2 round the world trip. First trip around the world

About his stay on one of the Koralin Islands, Litke wrote: “... Our three-week stay on Yualan not only did not cost a single drop of human blood, but ... we could leave the good islanders with the same incomplete information about the operation of our firearms, which they consider to be intended only for killing birds ... I don’t know if there is a similar example in the annals of early travels to the South Sea ”(F.P. Litke. Traveling around the world on the Senyavin military sloop in 1826-1829).

In the first half of the XIX century. Russian navigators made more than 20 round-the-world voyages, which significantly exceeded the number of such expeditions undertaken by the British and French combined. And some Russian navigators circumnavigated the world twice and thrice. In the first Russian circumnavigation of the world, Bellingshausen was the midshipman on Krusenstern's sloop Nadezhda, who after some time would be the first to approach the shores of Antarctica. On the same ship, O. Kotzebue made his first voyage, who later led two round-the-world trips: in 1815-1818 and in 1823-1826.

In 1817, Vasily Mikhailovich Golovnin, who had already completed his legendary circumnavigation on the sloop Diana, set out on his second circumnavigation. To get into the team of the famous navigator was considered a great honor. On the recommendation of the captain of the 2nd rank I. S. Sulmenev, later admiral, Golovnin took on board his pupil, 19-year-old midshipman Fyodor Litke, who had already managed to take part in naval battles with the French and earn an order.

On the sloop "Kamchatka", which was preparing to sail around the world, a wonderful company gathered - the future of the Russian fleet. Litke met here with volunteer Fyodor Matyushkin, a former lyceum student and classmate of Pushkin, a future admiral and senator, and with junior watch officer Ferdinand Wrangel, later a famous explorer of the Arctic, admiral. The team also included a very young midshipman Feopempt Lutkovsky, who at first would be carried away by the ideas of the Decembrists, and then become a rear admiral and a naval writer. In the course of a two-year voyage, the Kamchatka passed the Atlantic from north to south, rounded Cape Horn, reached Kamchatka across the Pacific Ocean, visited Russian America, Hawaii, the Marianas and the Moluccas, then crossed the Indian Ocean and, bypassing Africa, September 5, 1819. returned to Kronstadt.

In 1821, on the recommendation of Golovnin, Litke, who had already become a lieutenant, was appointed head of the Arctic expedition on the brig " New Earth". The expedition explored the Murmansk coast, the western coast of Novaya Zemlya, the Matochkin Shar Strait, and the northern coast of Kolguev Island. Astronomical observations were made. Having processed the expedition materials, Litke published the book "Four-fold trip to the Arctic Ocean on the military brig Novaya Zemlya in 1821-1824." This work was translated into several languages ​​and brought the author well-deserved recognition in the scientific world. The maps compiled by the expedition served sailors for a century.

In 1826, Lieutenant Commander Litke, who at that time was not even 29 years old, took command of the Senyavin sloop, built specifically for the new circumnavigation. In August of the same year, the ship left Kronstadt, accompanied by the second sloop Moller, commanded by M. N. Stanyukovich (father of the famous writer). According to the instructions, the expedition was to make an inventory of the shores of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Bering Sea, as well as the Shantar Islands, and carry out research in Russian America. AT winter time she was to conduct scientific research in the tropics.

Stanyukovich's sloop turned out to be much faster than the Senyavin (for some reason, in most Russian round-the-world expeditions, pairs were completed from ships with significantly different driving characteristics), and the second had to catch up with the first all the time, mainly in ports. Almost immediately, the ships separated and then sailed mostly separately.

After stops in Copenhagen, Portsmouth and Tenerife, the Senyavin crossed the Atlantic and arrived in Rio de Janeiro at the end of December, where the Moller was already moored. In January 1827, the sloops headed for Cape Horn together. Rounding it, they fell into a fierce storm - one of those that seem to be specially waiting for ships entering the Pacific Ocean - and again lost each other. In search of the Moller, Litke went to Concepción Bay, and then to Valparaiso. Here the ships met, but Stanyukovich was already leaving for Kamchatka, in transit through the Hawaiian Islands.

Litke stopped at Valparaiso. There he carried out magnetic and astronomical observations, and the naturalists of the expedition made excursions in the surroundings and collected collections. In early April, the Senyavin went to Alaska. We reached Novoarkhangelsk on June 11 and stayed there for more than a month, repairing the sloop, collecting collections, and doing ethnographic research. Then the expedition explored the Pribylov Islands and surveyed the island of St. Matthew. In mid-September, "Senyavin" came to Kamchatka, where the expedition, waiting for mail, remained until October 29, studying the surroundings.

Moving south, Litke reached the Caroline Islands at the end of November. At the very beginning of 1828, the expedition discovered a hitherto unknown part of this vast archipelago, naming it the Senyavin Islands after their ship. Then the sloop went to Guam and other Mariana Islands. Hydrographic work was constantly carried out; Litke, moreover, performed astronomical, magnetic and gravimetric measurements. On the islands, naturalists continued to add to their collections. At the end of March, the sloop went north to the Bonin Islands (Ogasawara). The sailors examined them and picked up two Englishmen who had been wrecked. In early May, Litke headed for Kamchatka.

They stood in Petropavlovsk for three weeks, and in mid-June, Litke's second northern campaign began. "Senyavin" carried out hydrographic surveys in the Bering Sea. Moving north, the expedition determined the coordinates of points on the Kamchatka coast, described Karaginsky Island, then headed for the Bering Strait and determined the coordinates of Cape Vostochny (now Cape Dezhnev). Work on the inventory of the southern coast of Chukotka had to be interrupted due to unfavorable weather. At the end of September, the Senyavin returned to Kamchatka, and a month later, together with the Moller, they entered the Pacific Ocean.

In early November, the ships were again separated by a storm. The agreed meeting place was in Manila. Before moving to the Philippines, Litke decided to once again go to the Caroline Islands. And again, successfully: he managed to discover several coral atolls. After that, he headed west and approached Manila on 31 December. Moller was already there. In mid-January 1829, the sloops moved home, passed through the Sunda Strait, and on February 11 ended up in the Indian Ocean. Then their paths parted again: "Moller" went to South Africa, and "Senyavin" to the island of St. Helena. There, at the end of April, the sloops were reunited, and on June 30 they reached Le Havre together. From here, Stanyukovich headed straight for Kronstadt, and Litke also went to England to check the instruments at the Greenwich Observatory.

Finally, on August 25, 1829, the Senyavin arrived at the Kronstadt raid. He was greeted with a cannon salute. Immediately after returning, Litke was promoted to captain of the 1st rank.

This expedition, which lasted three years, became one of the most fruitful in the history of navigation, and not only in Russia. 12 islands were discovered, the Asian coast of the Bering Sea and a number of islands were explored for a considerable extent, the richest materials on oceanography, biology, ethnography were collected, an atlas was compiled from several dozen maps and plans. Physicists were greatly interested in Litke's experiments with a constant pendulum, as a result of which the magnitude of the polar compression of the Earth was determined, and measurements of magnetic declination at various points in the world's oceans. In 1835-1836. Litke published a three-volume "Journey around the world on the sloop-of-war "Senyavin" in 1826-1829", translated into several languages. It was awarded the academic Demidov Prize, and Litke was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences.

However, Litke's journey on the Senyavin was his last - against his own will. In 1832, Emperor Nicholas I appointed an officer and scientist as the educator of his second son Konstantin. Litke remained at court as an educator for 16 years. He was not happy with this highest mercy, but he did not dare to disobey. It was during these years that Fedor Petrovich Litke became one of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society (along with the sailor Wrangel and academicians Arseniev and Baer) and was elected its vice-chairman, while the honorary chairman was Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich, pupil of Litke. By the way, he was an intelligent naval officer and rose to the rank of admiral, played a prominent role in carrying out liberal reforms in Russia, and in 1861 became chairman of the State Council. Good upbringing.

In 1850-1857. there was a break in Litke's geographical activity. At this time, he was the commander of the Revel port, and then of Kronstadt. On his shoulders lay the organization of the defense of the Gulf of Finland from the British and French during the Crimean War (1854-1855). For the brilliant performance of this task, Litke received the rank of admiral and was appointed a member of the State Council, and in 1866 received the title of count. In 1857, Litke was again elected vice-chairman of the Society; Petr Petrovich Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky became his deputy. Achievements of national geography are largely associated with the activities of the Society and not least with the ability of Litke and his successors to attract talented young people to their enterprises. In 1864, Litke took over as president of the Academy of Sciences and continued to lead the Geographical Society until 1873.

NUMBERS AND FACTS

The protagonist

Fedor Petrovich Litke, Russian navigator, geographer

Other actors

Sailors V. M. Golovnin, M. N. Stanyukovich, F. P. Wrangel; Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich; geographers K. I. Arseniev, K. M. Baer, ​​P. P. Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky

Time of action

Route

Around the world from east to west

Goals

Description of the Far Eastern coast of Russia, research in Russian America and in the tropical region of the Pacific Ocean

Meaning

The Asian coast of the Bering Sea was explored, the richest scientific materials were collected, the magnitude of the polar compression of the Earth was determined, 12 islands were discovered

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The modern world seems so small. Just think, because today it is possible to get from one corner of the planet to a completely different one even in a day. Every day, millions of passengers travel by plane over distances that even 200 years ago could hardly have been dreamed of. And all this became possible thanks to the brave and purposeful people who once made a sea trip around the world. Who was the first to take such a bold step? How did everything happen? What results did it bring? Read about this and more in our article.

background

Of course, people did not immediately cross the globe. It all started with small trips on ships that were less reliable and faster than modern ones. In Europe of the 16th century, the production of goods and trade reached such a level that there was an objective need to search for new markets. But first of all - the search for new sources of useful and affordable resources. In addition to the economic aspects, there was also a suitable political environment.

In the 15th century, trade in the Mediterranean fell sharply due to the fall of Constantinople (now Istanbul). The ruling dynasties of the most developed countries set their subjects the task of finding the shortest route to Asia, Africa and India. The last country at that time was considered truly a country of treasures. Travelers of those times described India as a country where gold and gems cost nothing, and the number of such expensive spices in Europe was unlimited.

By the 16th century, the technical component was also at the required level. New ships could carry more cargo, and the use of instruments such as the compass and barometer made it possible to move farther from the coast. Of course, these were not pleasure yachts, so importance had military equipment of the ships.

Leader among countries Western Europe by the end of the 15th century, Portugal was speaking. Its scientists have mastered the knowledge of sea tides, currents and the influence of the wind. Cartography developed at a rapid pace.

It is possible to divide the era of great sea voyages around the world into two stages:

• Stage 1: Late 15th - mid 16th century Spanish-Portuguese voyages.

It was at this stage that such great events took place as the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus and the first round-the-world trip of Ferdinand Magellan.

• Stage #2: Mid-16th - mid-17th century - Russian-Dutch period

These include the development of North Asia by the Russians, discoveries in North America and the discovery of Australia. Among those who committed were scientists, soldiers, pirates and even representatives of the ruling dynasties. All of them were outstanding and outstanding personalities.

Ferdinand Magellan and the first trip around the world

If we talk about who made the first trip around the world, then the story should begin with Ferdinand Magellan. This sea voyage initially did not bode well. Indeed, even immediately before the departure, most of the team refused to obey. But still it happened and played a huge role in history.

Journey start

At the end of the summer of 1519, five ships left the port of Seville on a journey without a specific goal, as they then believed. The idea that the earth could be round was, to put it mildly, distrusted by most people. Therefore, Magellan's idea seemed nothing more than an attempt to curry favor with the crown. Accordingly, people filled with fear periodically made attempts to disrupt the trip.

Due to the fact that on board one of the ships there was a person who carefully entered all the events into the diary, the details of this first round-the-world trip reached contemporaries. The first serious skirmish took place near the Canary Islands. Magellan decided to change course, but did not warn or inform the other captains about this. A riot broke out, which was quickly extinguished. The instigator was thrown into the hold in shackles. Discontent grew, and soon another riot was organized demanding a return. Magellan proved to be a very tough captain. The instigator of a new rebellion was immediately executed. On the second day, two other ships attempted to return without permission. The captains of both ships were shot.

Achievements

One of Magellan's goals was to prove that a strait existed in South America. In autumn, the ships reached the modern shores of Argentina, Cape Virgines, which opened the way for ships to the strait. The fleet passed through it in 22 days. This time was used by the captain of another ship. He turned his ship back home. Having crossed the strait, Magellan's ships fell into the ocean, which they decided to call the Pacific. Surprisingly, during the four months of the team's journey across the Pacific Ocean, the weather never deteriorated. It was pure luck, because in most cases it can not be called the Quiet.

After the opening of the Strait of Magellan, the team faced a four-month test. All this time they wandered the ocean, not meeting a single inhabited island or piece of land. Only in the spring of 1521 did the ships finally land on the shores of the Philippine Islands. So Ferdinand Magellan and his team crossed the Pacific Ocean for the first time.

Relations with the local population did not work out right away. Magellan's team received an unexpectedly hospitable welcome on the island of Mactan (Cebu), but was involved in tribal feuds. As a result of clashes on April 27, 1521, Captain Ferdinand Magellan was killed. The Spaniards overestimated their capabilities and opposed an enemy that outnumbered them many times over. In addition, the team was severely exhausted by the journey. The body of Ferdinand Magellan was not returned to the team. Now there is a monument to the great traveler.

Out of a team of 260 people, only 18 returned to Spain. Five ships left the Philippines, of which only the Victoria ship reached Spain. It was the first ship in history to circumnavigate the world.

Pirate Captain Francis Drake

No matter how strange it may sound, but one of the most prominent roles in the history of navigation was played by a pirate. In addition, this navigator, who made the second trip around the world in history, was also in the official service of the Queen of England. His fleet defeated the Invincible Armada. The man who was the second to circumnavigate the world, the navigator Francis Drake, went down in history as a pirate captain and fully confirmed his status.

History of formation

In those days when the slave trade was not yet prosecuted by Britain under the law, Captain Francis Drake began his activity. He transported "black gold" from Africa to the countries of the New World. But in 1567, the Spaniards attacked his ships. Drake came out alive from that story, but the thirst for revenge seized him for the rest of his life. A new stage in his life begins when he single-handedly attacks coastal cities and sinks dozens of ships of the Spanish crown to the bottom.

In 1575, the pirate was introduced to the Queen. Elizabeth the First offered the pirate a service to the crown in exchange for financing his expedition. The only official document stating that Drake represents the interests of the queen was never issued to him. The main reason for this was that, despite the official purpose of the trip, England pursued completely different interests. Initially, losing to Spain in the development of lands across the ocean, the queen made cunning plans. Its goal was to slow down the progress of Spanish expansion as much as possible. Drake went to rob.

The results of the Drake expedition exceeded all expectations. In addition to the fact that the confidence of the Spaniards in their superiority at sea was badly undermined, Drake made a whole series of important discoveries. First, it became clear that Tierra del Fuego(Tierra Del Fuego) is not part of Antarctica. Secondly, he discovered the ocean separating Antarctica and the Pacific Ocean. He was the second in history to travel around the world, but was able to return from it alive. And also very wealthy.

Upon the return of Captain Francis Drake, a knighthood awaited. So the pirate, the robber became the queen's knight. He became a national hero of England, who was able to put in place the fleet of an arrogant Spain.

Invincible armada

Whatever it was, but Drake only slightly besieged the ardor of the Spaniards. In general, they still dominated the sea. To fight the British, the Spaniards created the so-called Invincible Armada. It was a fleet of 130 ships, the main purpose of which was to invade England and eliminate the pirates. The irony is that the Invincible Armada actually received a resounding defeat. And largely thanks to Drake, who at that time had already become an admiral. He always had a flexible mind, used tactics and cunning, more than once putting the enemy in a difficult position with his actions. Then, taking advantage of the confusion, strike with lightning speed.

Became the last glorious fact in the biography of the pirate. After he failed the task of the crown to capture Lisbon, for which he fell out of favor and was sent to the New World at the age of 55. Drake did not survive this trip. Not far from the coast of Panama, a pirate fell ill with dysentery, where he was buried at the bottom of the sea, dressed in battle armor, in a lead coffin.

James Cook

The man who made himself. He went from cabin boy to captain and made a number of important geographical discoveries, having made three round-the-world sea voyages.

Born in 1728 in Yorkshire, England. Already at the age of 18 he became a cabin boy. I have always been very passionate about self-education. He was interested in cartography, mathematics and geography. From 1755 he was in the service of the Royal Navy. Took part in Seven Years' War and as a reward for years of work he received the rank of captain on the Newfoundland. This navigator circumnavigated the world three times. Their results were reflected in the further history of the development of mankind.

Circumnavigation of the world between 1768 and 1771:

• He proved the assumption that New Zealand (NZ) is not one island, but two separate ones. In 1770 he discovered the strait between the North and South Islands. The strait was named after him.
• First paid attention to the study natural resources NZ, as a result of which he came to the conclusion about the high potential of using it as a dependent territory of Great Britain.
• Carefully mapped the eastern coast of mainland Australia. In 1770, his ship went around. On the eastern side, a bay was discovered, where it is now located. The largest city Australia - Sydney.

Circumnavigation of the world between 1772 and 1775:

• The first person to cross the Antarctic Circle was in 1773.
• He was the first to observe and mention in the reports about such a phenomenon as the aurora.
• In 1774-1775 he discovered many islands off the coast of Australia.
• Cook was the first to demonstrate the Southern Ocean.
• He suggested the existence of Antarctica, as well as the low potential for its use.

Sailing from 1776 to 1779:

• Rediscovery in 1778 of the Hawaiian Islands.
• Cook was the first to explore the Bering Strait and the Chukchi Sea.

The voyage ended in Hawaii with the death of Captain Cook himself. The attitude of local residents was unfriendly, which, in principle, given the purpose of the visit of the Cook's team, is quite logical. As a result of another conflict in 1779, Captain Cook was killed.

It is interesting! From Cook's on-board notes, the concepts of "kangaroo" and "taboo" for the first time reached the inhabitants of the Old World.

Charles Robert Darwin

Charles Robert Darwin was not so much a traveler as a great scientist who became the founder of the theory of natural selection. For constant research, he traveled around the world, including a sea trip around the world.

In 1831, he was invited to take part in a voyage around the world on the Beagle. The team needed naturalists. The circumnavigation lasted five years. This journey in history is on a par with the discoveries of Columbus and Magellan.

South America

South America turned out to be the first part of the world on the way of the expedition. In January 1831, the ships reached the coast of Chile, where Darwin conducted a series of studies on the coastal rocks. Based on the results of these studies, it turned out that the hypothesis of changes occurring gradually in the world, distributed over very long time periods (the theory of geological changes), is correct. At the time, this was a completely new theory.

Having visited Brazil, near the city of Salvador, Darwin spoke of her as "the land of fulfillment of desires." What could not be said about the Argentine Patagonia, where the explorer headed, moving further south. Let the desert landscapes not fascinate him, but it was in Patagonia that the fossilized remains of huge mammals similar to sloths and anteaters were discovered. It was then that Darwin suggested that the change in the size of animals depends on changes in their living conditions.

While exploring Chile, the great scientist Charles Darwin repeatedly crossed the Andes Mountains. After examining them, he was extremely surprised that they consisted of streams of petrified lava. In addition, the scientist focused on the differences in the composition of flora and fauna in different climatic zones.

Probably the most important event for the entire sea voyage around the world was Darwin's visit to the Galapagos Islands in 1835. Here Darwin first saw many unique species living nowhere else on the planet. Of course, the giant tortoises made the strongest impression on him. The scientist noted such a feature: related, but not identical, species of plants and animals lived on neighboring islands.

Pacific Ocean Exploration

Having explored the fauna of New Zealand, Charles Darwin was left with an indelible impression. The scientist was surprised by such flightless birds as kiwi or an owl parrot. The remains of moa, the largest birds that lived on our planet, were also found here. Unfortunately, moa completely disappeared from the face of the earth in the 18th century.

In 1836, this navigator, who made a trip around the world, landed in Sydney. Apart from the English architecture of the city, nothing attracted the explorer's special attention, as the vegetation was very monotonous. At the same time, Darwin could not fail to note such unique animals as kangaroos and platypuses.

In 1836, the voyage around the world was over. The great scientist Charles Darwin set about systematizing the collected material, and in 1839 the Naturalist's Diary of Research was published, which was later continued by the famous book on the origin of species.

The first Russian round-the-world trip 1803-1806 by Ivan Kruzenshtern

In the 19th century, the Russian Empire also entered the arena of maritime research. The round-the-world voyages of Russian sailors began precisely with the voyage of Ivan Ivanovich Kruzenshtern. He was one of the founders of Russian oceanology, served as an admiral. Largely thanks to him, the formation of the Russian Geographical Society took place.

How it all began

The first sea voyage around the world took place in 1803-1806. The Russian navigator who circumnavigated the world with him, but did not receive the same fame, was Yuri Lisyansky, who took command of one of the two ships of the circumnavigation. Kruzenshtern repeatedly submitted petitions to finance a trip to the Admiralty, but they never received approval. And most likely, the round-the-world trip of Russian sailors would not have taken place if it were not for the financial benefit of the highest ranks.

At this time, trade relations with Alaska are developing. The business is super profitable. But the problem lies in the road, which takes five years. A private Russian-American company sponsored Krusenstern's expedition. Approval was received from the emperor Alexander the First himself, who was also a shareholder. The emperor approved the request in 1802, adding to the purpose of the trip the assignment of the embassy of the Russian Empire to Japan.

They sailed on two ships. Kruzenshtern himself and Yuri Lisyansky, his closest comrade, led the ships.

Travel itinerary and results

From Kronstadt the ships were heading for Copenhagen. During the trip, the expedition visited England, Tenerife, Brazil, Chile (Easter Island), Hawaii. Further, the ships went to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Japan, Alaska and China. The latest destinations were Portugal, the Azores and the United Kingdom.

Exactly three years and twelve days later, the sailors entered the port of Kronstadt.

Sea trip results:

• For the first time the Russians crossed the equator.
• The shores of Sakhalin Island were mapped.
• Kruzenshtern published the Atlas of the Southern Sea.
• Updated maps of the Pacific Ocean.
• In the science of Russia, knowledge about intertrade countercurrents has been formed.
• For the first time, water measurements were taken at a depth of up to 400 meters.
• There was data on atmospheric pressure, tides and tides.

The great navigator made a round-the-world trip, and later became the director of the Naval Cadet Corps.

Konstantin Konstantinovich Romanov

Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich was born in 1858. His father was Nikolaevich, who recreated the Russian fleet after the Crimean campaign. Since childhood, his mission was naval service. Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich's round-the-world trip took place in 1874. At that time he was a midshipman.

Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich set himself the goal of traveling around the world, as he was one of the most educated people of that era. He was interested in seeing the whole world. The prince was fond of art in all its manifestations. He wrote poetry, many of which were set to music by the greatest classics of our time. His favorite friend and mentor was the poet A. A. Fat.

AT total the Grand Duke devoted fifteen years to service in the navy, remaining at the same time a true admirer of art. Even on a trip around the world, Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich took with him the painting “Moonlight Night on the Dnieper”, acting on him in a magical way, despite the threat to its safety.

Grand Duke Konstantin died in 1915, unable to withstand the trials of fate. By that time, one of his sons had been killed in the war, and he never recovered from the blow he received.

Instead of an afterword

The era of great discoveries lasted more than 300 years. During this time, the world has changed rapidly. New knowledge, new skills appeared, which contributed to the rapid development of all branches of science. Thus, more advanced vessels and instruments appeared. At the same time, "white spots" disappeared from the maps. And all this thanks to the exploits of desperate sailors, outstanding people of their time, brave and desperate. It is easy to answer the question of which navigator was the first to circumnavigate the world, but the whole point of the discoveries is that each of the voyages is important in its own way. Each of the travelers has contributed to the world that surrounds us today. The opportunity to travel today, and if desired, repeat the interesting and fascinating path of any of them, but in more comfortable conditions, is their merit.

And hear: "Of course, Magellan." And few people doubt these words. But after all, Magellan organized this expedition, led it, but could not complete the voyage. So who was the first navigator to circumnavigate the world?

Journey of Magellan

In 1516, the little-known nobleman Ferdinand Magellan came to the Portuguese king Manuel I with the idea to carry out Columbus' plan to reach the Spice Islands, as the Moluccas were then called, from the west. As you know, Columbus was then “interfered” by America, which appeared on his way, which he considered to be the islands of Southeast Asia.

At that time, the Portuguese were already sailing to the islands of the East Indies, but bypassing Africa and crossing the Indian Ocean. Therefore, they did not need a new path to these islands.

History repeated itself: Magellan, ridiculed by King Manuel, went to Spanish king and received his consent to organize the expedition.

On September 20, 1519, a flotilla of five ships left the Spanish port of San Lucar de Barrameda.

Moons of Magellan

Nobody disputes that historical fact that the first trip around the world was made by an expedition led by Magellan. The vicissitudes of the path of this dramatic expedition are known from the words of Pigafetta, who kept records all the days of the journey. Its participants were also two captains who had already visited the East Indies more than once: Barbosa and Serrano.

And especially on this campaign, Magellan took his slave, the Malay Enrique. He was captured in Sumatra and served Magellan faithfully for a long time. On the expedition, he was assigned the role of an interpreter when the Spice Islands were reached.

Expedition progress

Having lost a lot of time crossing and passing through a rocky, narrow and long strait, which later received the name of Magellan, the travelers came to a new ocean. During this time, one of the ships sank, the other went back to Spain. A conspiracy against Magellan was uncovered. The rigging of the ships needed to be repaired, and food supplies and drinking water were running out.

The ocean, called the Pacific, first met with a good fair wind, but subsequently it became weaker and, finally, completely calmed down. People deprived of fresh food did not only die of hunger, although they had to eat both rats and skin from masts. The main danger was scurvy - a thunderstorm for all sailors of that time.

And only on March 28, 1521, they reached the islands, whose inhabitants answered with amazement the questions of Enrique, who spoke his own language. mother tongue. This meant that Magellan and his companions arrived on the islands of the East Indies from the other side. And it was Enrique who was the very first traveler to circumnavigate the world! He returned to his homeland, circumnavigating the globe.

End of expedition

April 21, 1521 Magellan was killed, intervening in the internecine war of local leaders. This had the most dire consequences for his companions, who were forced to simply flee from the islands.

Many of the sailors were killed or wounded. Of the 265 crew members, only 150 remained, they were only enough to manage two ships.

On the islands of Tidore, they were able to rest a bit, replenish food supplies, take spices and golden sand on board.

Only the ship "Victoria" under the control of Sebastian del Cano set off on the return journey to Spain. Only 18 people returned to the port of Lukar! These people are the ones who made the first trip around the world. True, their names were not preserved. But Captain del Cano and the chronicler of Pigafetta's journey are known not only to historians and geographers.

The first Russian round-the-world trip

The head of the first Russian round-the-world expedition was. This voyage took place in 1803-1806.

Two sailing ship- "Hope" under the command of Kruzenshtern himself and "Neva", led by his assistant Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky - left Kronstadt on August 7, 1803. The main goal was to explore the Pacific Ocean and especially the mouth of the Amur. It was necessary to identify convenient places for the parking of the Russian Pacific Fleet and the best routes for supplying it.

The expedition was not only of great importance for the formation of the Pacific Fleet, but also made a huge contribution to science. New islands were discovered, but a number of non-existent islands were erased from the ocean map. For the first time, systematic studies were started in the ocean. The expedition discovered the trade wind countercurrents in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, measured the temperature of the water, its salinity, determined the density of the water ... The reasons for the glow of the sea were clarified, data were collected on the tides, on the components of the weather in different regions of the World Ocean.

Significant adjustments were made to the map of the Russian Far East: parts of the coast of the Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, and the Kamchatka Peninsula. For the first time, some of the Japanese islands are marked on it.

The participants of this expedition became those of the Russians who were the first to circumnavigate the world.

But for most Russians, this expedition is known by the fact that the first Russian mission led by Rezanov went to Japan on the Nadezhda.

Great second (interesting facts)

The Englishman became the second person to circumnavigate the world in 1577-1580. His galleon "Golden Doe" for the first time passed from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific through the stormy strait, later named after him. This path is considered much more difficult than through because of the constant storms, floating ice, and sudden changes in the weather. Drake was the first person to circumnavigate the world around Cape Horn. Since then, among the sailors, a tradition has gone to wear an earring in the ear. If he passed leaving Cape Horn on the right, then the earring should have been in the right ear, and vice versa.

For his services he was personally knighted by Queen Elizabeth. It is to him that the Spaniards owe the defeat of their "Invincible Armada".

In 1766, Frenchwoman Jeanne Barré became the first woman to sail around the world. To do this, she disguised herself as a man and got on the ship of Bougainville, which went on a round-the-world expedition, as a servant. When the deception was revealed, despite all her merits, Barre was landed in Mauritius and returned home on another ship.

The second Russian round-the-world expedition led by F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazareva is famous for the fact that Antarctica was discovered during it in January 1820.

On January 7, 1887, Thomas Stevens of San Francisco completed the first bicycle trip around the world. In three years, the traveler managed to overcome 13,500 miles and open a new page in the history of world travel. Today about the most unusual circumnavigations.

Thomas Stevens' cycling around the world

In 1884, "a man of medium height, dressed in a worn blue flannel shirt and blue overalls ... tanned as a nut ... with a protruding mustache", this is how the journalists of that time described Thomas Stevens, bought a penny-farthing bicycle, grabbed a minimum supply of things and Smith & Wesson .38 caliber and hit the road. Stevens crossed the entire North American continent, covering 3,700 miles, and ended up in Boston. There he came up with the idea of ​​traveling around the world. He sailed to Liverpool on a steamboat, passed through England, crossed by ferry to French Dieppe, crossed Germany, Austria, Hungary, Slovenia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey. Further, his path ran through Armenia, Iraq and Iran, where he spent the winter as a guest of the Shah. He was refused passage through Siberia. The traveler crossed the Caspian Sea to Baku, reached Batumi by railway, and then sailed on a steamer to Constantinople and India. Then Hong Kong and China. And the end point of the route was where Stevens, by his own admission, was finally able to relax.

Around the world in an amphibious jeep

In 1950, Australian Ben Carlin decided to travel around the world in his modernized amphibious jeep. Three-quarters of the route with him was his wife. In India, she went ashore, and Ben Carlin himself completed his journey in 1958, having covered 17,000 km by water and 62,000 km by land.

Hot air balloon trip around the world

In 2002, American Steve Fossett, co-owner of Scaled Composites, who by that time had already managed to earn the fame of an adventure pilot, flew around the Earth at hot-air balloon. He tried to do this for more than one year and achieved the goal on the sixth attempt. Fossett's flight was the first solo round-the-world flight without refueling or stopping.

Round the world taxi ride

Somehow, the British John Ellison, Paul Archer and Lee Purnell calculated the costs associated with drinking the morning after drinking and found out that a taxi home would cost them much more than the drink itself. Probably, someone would have decided to drink at home, but the British acted radically - they bought a 1992 London cab and set off on a round-the-world trip. As a result, in 15 months they covered 70 thousand km and went down in history as participants in the longest taxi ride. History is silent, however, about their activity in the pubs along the way.

Travel around the world on an ancient Egyptian reed boat

Norwegian Thor Heyerdahl made the transatlantic crossing in a light reed boat built on the model of the ancient Egyptians. On his boat "Ra" he managed to reach the coast of Barbados, proving that ancient navigators could make transatlantic crossings. It is worth noting that this was Heyerdahl's second attempt. The year before, he and his crew nearly drowned when the ship, due to design flaws, began to bend and break into pieces a few days after launch. The Norwegian team also included the well-known Soviet TV journalist and traveler Yuri Senkevich.

Travel around the world on a pink yacht

Today, the title of the youngest navigator who managed to complete a solo circumnavigation of the world belongs to Australian Jessica Watson. She was only 16 years old when, on May 15, 2010, she completed her circumnavigation of the world, which lasted 7 months. The girl's pink yacht crossed the Southern Ocean, crossed the equator, rounded Cape Horn, crossed the Atlantic Ocean, approached the shores South America, and then through the Indian Ocean returned to Australia.

Cycling around the world for a millionaire

75-year-old millionaire, former producer of pop stars and football teams Janusz River repeated the experience of Thomas Stevens. He changed his life dramatically when he bought a $50 mountain bike in 2000 and hit the road. Since that time, River, who, by the way, being Russian by mother, speaks excellent Russian, has traveled to 135 countries and traveled more than 145 thousand km. He learned a dozen foreign languages ​​and managed to be captured by militants 20 times. Not life, but a continuous adventure.

Jogging around the world

Briton Robert Garside bears the title "Running Man". He is the first person to circumnavigate the world by running. His record was included in the Guinness Book of Records. Robert had several unsuccessful attempts to make a round-the-world race. And on October 20, 1997, he successfully started from New Delhi (India) and finished his race, the length of which was 56 thousand km, at the same place on June 13, 2003, almost 5 years later. Representatives of the Book of Records meticulously and for a long time checked his record, and Robert was able to receive a certificate only a few years later. On the way, he described everything that happened to him using his pocket computer, and all those who were not indifferent could get acquainted with the information on his personal website.

Motorcycle trip around the world

In March 2013, two Britons - Belfast Telegraph travel expert Geoff Hill and former racing driver Gary Walker - left London to recreate the world tour that American Carl Clancy made 100 years ago on a Henderson motorcycle. In October 1912, Clancy left Dublin with a fellow traveler, whom he left in Paris, and he continued his journey south of Spain, through North Africa, Asia, and at the end of the tour he traveled through all of America. The journey of Charles Clancy lasted 10 months and contemporaries called this circumnavigation of the world "the longest, most difficult and most dangerous journey on a motorcycle."

Non-stop solo circumnavigation

Fedor Konyukhov is the man who made the first solo circumnavigation of the world non-stop in the history of Russia. On the 36-pound Karaana yacht, he sailed along the route Sydney - Cape Horn - Equator - Sydney. It took him 224 days to do this. Konyukhov's round-the-world trip began in the fall of 1990 and ended in the spring of 1991.

Fedor Filippovich Konyukhov is a Russian traveler, artist, writer, priest of the Russian Orthodox Church, Honored Master of Sports of the USSR in sports tourism. He became the first person in the world to visit the five poles of our planet: the North geographic (three times), the South geographic, the Pole of relative inaccessibility in the Arctic Ocean, Everest (the height pole) and Cape Horn (the pole of yachtsmen).

A Russian crosses the Pacific Ocean in a rowboat
Russian traveler Fedor Konyukhov, who has five round-the-world voyages behind him, is currently crossing the Pacific Ocean on the Turgoyak rowboat. This time he decided to make the transition from Chile to Australia. As of September 3, Konyukhov has already managed to overcome 1148 km, there are still more than 12 thousand kilometers of the way across the ocean to Australia.

An excellent example for aspiring travelers is the experience of Nina and Gramp, a married couple who have been married for 61 years. They packed their bags and created .

Any educated person can easily remember the name of the one who made the first trip around the world and crossed the Pacific Ocean. This was done by the Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan about 500 years ago.

But it should be noted that this formulation is not entirely correct. Magellan thought out and planned the route of the voyage, organized it and led it, but he was destined to die many months before it was completed. So Juan Sebastian del Cano (Elcano), a Spanish navigator, with whom Magellan had, to put it mildly, not friendly relations, continued and completed the first round-the-world trip. It was del Cano who eventually became the captain of the Victoria (the only ship to return to his native harbor) and received fame and fortune. However, Magellan made great discoveries during a dramatic voyage, which will be discussed below, and therefore he is considered the first traveler around the world.

First trip around the world: background

In the 16th century, Portuguese and Spanish seafarers and merchants vied with each other for control of the spice-rich East Indies. The latter made it possible to preserve food, and it was difficult to do without them. There was already a proven path to the Moluccas, where the largest markets with the cheapest goods were located, but this path was not short and unsafe. Due to the limited knowledge of the world, America, discovered not so long ago, seemed to sailors an obstacle on the way to rich Asia. No one knew if there was a strait between South America and the hypothetical Unknown Southern Land, but the Europeans wanted it to be. They did not yet know that America and East Asia were separated by a huge ocean, and they thought that the opening of the strait would provide quick access to Asian markets. Therefore, the first navigator to circumnavigate the world would certainly have been awarded royal honors.

Career of Ferdinand Magellan

The impoverished Portuguese nobleman Magellan (Magallans), by the age of 39, managed to repeatedly visit Asia and Africa, was wounded in battles with the natives and collected a lot of information about travels to the shores of America.

With his idea to get to the Moluccas by the western route and return by the usual one (that is, to make the first trip around the world), he turned to the Portuguese king Manuel. He was not at all interested in the proposal of Magellan, whom he also disliked for his lack of loyalty. But he allowed Fernand to change citizenship, which he immediately took advantage of. The navigator settled in Spain (that is, in a country hostile to the Portuguese!), got a family and associates. In 1518, he obtained an audience with the young king Charles I. The king and his advisers became interested in finding a shortcut for spices and "gave the go-ahead" to organizing the expedition.

Along the coast. Riot

Magellan's first circumnavigation of the world, which was never completed for most of the team, began in 1519. Five ships left the Spanish harbor of San Lucar, carrying 265 people from different countries Europe. Despite the storm, the flotilla relatively safely reached the coast of Brazil and began to "go down" along it to the south. Fernand hoped to find a strait into the South Sea, which, according to his information, should have been located in the region of 40 degrees south latitude. But in the indicated place it was not the strait, but the mouth of the La Plata River. Magellan ordered to continue moving south, and when the weather turned bad, the ships anchored in the bay of St. Julian (San Julian) to spend the winter there. The captains of three ships (Spaniards by nationality) mutinied, seized the ships and decided not to continue the first round-the-world trip, but to head for the Cape of Good Hope and from it to their homeland. People loyal to the admiral managed to do the impossible - to recapture the ships and cut off the rebels' escape route.

Strait of All Saints

One captain was killed, another was executed, and a third was put ashore. Magellan pardoned ordinary rebels, which once again proved his foresight. Only at the end of the summer of 1520 the ships left the bay and continued to search for the strait. During a storm, the ship "Santiago" sank. And on October 21, the sailors finally discovered the strait, more reminiscent of a narrow crevice between the rocks. The ships of Magellan sailed along it for 38 days.

The shore left behind left hand, the admiral called Tierra del Fuego, since the fires of the Indians burned on it around the clock. It was thanks to the discovery of the Strait of All Saints that Ferdinand Magellan began to be considered the one who made the first trip around the world. Subsequently, the strait was renamed Magellan.

Pacific Ocean

Only three ships left the strait into the so-called "South Sea": "San Antonio" disappeared (simply deserted). The sailors liked the new waters, especially after the troubled Atlantic. The ocean was named the Pacific.

The expedition headed northwest, then west. For several months, the sailors sailed without seeing any signs of land. Starvation and scurvy caused the death of almost half of the team. Only at the beginning of March 1521 did the ships approach two yet undiscovered inhabited islands from the Mariana group. From here it was not far to the Philippines.

Philippines. Death of Magellan

The discovery of the islands of Samar, Siargao and Homonkhon greatly pleased the Europeans. Here they recuperated and communicated with local residents, who willingly shared food and information.

Magellan's servant, a Malay, spoke freely with the natives in the same language, and the admiral realized that the Moluccas were very close. By the way, this servant, Enrique, eventually became one of those who made the first trip around the world, unlike his master, who was not destined to land on the Moluccas. Magellan and his people intervened in the internecine war of two local princes, and the navigator was killed (either with a poisoned arrow, or with a cutlass). Moreover, after some time, as a result of a treacherous attack by savages, his closest associates, experienced Spanish sailors, died. The team became so thin that one of the ships, the Concepción, was decided to be destroyed.

Moluccas. Return to Spain

Who led the first round-the-world trip after Magellan's death? Juan Sebastian del Cano, Basque sailor. He was among the conspirators who presented Magellan with an ultimatum in San Julian Bay, but the admiral forgave him. Del Cano commanded one of the two remaining ships, the Victoria.

He made sure the ship returned to Spain loaded with spices. It was not easy to do this: off the coast of Africa, the Portuguese were waiting for the Spaniards, who from the very beginning of the expedition did everything to upset the plans of their competitors. The second ship, the flagship Trinidad, was boarded by them; sailors were enslaved. Thus, in 1522, 18 members of the expedition returned to San Lucar. The cargo delivered by them paid off all the expenses for the expensive expedition. Del Cano was awarded a personal coat of arms. If in those days someone had said that Magellan made the first trip around the world, he would have been ridiculed. The Portuguese had only accusations of violating royal instructions.

The results of Magellan's journey

Magellan explored the eastern coast of South America and opened the strait from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. Thanks to his expedition, people received weighty proof that the Earth is really round, they were convinced that the Pacific Ocean is much larger than expected, and that it is unprofitable to swim on it to the Moluccas. Also, the Europeans realized that the World Ocean is one and washes all the continents. Spain satisfied its ambitions by announcing the discovery of the Mariana and Philippine Islands, and laid claim to the Moluccas.

All the great discoveries made during this voyage belong to Ferdinand Magellan. So the answer to the question of who made the first trip around the world is not so obvious. In fact, this person was del Cano, but nevertheless, the main achievement of the Spaniard was that the world generally learned about the history and results of this voyage.

The first round-the-world voyage of Russian sailors

In 1803-1806, Russian sailors Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky made a large-scale journey through the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. Their goals were: exploration of the Far Eastern outskirts of the Russian Empire, finding a convenient trade route to China and Japan by sea, providing the Russian population of Alaska with everything they needed. Navigators (set off on two ships) explored and described Easter Island, the Marquesas Islands, the coast of Japan and Korea, Kurile Islands, Sakhalin and the island of Iesso, visited Sitka and Kodiak, where Russian settlers lived, and in addition, they brought an ambassador from the emperor to Japan. During this voyage, domestic ships visited high latitudes for the first time. The first round-the-world trip of Russian explorers had a huge public outcry and helped to increase the prestige of the country. Its scientific significance is no less great.