.

28. Financial (accounting) statements prepared in accordance with the applicable methods of accounting and preparation of financial (accounting) statements must include proper disclosure of material information. This information relates to the forms, presentation structure and content of the financial (accounting) statements, notes, including the terminology used, the level of detail, the classification of items in the statements and the basis for the figures presented. The auditor considers whether the entity has appropriately disclosed any issue in the light of the circumstances and facts of which the auditor has become aware at the time of the audit.

29. The auditor needs to have knowledge of the objectives and strategic plans of the entity being audited and the related business risks that may lead to material misstatement of the financial (accounting) statements. The activity of the audited entity is subject to the influence of industry, legal and other internal and external factors. Under the influence of these factors, the management of the audited entity or representatives of the owner determine the goals that can be prepared in the form of a general plan of action for the audited entity. Strategic plans include the approaches by which management intends to achieve its objectives. Business risks are the result of material conditions, events, circumstances, acts or omissions that may adversely affect the entity's ability to achieve its objectives and implement its strategies, or the result of the selection of inappropriate objectives and strategies. The activities of the audited entity also undergo changes under the influence of changes in the external environment and, accordingly, strategic plans and goals change over time.

30. Business risk is a broader concept than the risk of material misstatement of financial (accounting) statements. Business risk may arise as a result of any changes or difficulties encountered in the activity, at the same time, failure to recognize the need to make a change in the activity can also lead to risk. A change in activity may occur, in particular, as a result of the development of a new product that may not be successful, unpredictable market reactions even if a successful product is developed, and omissions that lead to liability and reputational risk.

End of introductory segment.

In the system of normative regulation of audit activities, the rules (standards) of audit occupy an important place. The implementation of their requirements in practice serves as a certain guarantee of the quality of the check.

The main principles of auditing standards are expressed as follows:

auditing standards formulate uniform basic requirements that determine regulatory requirements to the quality and reliability of the audit and provide a certain level of assurance of the results of the audit, if they are observed. With change economic conditions auditing standards are subject to periodic review to best meet the needs of users of financial statements;
on the basis of audit standards, training programs for the training of auditors are formed, as well as uniform requirements for conducting exams for the right to engage in audit activities;
auditing standards serve as the basis for proving in court the quality of the audit and determining the degree of responsibility of auditors;
The standards define the general approach to conducting an audit, the scope of an audit, the types of auditors' reports, methodological issues, and basic principles.

The meaning of the standards is essentially that they:

ensure the high quality of the audit;
promote the introduction of new scientific achievements into audit practice;
help users understand the audit process;
create a public image of the profession;
eliminate state control;
help the auditor to negotiate with the client;
provide a link between the individual elements of the audit process.

International Auditing Standards

The creation of a system of international economic relations necessitated the harmonization of audit standards at the international level, which made it possible to expand the circle of users of financial statements, facilitated the comparison of financial performance of companies from different countries and made it possible to assess the competence and professionalism of audit firms.

International Standards on Auditing (ISA) - a reference book for professional auditors, which contains a description of generally accepted auditing methods. Russian practicing auditors can apply international standards in their activities, which will contribute to further integration into the international audit community.

Several organizations are involved in the development of professional requirements at the international level, incl. The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), established in 1977. The Committee on International Accounting is directly involved in auditing standards. audit practice(KMAP), which will be a standing committee of the IFAC Council.

International Standards on Auditing issued by the Committee should:

promote the development of the profession in those countries where the level of professionalism is below the global level;
to unify, as far as possible, the approach to audit on an international scale.

Status of International Standards on Auditing. ISAs are intended to be used in the audit of financial statements, as well as in the audit of other information and the provision of related services. ISAs contain the basic principles and necessary procedures, ϲᴏᴏᴛʙᴇᴛϲᴛʙ guides presented in the form of explanatory and other material. It is worth saying that in order to ensure the understanding and correct application of the basic principles and necessary procedures, along with the ϲᴏᴏᴛʙᴇᴛϲᴛʙ guidance, it is extremely important to consider the full text of the ISA, including explanatory and other materials contained in them. And only in exceptional cases the auditor can deviate from ISA. With ϶ᴛᴏm, he must be ready to argue for such a digression.

The ISAs do not override local regulations governing the audit of financial or other information in any given country. To the extent that the ISAs ϲᴏᴏᴛʙᴇᴛϲᴛʙ comply with local regulations in a particular case, an audit of financial or other information in each country, conducted in accordance with local regulations, should comply with the ISAs. In the event that local regulations differ or conflict with the ISAs in a particular case, it is essential for IFAC member organizations to comply with the membership obligations stipulated in the IFAC Constitution with respect to those ISAs.

Status It is worth saying - provisions on international auditing practice. It is worth saying that the provisions on international auditing practice (PMAP) are being developed with the aim of providing practical help auditors in meeting standards and ensuring good audit practice.

The approved text of a draft for review, standard or regulation is the text published by IFAC in English. IFAC member organizations are entitled to translate these documents after obtaining the appropriate permission from IFAC for publication in the language of their country. Translation of documents is carried out at the expense of member organizations and must include the name of the organization that prepared it, as well as a reference to the fact that this document will be a translation of the approved text.

The first edition of the ISA in Russian was an important step in the transition of Russian auditors to international standards. At the same time, the ϶ᴛᴏ edition was replete with errors and inaccuracies, which caused criticism from those Russian auditors who were familiar with the English-language primary source. The ISA 1999 edition in Russian was still undergoing the editing procedure when the International Federation of Accountants IFAC released the 2000 edition in English. This circumstance created new objective prerequisites for the discrepancy between the last version ISA and Russian developments based on the official Russian translation of 1999

In the ISA 2001 edition, a number of documents differ significantly from the 1999 edition, in addition, new standards have appeared by this time. Note that the text of the new translation was taken by Russian developers as a basis for the preparation of new Russian federal auditing standards.

In the ISA, all standards are collected in 10 semantic sections: introduction; duties; planning; internal control system; audit evidence; using the results of the work of third parties; audit findings and opinions; special areas of audit; accompanying services; provisions on international audit practice.

Rules (standards) of audit activity in the Russian Federation

At the end of 1993, for the first time in our country, the Provisional Rules for Auditing Activities in the Russian Federation were adopted, and in ϲᴏᴏᴛʙᴇᴛϲᴛʙ and with them, the Commission on Auditing Activities under the President of the Russian Federation gradually approved 38 rules (standards), which regulated the activities of auditors in detail.

After the adoption of the Law on Auditing Activities, a legal vacuum formed for some time, since the decisions of some issues were already dictated by the Law. By the way, this problem was settled by the publication of the Federal Auditing Standards, which define the requirements for the procedure for conducting an audit or providing related services.

Federal auditing standards are divided into:

federal rules (standards) of audit activity;
internal rules (standards) of audit activity in force in professional audit associations, as well as rules (standards) of audit activity of audit organizations and individual auditors.

All federal rules (standards) in Russia can be classified into three groups:

Russian rules (standards) of audit activity, similar in content to the ϲᴏᴏᴛʙᴇᴛϲᴛʙ ISAs;
Russian rules (standards) of auditing activities that differ from ISAs, they will be analogous to them, in any significant moments;
Russian rules (standards) of audit activity and ISAs that have no mutual analogues.

As of August 1, 2006, 23 federal auditing standards have been developed and adopted in the Russian Federation:

"The purpose and basic principles of the audit of financial (accounting) statements";
"Audit documentation";
"Audit planning";
"Materiality in audit";
"Audit evidence";
"Auditor's report on financial (accounting) statements".
"Internal audit quality control";
"Assessment of audit risks and internal control carried out by the audited entity";
"Affiliates";
"Events after the reporting date";
"Applicability of the entity's going concern assumption".
“Agreement on the terms of the audit”;
"The Auditor's Responsibilities to Address Errors and Fraud in the Course of an Audit";
“Taking into account the requirements of regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation during the audit”;
“Understanding the activities of the audited entity”;
"Auditor's sample";
“It is worth saying - obtaining audit evidence in specific cases”;
“It is worth saying - the receipt by the auditor of confirming information from external sources”;
"Features of the first check of the audited entity";
"Analytical Procedures";
"Peculiarities of the audit of estimated values";
“Disclosure of information obtained as a result of the audit to the management of the audited entity and representatives of its owner”;
"Statements and clarifications of the management of the audited entity."

This list of standards will not be final, as the development of standards in Russia continues, and at the same time the process of making changes and additions to already adopted standards is underway. The adoption at the national level of audit standards, ϲᴏᴏᴛʙᴇᴛϲᴛʙ ISAs, will be an important step towards reforming the Russian audit towards integration with international requirements.

Intracompany auditing standards

Federal auditing standards and the provisions of the Law on Auditing have given greater independence to auditors in solving certain practical problems of auditing. Many issues can be settled by the auditors on their own and fixed by them in the internal audit rules.

Internal audit standards define uniform requirements for the procedure for conducting an audit and its quality, create, if they are observed, an additional level of guarantee of the audit results. Intra-company auditing standards can be divided into two groups: standards of self-regulatory audit associations (accredited) and intra-company standards proper.

Self-regulatory audit associations have the right to develop standards and methodological materials for the application of federal standards, where they may establish additional requirements for auditing, but they should not contradict federal auditing standards and the Law on Auditing. Material published on http: // site

Audit organizations and individual auditors have the right to establish own rules(standards) of audit activity, which cannot contradict the federal rules of audit activity and cannot establish requirements lower than those specified in federal standards. These may include instructions adopted and approved by the organization, methodological developments, manuals and other documents that reveal the company's internal approaches to auditing.

Internal standards according to their purpose can be combined into the following groups:

standards containing general provisions on audit;
establishing the procedure for conducting an audit;
establishing the procedure for the formation of conclusions and conclusions of auditors;
specialized standards;
establishing the procedure for providing audit-related services;
for education and training.

Auditing standards are divided into international and national. developed by the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC). The preface to the ISA notes that they should be applied only to material matters, which indicates that national regulations governing the audit of financial or other information in each individual country can be used. In this regard, it is advisable to develop national standards for auditing and related services to better take into account the peculiarities of national systems of legislation, taxation, accounting and other aspects of the financial and economic activities of organizations.

In the preface to the International Standards on Auditing and Related Services, it is noted that IFAC member countries may apply ISAs as their national standards. To this end, the Committee on International Auditing Practices (CMAP) has prepared the text of the statement, which can be the basis for determining the legal force of the adopted standards and the possibility of their use in a particular country.

There are three options for using ISAs and national standards. The first option involves the use of ISA only. The second is the creation and use of national auditing standards. And finally, the third, the so-called combined option involves both the development of national (in the main areas) and the use of international standards (for general problems).

Russia in the field of auditing has chosen the second option associated with the development of a full range of national standards. In accordance with Art. 7 of the Federal Law of December 30, 2008 N 307-FZ "On Auditing" national standards are divided into two groups: federal and standards of a self-regulatory organization of auditors.

Federal rules (standards) of audit activity determine the requirements for the procedure for the implementation of audit activities, as well as regulate other issues contained in Law N 307-FZ. They are developed in accordance with ISA and are mandatory for audit organizations, individual auditors, as well as self-regulatory organizations of auditors.

The standards of the self-regulatory organization of auditors establish requirements for audit procedures that are additional to the requirements of federal standards, if this is due to the specifics of the audit or the provision of audit-related services. Such standards cannot contradict federal standards, they must not create obstacles for the implementation of audit organizations, individual auditors of their professional activities. They are mandatory for audit organizations, auditors who are members of a self-regulatory association of auditors.

Auditing organizations and individual auditors have the right to develop regulations, instructions, and their own auditing standards for their own needs, which cannot contradict the federal rules (standards) of auditing. The requirements of the rules (standards) of the audit activity of audit organizations and individual auditors cannot be lower than the requirements of federal standards and internal rules (standards) of the audit activity of the self-regulatory audit association, of which they are members.

The leading role in the organization of external audit, especially mandatory, in the Russian Federation, of course, should be played by federal standards. Currently, there are 34 such standards, one of which (N 15) has been canceled (more precisely, merged with Standard N 8). Thus, there are 33 federal rules (standards) of audit activity.

In terms of the development and improvement of federal standards in the near future, two main tasks can be formulated. The first task is to update existing federal standards in connection with emerging changes in the economy, legal regulation, etc. The second task is the creation of new standards (approximately 7 - 10) to obtain a full range of federal standards.

A common drawback of the current system of federal standards is the lack of their internal classification into groups that would correspond to the objectives of the audit and related services. The presence of such a classification would allow users (auditors, accountants, students) to easily navigate the purpose and use of standards. Note that the internal classification is available in the ISA, and was also present in 37 Russian standards of the first generation (see, for example, the Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants and International Auditing Standards, 2001. - M .: MTsRSBU, 2002).

Based on existing experience, the following classification of federal rules (standards) of auditing activity seems appropriate (see table).

Classification of current federal rules (standards) of audit activity

N Rules (standard)	Name standard
Group 1. Basic principles
	Purpose and main audit principles financial (accounting) reporting	Introduction, purpose of the audit, general principles audit scope, audit scope, reasonable confidence, responsibility
Group 2. Responsibility of auditors
	Agreement of conditions audit	Introduction, audit contract services, recurring audit, change audit engagement, annex Example of an audit letter
	Auditor's Responsibilities for consideration mistakes and dishonest action during audit	Introduction, errors and dishonest actions; responsibility of representatives owner and management of the auditee faces; responsibilities of the auditor; audit procedures under the circumstances indicating possible misstatements financial (accounting) statements The impact of financial misstatements (accounting) statements for audit report, documentation risk factors and additional audit procedures, official management statements and clarifications, communication, inability auditor to complete the audit engagement Annex N 1. Examples of risk factors, associated with distortions resulting from dishonest actions
	Auditor's Responsibilities for consideration mistakes and dishonest action during audit	1. Risk factors associated with distortion as a result (accounting) statements features of the management of the auditee face and its impact on the control environment Risk factors related to the condition areas of activity of the audited entity Risk factors related to economic activities and financial stability 2. Risk factors for dishonest actions related to misrepresentations in result of misappropriation assets Risk factors associated with exposure of assets to misappropriation Fund-related risk factors control Appendix N 2. Examples of modification audit procedures as a response to assess the risk factors associated with distortion as a result dishonest actions 1. Professional skepticism 2. Distribution of responsibilities among audit team members 3. Accounting policy 4. Internal controls 5. Modification of character, temporary scope and scope of procedures 6. Features of procedures related to specific account balance accounting, a group of the same type business transactions and premise preparation of financial (accounting) reporting 7. Measures to find distortions in the result dishonest preparation of financial (accounting) statements 8. Measures to find misstatements arising from as a result of the appropriation of assets Appendix N 3. Examples of circumstances pointing to possible dishonest act or mistake
	Accounting requirements regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation during audit	Introduction; management responsibility auditee for compliance normative legal acts of the Russian Federations; auditor's review compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation by the audited entity; procedures, applied in fact-finding non-compliance with regulatory legal acts Russian Federation; message about non-compliance with regulatory legal acts Russian Federation; rejection audit engagement Appendix. Examples of facts may indicate non-compliance audited entity regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation
Group 3. Audit planning and documentation
	Documentation audit	Introduction, form and content of workers documents, confidentiality, ensuring the safety of workers documents and ownership of them
	Audit planning	Introduction, work planning, general audit plan, audit program, changes overall plan and audit program
	materiality in audit	Introduction, materiality, relationship between materiality and audit risk, materiality and audit risk in evaluating audit evidence, assessment of consequences distortion
	Assessment of audit risks and internal control, carried out audited entity	The standard includes the content of two earlier accepted Standards - N 8 and N 15. Uniform requirements have been established for understanding the activities of the entity being audited and the environment in which it is carried out Risk assessment procedures and sources information about the activities of the auditee faces Assessment of material misstatement information Communication of information received by audit results, management audited entity and representatives owner Documentation Information
	Applicability assumptions continuity activities entity	Introduction; factors influencing to business continuity; actions planning and verification auditor applying the continuity assumption activities of the audited entity; additional audit procedures if factors related to going concern assumptions the entity being audited; auditor's findings and audit report; signing or approval of the financial (accounting) reporting much later than reporting dates
	Audit sample	Introduction; definitions used in this Rule (Standard) audit activities; audit evidence; taking into account the risk when receiving audit evidence; selection elements for testing in order to obtaining audit evidence; statistical and non-statistical sampling approaches, sampling design, sample size; selection population to be tested elements; conducting audit procedures; the nature and cause of the errors; extrapolation (propagation) of errors; evaluation of the results of checking elements in selected population Appendix N 1. Examples of factors testing facilities internal control Annex N 2. Examples of factors affecting the volume of selected substantive aggregates Appendix N 3. Characteristics of methods population selection
Group 4. Internal audit quality control
	Internal control audit quality	Introduction, security requirements audit quality during the audit checks; manager's duties audit to ensure the quality of the audit; ethical requirements; acceptance for service new client or continuation cooperation with the client on a specific audit engagement; formation audit team; task completion; monitoring
	Quality control services in audit organizations	Introduction; management responsibilities audit organization to ensure the quality of services provided by the audit organization; ethical requirements; taking on a new client or continued cooperation; personnel Job; task completion; monitoring; documentation
Group 5. Audit Evidence
	Audit evidence	Introduction, sufficient appropriate audit evidence, procedures obtaining audit evidence
	Receipt audit evidence in specific cases	Introduction, the presence of the auditor at conducting an inventory of material inventories, disclosure information about court cases and claims disputes, evaluation and disclosure information on long-term financial investments, disclosure of information on reportable segments of financial (accounting) statements of the audited faces
	Receipt by the auditor confirming information from external sources	Introduction; communication procedures of external confirmations with risk assessment; prerequisites for the preparation of financial (accounting) statements, in relation to which external confirmations; preparing a request for external confirmation; positive and negative external confirmations; the wishes of the management of the audited entity; characteristics of persons providing a response on request; external confirmations; evaluation of results responses received; obtaining external confirmations before the reporting date
	Audit features estimated values	Introduction; features of the calculation of estimated values; audit procedures for auditing estimates; general and a detailed review of the procedures applied management of the audited entity; use of an independent assessment; checking for subsequent events; grade results of audit procedures
	Analytical procedures	Introduction, essence and goals of analytical procedures, analytical procedures for audit planning, analytical procedures as a type of audit substantive procedures, analytical procedures as a general review of the financial (accounting) reporting, reliability analytical procedures, actions the auditor in case of deviation from the expected patterns
Group 6. Using the work of third parties
	Usage results of work another auditor	Introduction; appointment of the principal auditor; procedures carried out by the main an auditor; cooperation between auditors; questions requiring consideration in drafting audit report; separation responsibility
	Job review internal audit	Introduction, scope and purpose of the internal audit, the relationship between internal audit and external auditor, understanding and preliminary assessment of the internal audit, terms of interaction and coordination, performance evaluation internal audit
	Usage auditor results of work expert	Introduction, definition of need use of work results expert, competence and objectivity expert, scope of work of an expert, assessment results of the expert's work, link to the results of the work of an expert in the audit imprisonment
Group 7. Conclusions and reports in the audit
	Auditing opinion on financial (accounting) reporting	Introduction; main elements of the audit conclusions; audit report; modified auditor's report; circumstances that may lead to expressing an opinion that is not unconditionally positive
	Affiliates	Introduction, presence of related parties and disclosure of information about them, verification transactions with related parties, a statement from the management of the entity being audited, auditor's conclusions, auditor's report
	Events after reporting date	Introduction; events before the date signing the auditor's report; reflection of events that happened after date of signing of the auditor's report, but before the date of provision to users financial (accounting) reporting; reflection of events detected after providing users with financial (accounting) reporting; issue of securities
	Features of the first audited faces	Introduction, audit procedures for the first audit of the audited entity, features of the auditor's report when the first audit of the entity being audited. Appendix. Sample snippet final part of the audit conclusion, including a reservation in connection with with non-participation of the auditor in the inventory inventories
	Message information, received by audit results, leadership the entity being audited and its representatives owner	Introduction; proper recipients information; information to be report to the entity's management and representatives of its owner; terms communicating information to management the audited entity and its representatives owner; information reporting forms the right recipients; confidentiality; regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation in part provision of information by the auditor
	Statements and explanations guides entity	Introduction, management recognition the entity being audited is responsible for financial (accounting) statements entity, use of the entity being audited as auditors evidence, documentation statements and clarifications of management audited entity, the actions of the auditor when refusal of the management of the audited entity submit statements and clarifications Appendix. Sample letter of introduction
	Other information in documents containing audited financial (accounting) reporting	Introduction, access to other information, consideration of other information, significant inconsistencies, material misrepresentation of facts, availability of other information after the date auditor's report
	Accounting for features the entity being audited, financial (accounting) whose reporting prepares specialized organization	Introduction; issues under consideration the auditor of the audited entity; conclusion an auditor of a specialized organization
	Comparable data in financial (accounting) reporting	Introduction, relevant indicators, comparable financial (accounting) reporting Appendix. Examples of audit conclusions Example A. Auditor's report, par. 1 clause 9 of the Federal Rule (standard) N 26 Example B. Auditor's report, drawn up in the cases listed in par. 2 clause 9 of the Federal Rule (standard) N 26 Example B. Auditor's Report drawn up in the cases listed in clause 19 of the Federal Rule (standard) N 26 Example D. Auditor's report, drawn up in the cases listed in Clause 13 of the Federal Rule (Standard) N 26 Example D. Auditor's report, drawn up in the cases listed in pp. "b" clause 21 of the Federal Rule (standard) N 26
Group 8. Related audit services
	Basic principles federal regulations (standards) audit activities, related to services that may be provided audit organizations and auditors	Introduction; basic principles of financial (accounting) reporting; main principles of audit and accompanying audit services; confidence levels, provided by the auditor; audit; audit-related services, name misuse auditor Appendix. Comparative characteristics audit and related services
	Performance agreed procedures for financial information	Introduction, the purpose of the implementation of the agreed agreed procedures for financial information, definition conditions for the implementation of agreed financial procedures information, procedures and evidence, preparing of report Appendix. Fact report example, noted during the implementation of the agreed creditor verification procedures debt
	Compilation financial information	Introduction, purpose of compiling financial information, general principles of implementation compilation of financial information, defining compilation conditions financial information, procedures, preparation of a progress report compilation of financial information Appendix. Compilation report examples financial information 1. Financial Compilation Report (accounting) statements 2. Financial Compilation Report (accounting) statements with text, drawing attention to existing deviations from the basic principles preparation of financial (accounting) reporting
	Review check financial (accounting) reporting	Introduction, general principles of implementation review, conditions for conducting review, procedures and evidence, preparation of an opinion on review results Annex 1. Indicative list procedures that can be carried out in during figurative verification of financial (accounting) statements Annex 2. An example of a conclusion on review results from expression of unconditional positive opinion Annex 3. Examples of opinions on review results, containing an opinion that is not unconditionally positive
Group 9: Education and training
Standards are under development

Thus, we have formed 9 groups of standards.

First the group includes one standard and in addition to the Federal Law "On Auditing" are considered here the purpose and basic principles of the audit of accounting (financial) statements.

Second the group includes three standards and is dedicated to auditors' responsibility and audit organizations.

Third the group contains 6 standards and is used in the daily work of auditors in terms of registration of procedures for planning and documenting audit activities. Within this group, it is expedient for self-regulatory audit associations to develop intracompany standards for their members. Such standards should contain various tables, forms of documents, brief instructions for carrying out planning and documentation work. They will be especially useful for novice auditors.

Fourth the group includes two standards and is dedicated to issues quality of performance of audit assignments and quality of services the audit firms themselves.

Fifth the group contains five standards devoted to the most important aspects of the audit: methods for collecting audit evidence, analytical procedures, audit sampling, the use of estimated indicators in accounting e, etc.

sixth the group includes three standards that address issues related to the use for conducting an audit of the results of the work of an expert, work of the internal auditor and other audit organization (auditor).

seventh the group covers 9 standards dedicated to drawing up reports and conclusions, the development of the most important audit document - the conclusion on the accounting (financial) statements, the procedure for processing information on the results of the audit (auditor's report, written information), the features of the first audit of the audited entity, etc.

eighth the group is relatively new and includes four standards, one of which is devoted to the analysis of the concept " Related audit services", and the three standards contain requirements for such services as the implementation of agreed procedures in relation to financial reporting, compilation of financial information; review of financial statements.

ninth group is under development.

Comparison of the above classification with ISAs will make it possible to draw up an adequate program for the preparation of new, most necessary federal rules (standards) for auditing activities for the Russian Federation.

In Russia, where there is currently a transition from a tightly regulated continental accounting system to the Anglo-American one, the development of audit rules (standards) is carried out independently, taking into account the provisions of international auditing standards.

Work on modern version The system of all-Russian auditing standards began in our country in 1995. From the very beginning, this system was created as a national analogue of the system of International Auditing Standards developed by the IFAC.

In the Russian Federation, in accordance with the Federal Law "On Auditing" No. 307-FZ dated December 30, 2008, the development of federal rules (standards) for auditing is carried out by the federal state regulatory body for auditing (FOGRAD). The Government of the Russian Federation approves federal rules (standards). Since the federal rules are in the process of development and approval, the rules (standards) of auditing activities in the Russian Federation, previously approved by the Ministry of Finance of Russia, apply; their validity ends as federal regulations are approved.

Federal rules (standards) are based on international auditing standards.

The rules (standards) of audit activity are, as noted in the law on audit activity in the Russian Federation, uniform requirements for the procedure for carrying out audit activities, the design and assessment of the quality of an audit and related services, as well as for the procedure for training auditors and assessing their qualifications.

The rules (standards) of audit activity are divided into: Krikunov A.V. Organization of the Russian audit: results and prospects. // Auditor's sheets. 2009 No. 2

Federal rules (standards) of audit activity (see table)

Table 1

Federal Rules (Standards) of Auditing

	Name
	The purpose and basic principles of the audit of financial (accounting) statements
	Audit Documentation
	Audit planning
	Materiality in audit
	Audit Evidence
	Auditor's report on financial (accounting) statements
	Internal audit quality control
	Assessment of audit risks and internal control carried out by the audited entity
	Affiliates
	Events after the reporting date
	Applicability of the Entity's Going Concern Assumption
	Agreement on the terms of the audit
	The Auditor's Responsibilities for Addressing Errors and Fraud in the Audit
	Accounting for the requirements of regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation during the audit
	Understanding the activities of the entity being audited
	Audit sample
	Obtaining Audit Evidence in Specific Cases
	Obtaining by the Auditor of Supporting Information from External Sources
	Features of the first audit of the audited entity
	Analytical procedures
	Peculiarities of auditing estimated values
	Communication of information obtained as a result of the audit to the management of the audited entity and representatives of its owner
	Statements and clarifications of the entity's management
	Basic principles of federal rules (standards) of audit activity related to services that can be provided by audit organizations and auditors
	Accounting for the characteristics of the audited entity, the financial (accounting) statements of which are prepared by a specialized organization
	Comparable data in financial (accounting) statements
	Other information in documents containing audited financial (accounting) statements
	Using the work of another auditor
	Reviewing the work of internal audit
	Compliance with agreed-upon procedures for financial information
	Compilation of financial information
	Use by the auditor of the expert's work
	Review of financial (accounting) statements
	Quality control of services in audit organizations.

Internal rules (standards) of audit activity in force in professional audit associations,

as well as the rules (standards) of audit organizations (firms) and individual auditors.

Federal rules (standards) of audit activity are mandatory for audit organizations, individual auditors, as well as for audited entities, with the exception of provisions in respect of which it is indicated that they are advisory in nature.

Professional audit associations have the right, if it is provided for by their charters, to establish for their members the rules (standards) of audit activity, which cannot contradict the federal rules (standards) of audit activity and the requirements of which cannot be lower than the requirements of federal rules (standards) of audit activity and rules professional audit association, of which they are members.

Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of May 20, 2010 N 46n "On the Approval of Federal Auditing Standards", registered on July 7, 2010, the powers of the Government of the Russian Federation in the procedure for approving federal auditing standards (FSAD) were transferred to the Ministry of Finance of Russia. In this regard, a number of new FSADs have been approved.

One of them defines the requirements for the form, content, procedure for signing and submitting an audit report on accounting (financial) statements. In conclusion, the auditor expresses his opinion on the reliability of the statements. It is based on the audit evidence obtained. The auditor should evaluate, in particular, the reasonableness of the accounting policies adopted, and whether the information reflected in the accounting statements is reliable, comparable, understandable and relevant. It should be ascertained whether the reporting gives a true picture of the business transactions and events that have taken place.

A separate FSAD is devoted to the auditor's report containing a modified opinion on the reliability of the statements. It can be expressed in the following forms: with reservation, negative, disclaimer of opinion. The auditor is required to modify his opinion if he came to the conclusion that the financial statements as a whole contain material misstatements. The second case is that he does not have the opportunity to obtain sufficient evidence that such distortions do not exist. It is determined what is meant by a material misstatement of reporting.

The Third FSAD establishes requirements for additional information included in the auditor's report. The goal is to draw the attention of users of financial statements to a circumstance reflected in them, which, in the opinion of the auditor, is so important that it is fundamental to the understanding of financial statements by its users. Another circumstance that is not reflected in the financial statements, but which may contribute to the understanding of the users of the audit, the auditor's responsibility or the content of the auditor's report.

Not only approaches to audit differ, but also the content of audit standards. Comparison of international auditing standards and Russian ones is necessary for:

auditing standard

- understanding the significant aspects of the audit procedure and the formation of the auditor's professional opinion on the reliability of financial statements;
- formulating proposals for improving the current Russian legislation on audit.

Based on the existing international auditing standards, a number of domestic analogues have been developed.

In general, the standards can be divided into several groups: Krikunov A., Professional commentary on the federal law on auditing. //Financial newspaper. 2008 - No. 40, p. 12.

1) Russian rules (standards) that have analogues among international auditing standards;
2) Russian rules (standards) that differ significantly from international auditing standards;
3) Russian rules (standards) that have no analogues in the system of international auditing standards;
4) international standards that have no analogues in the system of Russian auditing standards.

A significant part of Russian auditing standards is identical or, in significant respects, close to international auditing standards. The existing discrepancies are due to:

1) differences in approaches to audit;
2) formal differences - style and execution of documents, details of presentation; practical examples, etc.;
3) reform of international auditing standards.

Thirteen documents from among the international auditing standards and regulations on international auditing practice currently have no Russian analogues. This is due to the fact that Russian regulatory documents are still under development, and the preparation of the entire package of standards has not yet been completed.

In addition, it should be borne in mind that the practice of audit, based on the experience accumulated in the world, has its own characteristics in various countries, including Russia, related to the specifics of each country, its system of public self-government and many other factors.

The development of accounting and financial accounting standards has an impact on the evolution of auditing standards. Moreover, the promotion of international auditing standards in Russia depends on the introduction and application of international financial reporting standards in accounting practice. This is manifested in the content of documents developed with the aim of harmonizing accounting and auditing in accordance with international standards. On July 1, 2004, the Concept for the Development of Accounting and Reporting in the Russian Federation for the Medium Term was approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation. The Ministry of Economic Development, the Federal Service for Financial Markets, the Central Bank, the Federal Service for Statistics, the Ministry of Science, the Ministry of Taxation of the Russian Federation took part in the work on the Concept. The concept was discussed with professional public accounting and audit associations, scientific organizations, universities, commercial organizations. The document takes into account the world experience and recommendations of a number of international organizations. concept connects further development accounting and reporting in the country with the intensification of the use of IFRS directly by business entities and in the regulation of accounting and reporting.

The implementation of the Concept is carried out according to special plans covering all selected areas of development of accounting and reporting. At the same time, changes in accounting and reporting, including the transition to IFRS, are supposed to be carried out gradually, taking into account the needs and readiness of the professional and other interested public, as well as public authorities.

The main directions of development of accounting and reporting, according to the adopted Concept, are: Pankova S.V., Pankova N.I. Reforming the system of federal standards for auditing and their convergence with ISA // Auditorskie Vedomosti. -2009

1) improving the quality of information generated in accounting and reporting;
2) creation of an infrastructure for the application of IFRS;
3) change in the system of regulation of accounting and reporting;
4) strengthening the quality control of financial statements;
5) a significant improvement in the qualifications of specialists involved in organizing and maintaining accounting and reporting, auditing financial statements, as well as users of financial statements.

The quality of accounting information depends on how effectively the quality control of financial statements is carried out. The concept states: “The basis of the control system should be the institution of audit as a form of independent verification of the financial statements of economic entities by persons with the necessary qualifications and vested with the appropriate powers. In this regard, the institution of audit is one of the main tools for the development of accounting and reporting.

The prerequisites for the effectiveness of the audit of financial statements are:

a) quality auditing standards that comply with the International Standards on Auditing;
b) clear rules for the independence of audit firms and auditors;
c) immutable adherence of audit organizations and auditors to the Code of Professional Ethics;
d) uniform qualification requirements for auditors, regardless of the industry or sector of the economy they operate in;
e) a high qualification level (including in the field of IFRS) of auditors, provided by a system of certification and advanced training, including a qualification exam;
f) quality control of the work of audit organizations and auditors by, first of all, professional public associations;
g) an effective system of state-public supervision of audit organizations and auditors”.

In order to develop the institution of audit as the main element of the accounting reporting quality control system, the Action Plan for the Implementation of the Concept for the Development of Accounting and Reporting in the Russian Federation includes not only accounting tasks, but also audit tasks. These tasks include: Krikunov A.V. Organization of the Russian audit: results and prospects. // Auditor's sheets. 2009 No. 2

1. Preparation of amendments and additions to the Federal Law "On Auditing", including the introduction of a mandatory audit of consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS.
2. Development of draft federal rules (standards) for auditing based on international auditing standards and their submission to the Government of the Russian Federation.
3. Development of proposals for improving the rules for the independence of audit organizations and auditors in accordance with international experience.
4. Development of proposals for the introduction of uniform qualification requirements for auditors, including in the field of auditing financial statements prepared in accordance with IFRS.
5. Increasing the level of quality control of the work of audit organizations and auditors, including ensuring uniform approaches to the content, forms and methods of such control.

As a result of the implementation of a number of measures in these areas, the accounting and reporting system will meet the real and modern needs of a market economy, and the accounting and auditing profession will enter a qualitatively new stage in its development.