"Administrative-territorial division of Russia" - Economic map of the West Siberian ER. The area of the land. Kamchatka Krai. Belgorod region. Autonomous regions. Main areas of specialization. West Siberian ER. Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. Volga ER. Millionaire cities. Economic map of the FER. Volga-Vyatka ER. Komi-Permyatsky district. Mari El Republic. Consolidation of regions. Central ER. Tambov Region. Republic of Karelia.
"Administrative division of Russia" - Development of the ancient Russian state. Geopolitical and economic-geographical position of the Russian Federation. Russia as a state. Russia on the economic and political map of the world. Formation of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Development and collapse of the Russian Empire. Formation of the territory of Russia. Municipal formations in Russia. Russian borders. Unique and typical features of Russia.
"European part of Russia" - Specialization of the territory in the production of certain products. Republic. Testing. Economic region. Sign the economic regions of the European part of Russia. Volga region. Why an aluminum plant was built in Volgograd. The region has a multi-ethnic population. Industry of specialization. Theory. Why the industry of St. Petersburg gravitates towards the sea coast. Types of industries in the economic region.
"Economic regions of the Russian Federation" - EGP. Economic and geographical position of the Central Black Earth region. Engineering. The composition of the region. Vladimir Kolomna. Initial raw material. Branches of specialization. Central Black Earth region. Stages of development of the economy. Geographic dictation. Obninsk. Decipher the logic. Statistics. Dairy and meat cattle breeding. Region. Territorial structure of settlement and economy.
"Zoning of the Russian Federation" - Area-forming factors. The division of the territory into certain parts for ease of management. Plan of characteristics of the economic region. In geography, different variants of zoning are used. Mendeleev. Tatishchev. Regionalization of Russia. The first experiments on the economic zoning of the territory of Russia. The division of the territory of the Russian Federation. Hierarchical or single-level districts. each economic region.
"Time zones of Russia" - Moscow time. Full turn. What time zone is Moscow in? Where does a new day on Earth begin. Ratmanov Island. Is it convenient to use local time. How many time zones are allocated in our country. Standard time. Standard time Omsk. The plane took off from San Francisco. Longitude difference. Igor Akinfeev, goalkeeper of the CSKA football club. Resident of Omsk. Local time in Chicago.
Federal Agency for Education
government agency
Professional Higher Education
"Samara State University"
TEST
Subject: General sociology.
On the topic: Territorial - settlement structure of society.
Samara 2010
The city is already a fact of concentration
population, instruments of production, capital, enjoyment,
needs, while in the countryside he observes
This is a diametrically opposite fact - isolated
ness and disunity.
The concept of the territorial-settlement structure of society.
The social sphere as a sphere of reproduction of a social person also has its own spatial aspect - the resettlement of the population over a certain territory.
The term "settlement" is used in the scientific literature in two special senses: geographically, and then resettlement is understood as the process of people settling a territory that has not yet been mastered by man, and sociologically, the distribution of people according to their places of life, i.e. applications of their work and residence. Settlement, understood in this way, forms the socio-spatial organization of society, its territorial-settlement structure. The latter is represented, on the one hand, by local (i.e., territorially limited) populations of people - they are called territorial communities, and, on the other hand, by the relationships between these communities, which are called settlement relations.
The very formation of the subjects of these relations - territorial communities of people, is due to two groups of objective circumstances: the well-known fixedness of the population for a certain territory due to the location of places of life (work and residence) on it, and the diverse unity of interests of the local population that is formed on this basis, necessarily rallying, separating and opposing this local group of people in relation to other similar groups. Integrating on the basis of local local interests of persons occupying the most diverse positions in society, territorial communities of people (in their specific forms of communities, communes, fraternities, neighborhoods, etc.) perform in a socially divided society largely the same functions of social solidarity, as the above ethnic groups. And just as in ethnic structures, the implementation of the functions of internal cohesion and solidarity is achieved here through the active opposition of the interests of one's community to the similar interests of other communities. Already Aristotle, characterizing the political life of ancient Athens, noted the special intransigence of the relationship between the "parties" of the inhabitants of the coast, plains and mountains.
It should also be emphasized that, being locally (territorially) limited populations of people, territorial communities do not include in their composition either the territory of residence itself, or any other elements of the environment.
In terms of their internal structure, the communities under consideration are represented by two levels of spatial organization: the primary settlement, which characterizes the relationship of people according to their direct settlement in places of residence and employment, and the secondary, regional, which is an objectively established relationship of settlements, their certain commonality and, accordingly, a certain commonality. people representing the region. This two-level structure of territorial communities is historical: it does not exist in primitive society, where tribal ties rarely had any stable character; it appears in an agrarian society, but remains weakly expressed due to its decentralization. And in full, the "two-storey" of the territorial settlement structure of the population is represented only in the conditions of industrially organized societies.
Formation and development of settlement systems of settlement.
The very first “floor” of the territorial-settlement structure of society is also deeply historical - settlement communities that unite people directly at the place of their life and know three historical types of their organization: consanguineous, locally-point and group.
In primitive society, settlement communities were communities of blood relatives, i.e. here the territorial community still coincided with consanguinity. In the course of the Neolithic transformations, settlement communities lose this consanguineous basis, and in an agrarian society they become purely territorial associations of people, being characterized by “pointedness”, local isolation of settlement, which, moreover, was carried out in two peculiar forms - “settlement systems” - rural and urban.
This formal differentiation of the local-point type of settlement settlement was decisively influenced by the social division of labor that emerged in the course of the Neolithic revolution. Already the separation of farmers from pastoralists and the very difficult relationship between them (it’s not for nothing that the biblical farmer Cain kills his shepherd brother Abel!) Leads to the birth of the first cities - fortified villages of farmers. With the birth of handicrafts, trade, mental labor, and state administration, cities become a place of concentration of precisely these types of labor, although many of them still retain agricultural employment for a long time. This mixed population is also clearly seen in the example of Russian medieval cities, which, as a rule, include three rather distinct parts: the fortified Kremlin, where the authorities and the garrison were located; settlement, where the trade and craft population was concentrated; settlements, with a predominantly peasant population.
rural settlement system
But over time, a completely different system of settlement settlement becomes specific for the population associated with agricultural labor - a rural or, in other words, a village settlement, which best meets the characteristics and requirements of agricultural labor. Depending on the specific production and natural conditions, rural settlement can be key or settled, scattered or compact. The key type of rural settlement corresponds to the conditions of pasture cattle breeding and involves year-round migration of the population as pastures change.
For rural territorial communities that exist in conditions of increased proximity to nature, the monotony of labor activity, spatial dispersal, few people, a number of distinctive features of their being and the way of life and thinking of the villagers that correspond to it are characteristic.
In general - increased traditionalism in the way of life and conservatism in thinking.
To the extent of the urbanization of society that took place with the development of industrialism and the corresponding reduction in the number of the rural population, the number of rural settlements naturally decreases everywhere. So, during the existence of the USSR, their number fell from 860 thousand in 1926 to a thousand in 1989 (with a reduction in the proportion of the rural population from 82 to 34%).
Urban settlement system
In the course of the evolution of the urban territorial community, its main specific feature becomes the local concentration of significant masses of the population, associated mainly with non-agricultural types of labor. Hence, on the one hand, the low self-sufficiency typical for the city, increased dependence on the outside world, and, consequently, the fundamental openness to external relations, and, on the other hand, its multifunctionality, the versatility of its inherent types of labor and social activities.
The latter is associated with the main feature of the social structure of the townspeople - its extreme complexity, the diversity of social communities represented in the urban environment, and at the same time - their explicit or implicit segregation, i.e. a well-known spatial separation, isolation, aspiration, aspiration of persons of one or close communities to live next door to each other. This is how the "social morphology" of the city is formed, dividing it into more or less clearly defined districts and quarters of predominantly aristocratic, bourgeois, working-class settlement, vocational, ethnic, racial, etc. population.
The cities of a mature industrial society are characterized by the opposite picture of socio-spatial settlement. The privileged strata of the population are moving to the cottage suburbs, the city center becomes, on the contrary, the focus of the "urban bottom", the intermediate areas are populated by the "middle class" and workers.
In recent decades, there has been a new trend of "gentrification" of the city, associated with the return of wealthy segments of the population to the reconstructed center.
The considered trends in the evolution of social morphology have developed in the history of the western city. Under the conditions of socialist construction in the USSR, within the framework of the general course towards the formation of a socially homogeneous society, an attempt was made to overcome the indicated segregation of the urban population.
The social structure of the townspeople is also characterized by a constant shift in the gender and age balances of the population. In small towns, due to the departure of young people, the population of older ages significantly predominates, in large towns, the share of the population of middle ages and young people is disproportionately high. This, in particular, gives rise to such a specifically urban phenomenon (and related social problems) as youth hostels. Many cities with predominantly male or female employment are also characterized by corresponding distortions in the gender composition of the city dwellers.
In recent decades, more and more attention has been drawn to the environmental problems of urban life, the growing environmental problems of cities. N.J. Using the example of the United States, Smelser highlights such typical “ulcers” of modern urban life as noise, traffic congestion, air pollution, problems with cleaning and processing household waste, etc.
In various parts of the Soviet Union, the territorial structure of the network of urban settlements was represented by a rare uniform network of predominantly small urban settlements (up to 50 thousand people); uneven (focal) network with a predominance of small and medium-sized cities (up to 100 thousand people); group forms; developed group forms that have developed in the zones of influence of large cities. Among the latter, in turn, there were territories with compacted folding and established agglomeration forms, when, if there is one large or two large cities within the calculated territory, the average shortest distance between all urban settlements is 8–10 and even 5–6 km, which often indicates their actual territorial merger.
Rice. 3.4. The structure of the Crimean population (Bagrov N.V., Bagrova L.A., 2002)
The General Scheme noted that the general direction of development of the territorial structure of the network of urban settlements in the USSR is distinguished by the manifestation of very stable trends that can be traced over a fairly long period of time. These tendencies point to the consistent transition in different parts of the country from a sparse uniform network characteristic of poorly urbanized territories, first to small centers and groups of small cities and towns, and then to developed group forms of the territorial structure of the network of urban settlements, including agglomeration forms.
Features of the distribution of developed group forms, traced over time, made it possible to present a picture of the consistent expansion of the urbanized territories of the USSR.
In 1926, territories with developed group forms had a very limited distribution: within the center of the European part of the USSR, surrounded by Moscow, in the Urals and Donbass, around Leningrad (St. Petersburg), Kiev, Gorky (Nizhny Novgorod), as well as in the form of local spots in the immediate vicinity of other large cities of the European and Asian parts of the Soviet Union.
By 1959, noticeable zones of developed group forms of the territorial structure of the network of urban settlements were identified within the entire European part of the USSR, which, along with the regions of the Center, included a number of regions of the Baltic, Ukraine, the Volga region, and the Urals.
In 1970, the developed group forms were further developed and markedly expanded. They covered not only a significant part of the European part of the USSR, but also significant areas in the Asian part of the country.
3.6. Formation of large urban agglomerations
In the research and development carried out, a pattern of outstripping growth rates of the territory with agglomeration forms of development of a network of urban settlements was revealed against the background of the general process of urban development of the territory of the USSR, it was noted that the agglomeration of settlements was mainly caused by the process of concentration of production, as well as the increasing attraction of production to large cities - centers of science, research and production services and concentration of highly qualified labor resources. This was reflected in the accelerated growth of cities and towns near large cities and in the compaction of their network.
Among the largest agglomerations of the Soviet Union, occupying a key place, in the General Scheme (position for 1975) were named: Moscow, uniting 81 urban settlements with 9.7 million inhabitants; Leningrad (St. Petersburg) - 55 urban settlements, 4.3 million inhabitants; Gorkovskaya (Nizhny Novgorod) - 28 urban settlements, 1.8 million inhabitants; Donetsk - 61 urban settlements, 1.7 million inhabitants; Sverdlovskaya (Yekaterinburgskaya) - 32 urban settlements, 1.5 million inhabitants.
Based on the analysis of the ratio of the urban population living in the zone of influence of large cities, the urban population of the entire zone, including the central city, and the level of concentration of urban settlements in the zone of influence of large cities, carried out in the mid-1970s, the presence of agglomerations with varying degrees of development was established. surrounded by 68 cities with a population of over 100 thousand people each.
The identified urban agglomerations were characterized by many undoubtedly positive features: the concentration within them of advanced industries, administrative and economic management, scientific and design organizations, the most unique institutions of culture and art. An increased educational level of the population of agglomerations and its higher qualification training were revealed.
At the same time, significant shortcomings of agglomerations were noted in the General Scheme. The analysis showed that many of them were characterized by the development of valuable natural landscapes, the imbalance of settlement and places of employment, irrational commuting trips of the suburban population, and inefficient use of recreational areas. The weak development of the outer zones of agglomerations (the absolute population growth in them was in the mid-70s almost three times less than in the center cities) led to underutilization of the socio-economic (scientific-technical and cultural-educational) potential of their centers - large and the largest cities and had an insufficient deterrent effect on their growth rates.
The increased concentration of the urban population in a limited area caused significant pressure on the environment and threatened a number of serious environmental consequences. Of the 68 urban agglomerations, only 7 environmental conditions (according to the total assessment of the degree of pollution of the air and water basin, the presence of open spaces and recreational resources) were recognized as relatively favorable (Rizhskaya, Chernovitskaya, Kirovskaya, Voronezhskaya, Yaroslavskaya, Gomelskaya, Sochiskaya). In 29 urban agglomerations, environmental conditions were more or less noticeable deviations from normal characteristics.
Group systems of settlements. The core of the theoretical concept of the General Scheme was the idea of forming a network of group systems of settlements (GSNM) on a relatively well-developed part of the territory of the USSR.
Compared with the traditional hierarchical constructions of the settlement system (rural settlement - urban settlement - urban agglomeration), the GSNM were considered as a higher level in the territorial organization of production and settlement. The authors of the General Scheme in their ideas proceeded from the fact that the GSNM should purposefully develop in a planned manner, primarily on the basis of existing developed large urban agglomerations and in areas of new development on the basis of territorial production complexes. The allocation of GSNM was based, on the one hand, on the definition of production and other functions of cities, on the other hand, on the joint use of the potential of both large cities and small towns and rural settlements based on the creation of an appropriate developed transport infrastructure, while minimizing expenses for the movement of the population between individual urban and rural settlements of the group system.
Based on the developments carried out, an alternative analysis of extrapolation and target forecasts of prospective settlement was carried out, which included consideration, on the one hand, of the naturally developing territorial structure of the network of urban settlements, on the other hand, of the target model of the planned-regulated formation of the optimal settlement structure within the framework of development of the entire national economic complex of the country.
Based on the developments carried out on the territory of the USSR, 62 large group settlement systems were identified (with a predicted population of the main center from 450 thousand inhabitants and above), 169 medium group settlement systems (with a predicted population of the main center from 100 to 450 thousand inhabitants) , 323 small group settlement systems (with the projected population of the main center from 50 to 100 thousand inhabitants).
Branches of the national economy are concentrated in separate centers and nodes that have a certain economic potential (population and workers, capacities of industrial and other enterprises, research institutions, etc.) and are connected by transport systems. The combination of interconnection and mutual placement of these elements, which have different scale economic potential, is territorial structure of the national economy (TSNH).
At the same time, TSNH is determined economic relief, which reflects the differences between the economic potentials of individual territories and economic objects. Thus, it is a combination of mutually located and interconnected peculiar "plateaus" and "highlands" (vast economically developed territories), individual peaks (the largest economic nodes), connected by a system of "ridges" (economic lanes along the most important transport routes), as well as "lowlands" and even "depressions" (poorly developed and underdeveloped territories).
IM Maergoiz sees in the TSNKh a formation consisting of three inseparable forms.
The first form is integrated production structure, characterized by the interaction in a certain way of interconnected and mutually located parts of the country (zones, districts, subdistricts and, in general, any economically unique relatively integral territorial units of different ranks).
The second form is territorial and sectoral structure, the formation of which is dictated by the location of key sectors of the economy, the main industrial and scientific potential of the country.
Finally, the third line node structure covers primarily the production infrastructure in its relationship with resettlement. It plays an important backbone role in the national economy, as it combines all its branches into a single whole, performing the so-called nutritional distribution function (transfer and distribution of raw materials, energy, finished products, information).
As noted earlier, the core of the TSNH is supporting frame of settlement. Its purpose is to hold together all the constituent parts and forms of the TSNX of countries and regions, to provide versatile services to the territory and population, and to contribute to the deepening of the territorial integration of the economy. G. M. Lappo emphasizes that in a generalized form, the drawing of the supporting frame, the proportionality and relative position of its links - the centers of economic, cultural and political life, the main routes of economic interaction - expresses the main geographical features of a particular country (region), the features of its EGP, the nature of sectoral and territorial structures, the level of economic maturity.
Comparing the supporting frames of individual countries, one can single out the most significant features of the geography of their economy and settlement. So, France, thanks to the dominant core - the Parisian region - even deserved the name "Paris and its environs." A country like Brazil is characterized by a powerfully pronounced "Atlantic front" - the proximity of the population, cities, industry to the ocean coast. In Australia, cities and industry are located mainly along the perimeter of the continent in its southern and eastern parts. TSNH and the settlement of Canada are distinguished by a high degree of concentration of cities and major communications along the "urbanized axis", which runs in a latitudinal direction near the border with the United States.
A lot of interesting and unique things come to light when comparing the supporting frameworks of large economic regions. For example, for the Volga region, the main meridional axis is the "main street of Russia" - the Volga, which is crossed by railway lines of national importance. At the intersections of latitudinal highways, the largest Volga cities were formed. An essential feature of the last decades has been the formation of new large centers in the intervals between the historically main cities of the Volga region.
Scientists emphasize the importance of developing a supporting frame for our country. This is due to the following geographical circumstances. First, Russia is a country of great distances and big cities. For this reason, a special place is occupied by transport highways and superhighways, the task of which is to ensure efficient, with the lowest national economic costs, overcoming space. Secondly, its territory is distinguished by great economic differentiation associated with natural, historical, demographic and other conditions, and this requires a system of powerful fastening nodes and transport lines connecting them. Thirdly, it is characterized by a multinational population, the peculiarity of the economic and cultural development of each republic, region, territory, which increases the role of large cities, especially capitals and administrative centers, as well as the network of roads connecting them with all regions. Fourthly, the huge scale of the national economic complex determines the creation of large and very large economic centers, which, in turn, dictates the need to involve huge masses of various products in the interregional exchange and, consequently, the availability of highly productive transport systems.
The territorial structure (organization) of the Russian economy is divided into:
Macrolevel - economic zone, economic region;
Mesolevel - region, region, republic;
Micro level - administrative district, industrial hub, industrial center, industrial center.
Economic zones - vast territorial formations, composed of several (groups) of regions, with characteristic natural and economic conditions for the development of productive forces.
On the territory of the Russian Federation, the Western economic zone is distinguished, which includes the regions of the European part of the country with the Urals, and the Eastern one, which includes the regions of Siberia and the Far East.
The Western economic zone is characterized by a shortage of fuel, energy and water resources, a high degree of concentration of the population and economic development of the territory (about 80% of the population and the country's fixed production assets), and the predominance of manufacturing industries in the composition of industry. The Eastern Economic Zone is characterized by the presence of large reserves of fuel and energy, mineral raw materials and forest resources, poor population and economic development of the territory, and the predominance of extractive industries in the composition of industry.
Economic regions are also large territorial formations made up of regions, territories and republics with relatively homogeneous conditions, with a characteristic direction of development (specialization) of the economy, with labor and natural resources sufficient for a relatively independent integrated development of productive forces.
In the economic system of Russia, 11 large, or main economic, regions are distinguished, differing in terms of economic development, specialization and structure of the economy: Central, Northwestern, Northern, Central Black Earth, North Caucasian, Volga-Vyatka, Volga, Ural, West -Siberian, East Siberian and Far East. Large districts are divided into 89 political and administrative units, which are subjects of the Russian Federation. The latter, in turn, - to the lower administrative and economic regions. Both those and others are economically specialized units of large economic regions.
Industrial hub (industrial hub) - a group of technologically and economically related industries, compactly located in a small area (several industrial centers).
Industrial center (industrial center) - a group of unrelated heterogeneous industries (enterprises) located in one center (large city).
An industrial point (industrial point) is a territory (small town or urban-type settlement) where one or more related enterprises (of the same industry) are located.
Widespread in the world forms of territorial organization of the economy are special economic zones (SEZ) - territories with the most favorable regime for the financial and economic activities of domestic and foreign investors. Depending on the direction of economic activity, the set economic tasks or other goals, SEZs can be created as free trade zones (free customs zones), where warehousing and processing operations (packaging, labeling, quality control, simple refinement, etc.) of goods are carried out foreign trade, as industrial and production zones, where industrial companies produce export or import-substituting products, as trade and production, service, complex, technical and innovative (for the development and implementation of new technologies) or technopolises, transit, insurance, banking, environmental and economic zones, tourist centers, etc.
The selection of zonal territories is based on different principles: an advantageous geographical location, a high level of development or low cost of infrastructure development, the presence of a significant resource (raw materials, labor) potential for further growth, etc.
In Russia, SEZs have received little development. Initially (1990-1992) the creation of 12-13 zones was announced. However, at present, many of these zones exist formally and some of them have actually already disintegrated. FEZs are developing relatively actively only in Nakhodka, the Kaliningrad region and St. Petersburg.
All the above-mentioned territorial formations - regions, districts, etc., form the basis of the territorial structure (organization) of the world economy. It is with the need to study them that the emergence (origin) of such disciplines as economic geography, and later - regional geography, regional studies, regional studies, regional studies, etc., is connected, which, with all the variety of interpretations of the content, studies the same object - the territorial organization of social production.
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