What are the types of fasteners. Types of drywall fasteners: self-tapping screws, screws, anchors

In various industries, two main types of fixed connections are used:

• Detachable - using threaded fasteners: bolts, nuts, studs and screws;
• One-piece - performed by welding, gluing, riveting, soldering.

These types of fasteners are used in all branches of mechanical engineering, and about 35% of the total labor costs are accounted for the performance of these works. The range of used fasteners is very large and is constantly expanding, since new, more advanced and expensive equipment is constantly being put into operation, the production of which requires the use of more reliable and durable connections, which, among other things, must also correspond to the aesthetic level of the equipment.

In the state classification, fasteners used in mechanical engineering belong to the GZ group, in which the following subgroups are distinguished: G31 (bolts); G32 (screws, studs); GZZ (nuts); G34 (rivets); G36 (washers, cotter pins); G37 (pins); G38 (other industrial hardware). At the moment, many modern and progressive types of fasteners that are actively used in mechanical engineering are not included in the State Standards Classifier. A wide variety of fasteners, different in design and manufacturability, greatly complicates their description and determination of belonging to a particular class. Despite the difficulties that have arisen, fasteners can be divided into five main groups according to one of the most characteristic features, which underlies the name of each group:

• fasteners of wide use;
• fasteners for joining polymer composite materials;
• threaded fasteners of high strength;
• fasteners for high-life and hermetic connections;
• fasteners for one-sided setting and impactless riveting.

This classification is rather arbitrary, since many types of fasteners can be assigned to different groups due to their versatility. At the same time, each group includes fasteners belonging to different classes, according to the State Standards Classifier. For example, screws, bolts and nuts are included in the group of threaded fasteners of increased strength, and classes of bolts and rivets are included in the group of high-life fasteners.

The described classification helps employees of technical and structural departments to freely navigate in a wide variety of fastening tools and apply the necessary elements in each case, developing optimal mechanical engineering designs with reliable fasteners. Also, this classification is convenient for designers of various types of fasteners.

It is quite difficult to give the correct name to the fastener due to such a variety. In order to understand the types of fasteners, it is better to refer to the terminology according to GOST. Below we consider the most commonly used definitions of fasteners, corresponding to GOST 27017-86.

General concepts
Fastener type	Detail for the formation of the connection.
Bolt	Fastener in the form of a rod with external thread at one end, with a head at the other, forming a connection with a nut or a threaded hole in one of the products to be joined.
Screw	A fastener for forming a connection or fixation, made in the form of a rod with an external thread at one end and a structural element for transmitting torque at the other. Note: The structural element of the torque-transmitting screw may be a slotted head, a knurled head, or, in the absence of a head, a slot in the end of the rod.
Screw	A fastener in the form of a rod with an external special thread, a threaded conical end and a head at the other end, forming a thread in the hole of a wooden or plastic product to be joined. Note: The special thread has a triangular pointed profile and a large root width compared to the width of the tooth.
Hairpin	Fastener in the form of a cylindrical rod with external threads at both ends or along the entire length of the rod.
Pin	Fastener in the form of a cylindrical or conical rod for fixing products during assembly.
screw	fastener with threaded hole and a structural element for transmitting torque. Note: A structural element of a nut for transmitting torque can be a polyhedron, knurling on the side surface, end and radial holes, slots, etc.
Washer	A fastener with a hole placed under the nut or head of a bolt or screw to increase the bearing surface and/or prevent them from self-loosening.
cotter pin	Fastener in the form of a wire rod of semicircular cross section, folded in half to form a head.
Rivet	Fastener in the form of a smooth cylindrical rod with a head at one end, which serves to obtain a permanent connection due to the formation of a head at the other end of the rod by plastic deformation.

Types of fasteners
Step Bolt	A bolt whose smooth shank diameter exceeds the nominal thread diameter.
swing bolt	Bolt, the head of which is made in the form of a movable part of the swivel joint.
Fitting Bolt Not allowed: Bolt for reamer hole	A bolt, the diameter of the smooth part of the rod of which is determined from the condition of ensuring the shear operation of the connection.
foundation bolt	A bolt with a specially shaped head used to fasten equipment to the foundation. Note: The special shape of the head may represent the extended legs of the slotted part of the rod, the bent part of the rod, etc.
Captive screw	Screw, the diameter of the smooth part of the shaft is less than inner diameter threads.
Self-tapping screw	A screw that forms a special thread in the hole of one of the plastic or metal products to be joined.
Self Drilling Self Tapping Screw	Self-tapping screw with drill shape end.
set screw	A screw with a specially shaped end used to fix products relative to each other. Note: Special end shape can be cylindrical, conical, flat, etc.
spring pin	Pin of cylindrical section with a longitudinal groove along the length, made of spring steel.
slotted nut	Hexagonal nut with radial slots for the cotter pin on the side of one of the end surfaces.
castle nut	Hexagonal nut, part of which is made in the form of a cylinder with radial slots for the cotter pin.
cap nut	Nut with spherical and flat end surfaces and blind threaded hole.
wing nut	Nut with flat protrusions for torque transmission.
flat washer	Washer with a flat bearing surface.
spring washer	A split round washer, the ends of which are located in different planes, which serves to prevent self-unscrewing of fasteners when it is elastically deformed under load.
lock washer	A washer used to prevent self-unscrewing of fasteners using structural elements. Note: Structural elements washers are claws, socks, teeth, etc.
hollow rivet	Rivet with a rod of tubular section.
Semi-hollow rivet	Rivet, the end part of the rod of which has a tubular section.

fastener elements
Fastener rod Kernel	Part of a fastener that enters directly into the holes of the products to be joined or is screwed into the material of one of them.
Fastener head Head	Part of a fastener having a shaft that serves to transmit torque and (or) form a bearing surface.
Bolt head Header	The smooth part of the shaft of a bolt, cylindrical, oval or square, directly adjacent to the head and used to center the bolt or prevent it from turning.
Fastener collar Burt Unacceptable Flange	Protrusion on the bearing surface of a multifaceted nut, bolt head or screw, made in the form of a cylinder or a truncated cone with a diameter greater than the diameter of their circumscribed circle.
Support lug of the fastener support ledge Unacceptable support washer, "Dead Puck"	An annular protrusion on the bearing surface of a polyhedral nut or bolt head whose diameter is less than the spanner size. Note: Wrench size is understood as the distance between opposite faces of a polyhedral nut or head of a bolt, screw, measured in a plane normal to their axis.
fastener slot Slot	A recess of a special shape in the end of the head of a bolt, screw or screw, in the end of a headless set screw, along the generatrix or in the end of a nut. Note: The shape of the slot can be hexagonal, cruciform, in the form of a through or non-through slot, etc.
bolt spike Thorn	A protrusion on the bearing surface of the bolt head that serves to prevent it from turning.
bolt mustache Us	A protrusion on the bearing surface of the head and shaft of the bolt, which serves to prevent it from turning.
Gimlet	The threaded, tapered end of a screw used to cut a thread in a wood or plastic product to form a joint.

GOST 27017-86 fully complies with the requirements of ISO 1891-79 and provides terminological definitions for fasteners used in mechanical engineering. The standards specify only the main terms. But the process of emergence of new types of fasteners on Russian market does not stop, so terminology replenishment is constant. At the same time, all market participants want the adoption of standardized terminology to prevent discrepancies.

This article uses materials from the site http://www.kvadromet.ru/article/a013.html

The question of how and with what to fix something on a wall or ceiling interests many people. Previously, everything was simpler - apart from nails, dowels and screws, nothing was used on the farm. Now times are different - other repair and construction technologies are used, which has led to an increase in the variety of fasteners. In this article, together with the site site, we will study all the main fasteners of our time, deal with their purpose and determine in which cases it is advisable to use one or another fastener.

Existing types of fasteners

Fasteners: varieties of self-tapping screws

There are not so many varieties of self-tapping screws. They can only be classified according to three main features: according to the material into which they are screwed, according to size and purpose.

According to the materials, self-tapping screws are divided into two subspecies:

1. self-tapping screws for metal;
2. wood screws.

There should be no questions here. Both those and other self-tapping screws can be produced in various lengths, diameters, and they can also have different thread pitches. As a rule, types of self-tapping screws for metal are distinguished by a fine thread pitch, while the same product, intended for fastening wooden products, has a large thread pitch.

Types of self-tapping screws photo

It should also be noted that metal screws can be of two types - self-drilling and those that require pre-drilling of the metal to tighten. The former have a small drill at the tip - its size characterizes the thickness of the metal into which these products can be screwed. A prominent representative of such self-tapping screws are the notorious "texes" that are used to connect. As for the second subgroup of metal screws, they include a black self-tapping screw used to attach drywall to the profile.

In addition to the above, all self-tapping screws can be classified according to their purpose. In a separate group, roofing fasteners of this type and general-purpose self-tapping screws can be distinguished. Roofing screws have a wide head with a press washer that seals the hole to prevent water from flowing through it. By the way, self-tapping screws for the profile, which are used in the installation of drywall structures, are general-purpose products.

Self-tapping screws for wood photo

Anchor: types and applications

Quite a lot of people are trying to use this fastener for other purposes. For example, quite often with their help they try to attach objects to. The result of this, as a rule, are frayed nerves and huge holes left after removing them from the wall. It should be remembered that the anchor is a stud and is intended for use in, and in soft materials they just scroll.

Now let's talk about the types of anchors. It is difficult to classify them because they have general purpose. In this regard, only three types of anchors can be distinguished: these are the fixing anchor, the hook anchor and the loop anchor. The first can be called universal, the second are designed to hang objects on them, and to cling to something for the third.

Fasteners: anchors

All anchor screws can also be divided into two parts according to their design (the principle of their expansion). In one case, the anchor may have a bolt with a wedge at the end (they are clamped with a nut), and in the other case, the wedge itself is a nut (tightened by rotating the bolt). All anchors are produced in a fixed range of standard sizes - the smallest has a length of 50mm, and the diameter can be 6 or 8mm. The size of the largest anchor is 400mm long by 22mm in diameter.

The question of how to install an anchor bolt is solved very simply - the main thing is to choose the right size of the drill. If the anchor has a diameter of 10mm, then you need to drill a hole with a drill of the same diameter - you should not count on the fact that the anchor will be clamped in a 12mm hole. It won't happen, no matter how hard you try. Winding on anchors also costs nothing - there is no sense in this. Then it’s simple - the anchor is inserted into the hole and clamped with all the force with a screwdriver or open-end wrench.

Anchor sizes

Dowels: purpose and varieties

There are only three varieties of these fasteners - a metal dowel (familiar to almost everyone since childhood), mounting with plastic stopper and spacer, which is scientifically called "Bierbach's dowel". Let's start in order.

How to attach objects to drywall: molly

There is a single fastener that allows you to attach anything to drywall. The people call it "Molly" from the name of the manufacturer that developed this fastener. Such a mount consists of two parts - a hollow folding tube with slots and a nut at the end and a screw. As the screw is screwed in, the tube is folded and crimped on one side of the drywall and the other.

There are two types of such fasteners - a metal and plastic molly screw. Metal, of course, is more reliable - it is mounted using special tongs. To install plastic fasteners, it is enough to drill a hole with a diameter of 8 mm, insert fasteners into it and tighten the self-tapping screw.

Fastener Molly photo

It should be understood that only light products can be hung on “clean” drywall in this way. If we are talking about medium-weight objects, then in the place of their attachment it is necessary to install a mortgage profile. Things that are too heavy (such as a TV) are best installed using studs with collets or long anchor screws.

At the end of the topic, I would like to give a few words to the studs with collets, which are used to fasten something at a great distance from the plane. With their help, it is quite easy to hang large and dimensional objects on the ceiling. This fixture consists of two separate parts- pins and collets. As the pin is screwed into the collet, the latter expands and wedged into the pre- drilled hole. Studs can have different diameters and a standard length of 1m.

Types of fasteners molly

These fasteners are used in modern renovation and construction. In addition to the fasteners described above, there are other less common, but at the same time unique products of their kind - they are called specialized, and they are used to solve narrow-profile tasks. Of course, screws with bolts should also be mentioned, but everyone knows about them, and these fasteners differ only in length, diameter and thread pitch.

To qualitatively assemble and install interior elements, furniture fasteners are used. Depending on the place of fixation and the method of connection, there are several varieties. These elements allow not only to facilitate the assembly and installation procedure, but will also be invisible after the process is completed.

The design and type of fasteners will depend on the purpose of the furniture on which it is fixed. Elements can fasten the product inside, creating its frame, as well as fasten the base of the furniture to the wall or floor. Today, the following types of fasteners are used:

• Furniture corner;
• Confirmant;
• Shkant;
• Ties;
• Shelf holders;

Each of these species has its own characteristics and features that distinguish them from each other. To find out which element is needed to assemble furniture, it is recommended to consider in detail the advantages and disadvantages of each category.

furniture corner

Such an element belongs to a simple and outdated type of furniture fastener. It would seem that if the item is outdated, then why talk about it? It's simple - such a corner is useful for beginner assemblers. He will also become an assistant in the independent design of furniture products and subsequent assembly. In addition, no special equipment or skills are required for its installation. According to the production material, 2 types of furniture corners are distinguished:

1. Plastic - fastened with self-tapping screws, has a more miniature appearance and relatively light weight. It is convenient to use such a corner for screeding light furniture panels or for supporting furniture parts;
2. Metal - has stiffeners and is produced at an angle of 90 degrees. To fix the part, plastic or metal screws and couplings are used. Holes are located on one side of the corner, grooves are on the opposite side.

Such fasteners are used for screeding the roof or bottom of a sliding wardrobe with its walls or when assembling a cabinet kitchen furniture. Plastic options are equipped with a special plug that gives the product a finished look. Metal are considered affordable and very durable. Of the minuses of fastening, one can single out the gradual loosening of surfaces fixed with the help of corners, as well as unattractive appearance.

Plastic

Confirmate

This name is commonly used to refer to ordinary screws for furniture. In another way, they are called euro screws, as well as euro screws. Fasteners are easy to install and do not require precision; a screwdriver or drill is needed to fix it. In the head of the screw there is a hole for a hex key, which is also necessary for work.

To install this part, it is necessary to drill two holes: one in the end of the part, and the other in the element that will be attached. The simplicity of assembling furniture with the help of a confirmation allows the furniture maker to drill holes on the spot. It takes a minimum of time to complete the job. You can simplify the process as much as possible if you use a special drill for confirmation for installation. However, many furniture makers claim that over time this fixture becomes loose, and the cutters become clogged with wood shavings. Therefore, for frequent use, standard drills are used.

The most popular and used confirmation is the size of 7x50 mm. Below are the pros and cons of using this fastener.

Based on this information, it is worth noting that these furniture mounts are comfortable and reliable. But if you can use them, then it is better to give preference to an eccentric screed.

Shkant

Hidden fasteners are a feature of furniture assembled with dowels. This is a small wooden cylinder, its dimensions are often 35x8 mm. The first number indicates the height of the element, and the second indicates the diameter of the fastener. The essence of fastening with dowels is as follows:

• Holes are drilled in each of the two parts;
• The holes must be coaxial - that is, coincide in the location of the axis;
• A dowel is inserted into one hole, which only goes halfway deep;
• On the protruding from the furniture piece, the second piece of furniture is mounted - this is how their screed occurs.

In order for the connection to have increased strength, the hole is treated with PVA glue, which additionally fixes the dowels and makes them immobile. A big plus of this type of furniture fastener is that it remains invisible: it cannot be seen from the outside or from the inside. The dowel connection has some disadvantages: it is done once, so it is extremely difficult to disassemble such furniture without damage. The second disadvantage is that precise drilling of holes is required for a perfect fit of the two components. This nuance gives rise to the need for the use of special devices.

Devices for installing dowels are called conductors. They are factory or homemade. The former are considered the best in quality, but the latter can be made independently.

Screeds

To date, there are two main types of furniture screed - eccentric and intersectional. It is necessary to consider in more detail each of these types separately:

1. Eccentric coupler - this element is used only in the conditions of factory assembly of furniture. To put it on a furniture board, you must use a device for drilling an exact hole. The main advantage of such fasteners is the ability to remain invisible, then the furniture acquires a neat and attractive appearance. Another advantage, compared with confirmations, is that such furniture fasteners allow you to assemble and disassemble furniture several times without losing rigidity. In addition, with the help of an eccentric tie, it is possible to fasten parts at an angle;
2. Intersection screed - represented by a screw and a nut, with the help of which two perpendicular furniture elements are pulled together. It is convenient to fix the headboard and the bottom of the bed, as well as the tabletops, with an intersectional screed. It is necessary to choose fasteners based on the dimensions of the thickness of the chipboard.

The most popular size of ties is 32 mm, but this figure can reach 50 mm.

Eccentric

Intersectional

Shelf holders

A large number of shelf holders allows us to divide them into 2 subgroups: for parts made of chipboard and glass. In furniture stores you can find many models where glass is in harmony with a wooden base. To qualitatively pull together two materials of different composition, shelf holders are used.

Each of the types can be separately divided into two more categories: with and without fixation. Let's take a closer look at how to fix glass in furniture, as well as how to use a shelf support for chipboard.

When installing shelves in a cabinet or cabinet, you can not do without shelf holders. They should ideally fit the style of furniture, combined with general principles interior.

Previously, the bolt-nut system was widely used to fix furniture parts. With such a connection, a hole was drilled in both surfaces, where the bolt was threaded. On the other side of the cabinet wall, this bolt was fixed with a nut. Today, a screw with a nut is also used - it is the simplest type of connection for furniture parts. The screw is equipped with a semicircular head, which, after being connected to the nut, does not scroll, but remains motionless. This fastener is easy to use, but with the advent of new materials, it has faded into the background. Bolts with nuts are suitable for use by craftsmen at the initial level of assembly.

The advantages of such fasteners are:

• Possibility of self-assembly;
• Availability of parts;
• Possibility of reusable assembly and disassembly of furniture.

Among the minuses, one can single out the visibility of the mounts, which is why they have ceased to be relevant. Another significant drawback is the ability to connect only parallel surfaces.

Types, depending on the material to which it is attached

Modern manufacturers today use not only chipboard for the manufacture of furniture. Glass, metal parts, as well as plastic elements are widely used. Fasteners for furniture made of chipboard have been considered throughout the material, and options for screeding items from other raw materials are discussed below:

1. Glass - self-tapping screw holders are used, which are screwed into a wall of concrete or drywall. With their help, shelves and mirror surfaces are fixed without damaging the coating of the part. For glass doors the use of furniture hinges is suitable for the cabinet;
2. Metal - screw fasteners are used to connect the shelves of metal racks. They are screwed into the racks with a drill or screwdriver. With front side an attractive cap is installed;
3. Plastic - plastic parts can be fixed with any chipboard fastener.

Separately, it is worth highlighting the dovetail mount - it is used to connect boxes. The essence of the connection is to cut out a comb surface on each part, which is inserted into another part, as a result, end-to-end fixation is obtained. Choose only the type of attachment that suits you best. Before buying, be sure to calculate the thickness of the material so that during the assembly process, screws and self-tapping screws do not protrude on the surface.

For application various connections wood in the field of construction is not only indispensable without tools, but also without relevant experience. That is why for inexperienced craftsmen such connections are not always obtained accurately. One of the best options- use by professionals a variety of types of fasteners for the array, which are made of metal.

Many surviving architectural monuments made of wood were built without nails, using only an axe. This fact causes true pleasure to this day. However, centuries later, fasteners erected from metal, used to build solid wood structures, have changed radically, for this very reason it is pointless to repeat the experience of our ancestors today.

It is preferable to erect quickly and without difficulties. Let's talk in more detail about the fasteners offered by manufacturers, taking as an example the details that make it possible to simplify the connection of beams with floor logs or solid wall surfaces as much as possible.

Fasteners with perforation

When beams, as well as logs of the floor surface are hidden in the interior space, it is possible to connect them using beam shoes. This fastener for wood structures is suitable for fixing the array not only to wood, but also to concrete, brickwork. It is made from durable steel.

Manufacturers advise fastening such fasteners to the parts to be joined with special screws, and in case of excessive load, or fixing to stone material, use the holes for the necessary bolts. In addition to anchor shoes, today you can purchase special clamps, and much more.

tenon groove

This galvanized wood fastener consists of a tenon part and a groove part, which are joined together to ensure better transmission of horizontal as well as vertical forces.

The connection can be visible or hidden; for this purpose, steel parts are recessed in advance into special grooves.

Reiki three-dimensional

A modern Italian company produces fasteners that are placed perpendicularly and vertically at an angle, using T-type rails, created by extrusion from a high-strength steel alloy. They are produced in several modifications, provided for multi-level loads.

The fastening system must be selected according to the size range of the cross-sections of the combined beams and the dynamic and static loads acting on them.

During installation, the rack base is attached to the beam by means of self-tapping screws. Then, on the end part, attached to the base of the log beam, a groove is created of the same size as the rack shelf. In the absence of perforation, the shelf is equipped with a lag and the connection is fixed with self-tapping screws.

Hidden details Hedgehog

These connectors are steel washers, the base of which is equipped with holes drilled under the slope. These holes are for self-tapping screws. There is a threaded hole in the center of the washer into which a pin is inserted. Its free end is threaded into a special hole and fastened with reverse side beams with a detail with a washer.

The created connection works perfectly not only for pulling, but also for shearing. With excessive load in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe end part of the log, it is possible to install several elements at the same time.

Fasteners with complex thread

Unusual self-tapping screws that make it possible to save time, cash, as this option does not require metal parts. The self-tapping screws are threaded to help create a high degree of pull-out resistance, as well as being tightly screwed into an array that completely changes their traditional function.

In this case, the work of the screws is exclusively for pulling out, which gives them the opportunity to take most of the effort that falls on the connection. So, you can fasten elements at an angle, combine parts, minimizing their deflection, as in the photo of wood fasteners below.

Self-tapping screws for special purposes

Using similar elements, they fasten quite massive wooden crafts. The hat has milled ribs and is easily recessed into the product, while the tip is created like a drill. In the middle of the screw, the cutter makes more hole, helping to pull the element as tightly as possible.

Self-tapping self-tapping screw will be useful for fastening door frames, window openings, solid wood sheathing to wood, metal. The self-tapping screw is screwed directly into the box, as well as the wall surface located behind it, or a power part.

The self-tapping screw acts as a weather vane for high-quality fastening of solid wood sheathing to a base made of steel. It has a tip in the form of a drill and wings placed above it to expand the hole in the tree.

When drilling metal products, the wings break. As a result, having made a thread in a metal part, the self-tapping screw fits snugly against it, while the element from the array is attracted by the cap to the metal.

Photo of wooden fasteners

Fixed joints widely used in mechanical engineering are divided into two types: detachable (performed mainly with the help of threaded fasteners - bolts, screws, studs and nuts) and one-piece (performed various types rivets, welding, soldering, gluing).

Threaded and riveted joints are widely used in all branches of engineering, and they account for up to 35% of the total labor intensity of assembly work. The range of used fasteners is large and tends to grow. This is due to the fact that the creation of new progressive products, usually more expensive, does not exclude the possibility of using traditional cheap fasteners (bolts, screws, nuts, rivets, washers) in simple low-loaded assemblies that guarantee the required consumer qualities of machines. For example, the US industry produces more than two million types of fasteners, including more than 50 thousand standard (according to US terminology), for a total amount of several billion dollars a year.

The classifier of state standards refers fasteners for general machine-building use to the GZ group, which includes the following classes: G31 - bolts; G32 - screws, studs; GZZ - nuts; G34 - rivets; G36 - washers, cotter pins; G37 - pins; G38 - other industrial hardware. At present, many types of progressive fasteners have been developed and mastered in various branches of the machine-building complex, which are not in the State Standards Classifier. A variety of fasteners in terms of design, technological, functional and other features makes it difficult to exhaustively classify and describe them. However, all fasteners can be divided into five groups. The basis of the classification is one of the most feature, which determined the name of each group, namely: fasteners for mass use; high-strength threaded fasteners; fasteners for one-sided setting and shockless riveting; fasteners for high-life and hermetic connections; fasteners for joining polymer composite materials.

The conditionality of the proposed classification lies in the fact that in each group there is a certain range of fasteners that can be attributed to another group. For example, in the group of fasteners for one-sided setting and impactless riveting, some designs of bolt rivets are designed for high-life joints or for joints of composite materials. At the same time, each of the groups includes fasteners of several classes according to the State Standards Classifier. For example, the group of high-strength fasteners includes classes of bolts, screws, nuts, and the group of high-strength fasteners includes classes of bolts, rivets, etc.

However, the proposed classification allows designers and technologists to relatively easily understand a wide variety of fasteners and take into account their specific features in the design and development. technological processes assembly of detachable and one-piece connections, and will also assist specialists involved in the design and organization of specialized production of fasteners.

Correctly naming a fastener is often very difficult. What is it? Bolt or screw, anchor or dowel. Considering the wide variety of this class of products and the complexity in their correct name, we turn to GOST, which regulates the names and terms.

Below are some of the most commonly used terms and definitions in accordance with GOST 27017-86 for fasteners and their structural elements.

	A fastener in the form of a rod with an external thread at one end, with a head at the other, forming a connection with a nut or a threaded hole in one of the connected products.
	A fastener for forming a connection or fixation, made in the form of a rod with an external thread at one end and a structural element for transmitting torque at the other. Note: The structural element of the torque-transmitting screw may be a slotted head, a knurled head, or, in the absence of a head, a slot in the end of the rod.
	A fastener in the form of a rod with an external special thread, a threaded conical end and a head at the other end, forming a thread in the hole of a wooden or plastic product to be joined. Note: The special thread has a triangular pointed profile and a large root width compared to the width of the tooth.
	Fastener in the form of a cylindrical rod with external threads at both ends or along the entire length of the rod.
	Fastener in the form of a cylindrical or conical rod for fixing products during assembly.
	A fastener with a threaded hole and a structural element for transmitting torque. Note: A structural element of a nut for transmitting torque can be a polyhedron, knurling on the side surface, end and radial holes, slots, etc.
	A fastener with a hole placed under the nut or head of a bolt or screw to increase the bearing surface and/or prevent them from self-loosening.
	A fastener in the form of a wire rod of a semicircular cross section, folded in half to form a head.
	Fastener in the form of a smooth cylindrical rod with a head at one end, which serves to obtain a permanent connection due to the formation of a head at the other end of the rod by plastic deformation.
	A bolt whose smooth shank diameter exceeds the nominal thread diameter.
	Bolt, the head of which is made in the form of a movable part of the swivel joint.
	A bolt, the diameter of the smooth part of the rod of which is determined from the condition of ensuring the shear operation of the connection.
	A bolt with a specially shaped head used to fasten equipment to the foundation. Note: The special shape of the head may represent the extended legs of the slotted part of the rod, the bent part of the rod, etc.
	A screw whose smooth shank diameter is smaller than the inside diameter of the thread.
	A screw that forms a special thread in the hole of one of the plastic or metal products to be joined.
	Self-tapping screw with drill shape end.
	A screw with a specially shaped end used to fix products relative to each other. Note: Special end shape can be cylindrical, conical, flat, etc.
	Pin of cylindrical section with a longitudinal groove along the length, made of spring steel.
	Hexagonal nut with radial slots for the cotter pin on the side of one of the end surfaces.
	Hexagonal nut, part of which is made in the form of a cylinder with radial slots for the cotter pin.
	Nut with spherical and flat end surfaces and blind threaded hole.
	Nut with flat protrusions for torque transmission.
	Washer with a flat bearing surface.
	A split round washer, the ends of which are located in different planes, which serves to prevent self-unscrewing of fasteners during its elastic deformation under load.
	A washer used to prevent self-unscrewing of fasteners using structural elements. Note: The structural elements of the washer are paws, socks, teeth, etc.
	Rivet with a rod of tubular section.
	A rivet, the end part of which has a tubular section.

Elements of fasteners

Kernel. Part of a fastener that enters directly into the holes of the products to be joined or is screwed into the material of one of them.

Fastener head. A part of a fastener having a rod that serves to transmit torque and (or) form a supporting surface.

Bolt head. The smooth part of the shaft of a bolt, cylindrical, oval or square, directly adjacent to the head and used to center the bolt or prevent it from turning.

Fastener collar. A protrusion on the bearing surface of a polyhedral nut, bolt head or screw, made in the form of a cylinder or a truncated cone with a diameter greater than the diameter of their circumscribed circle.

Supporting protrusion of the fastener. An annular protrusion on the bearing surface of a polyhedral nut or bolt head whose diameter is less than the spanner size.

Note: Wrench size refers to the distance between opposite faces of a polyhedral nut or bolt head, screw, measured in a plane normal to their axis.

Fastener slot. A recess of a special shape in the end of the head of a bolt, screw or screw, in the end of a headless set screw, along the generatrix or in the end of a nut.

Note: The shape of the slot can be hexagonal, cross-shaped, in the form of a through or blind slot, etc.

Bolt spike. A protrusion on the bearing surface of the bolt head that serves to prevent it from turning.

The mustache of the bolt. A protrusion on the bearing surface of the head and shaft of the bolt, which serves to prevent it from turning.

Gimlet. The threaded, tapered end of a screw used to cut a thread in a wood or plastic product to form a joint.

GOST 27017-86 fully complies with ISO 1891-79 and should be used in conjunction with GOST 11708-82 “Thread. Terms and Definitions". GOST 27017-86 establishes terms and definitions for fasteners for general machine building applications. Standards establish only basic terms. Today, when new types of fasteners appear in Russia, the process of the formation of terminology is observed, strictly speaking, this is a constant process. The desire of market participants to avoid discrepancies in the names is quite natural.