School dictionary of phraseological units of the Russian language. Phraseologisms

The first in terms of release time is “Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language”, ed. A.I. Molotov (M., 1967). It describes over 4 thousand phraseological units. All of them are explained, their possible variants are given, the use of phraseological units in speech is illustrated by examples from fiction, journalistic literature. If a phraseological unit has synonyms, antonyms, then they are given. In some cases, information about the origin of the phraseological unit is reported. For clarity, we present dictionary entries.

From the dictionaries published in the last decade, we will name "Phraseological units in Russian speech" (M., 1997). Its authors are A. M. Melerovich, V.M. Mokienko. This is the first experience in the world lexicographic practice of describing idioms and proverbs in their variety of variants. At the end of the dictionary entry there is a historical and etymological commentary. The dictionary contains 500 most frequent phraseological units. Most of the illustrations are taken from texts of recent decades that are not displayed in other Russian dictionaries.

Many informative dictionaries contain: "Encyclopedia of thought: Collection of aphorisms and sayings from antiquity to the present day." (St. Petersburg, 1997); "Encyclopedia of Aphorisms (Thought in Word)", compiled by E. Vorokhov (M., 1998). The books contain aphorisms, sayings, statements of domestic and foreign authors, proverbs, excerpts from folk epics, literary prose and poetry from antiquity to the present day. In total more than 1600 dictionary entries,

In the library of each student there should be a “School Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language” by V.P. Zhukova, A.V. Zhukov (M., 1994); Educational dictionary "Russian proverbs and sayings", compiled by: V.I. Zimin, S.D. Amurova, V.N. Shansky, Z.I. Shatalova (M., 1994).

9.6. Dictionaries of difficulties of the Russian language

In Russian lexicography, there are several dictionaries called difficulty dictionaries. Acquaintance with them allows not only to understand what is the complexity of the Russian language, which causes difficulty in the verbal formulation of thoughts, but also to understand how not to make a mistake, not to violate this or that norm of the literary language. Such dictionaries should be reference books for everyone who is responsible for their speech.

One of them is a reference dictionary "Difficulties of the Russian language". Compiled by: V.N. Vakurov, L.I. Rakhmanova, N.V. Tolstoy, N.I. Formanovskaya (M., 1993-1994). Dictionary entries explain difficult cases of distinguishing between words with similar meanings; new word usage, often found in the newspaper, as well as difficulties due to the presence of variant grammatical forms and syntactic compatibility. The illustrative material is taken from newspapers, socio-political and popular science magazines, radio and television programs mainly for the period from 1963 to 1992, as well as texts fiction. The dictionary contains 858 vocabulary items.

An interesting dictionary-reference book "Lexical difficulties of the Russian language" (M., 1994). Compiled by A.A. Semenyuk, I.L. Gorodetskaya, M.A. Matyushina and others. The dictionary contains words whose lexical meanings may present difficulties for the reader. Basically it is a book vocabulary.

The dictionary entry contains the interpretation of the word, grammatical and stylistic characteristics, information about the origin of the word, illustrations from fiction. Phraseological combinations, synonyms and antonyms are given to the title word. Some of the derived words are placed in the word-formation nest.

The most important and necessary vocabulary for every student is orthographic dictionary.

The new academic "Russian Spelling Dictionary" (M., 1999) contains about 160,000 words and phrases. This is the most complete dictionary. Each word has an accent and the necessary information about grammatical features. An innovation that distinguishes this dictionary from the previous one, which was published from 1950 to 1998 (the last, 33rd edition), is the inclusion of words written with a capital letter, and combinations with such words, including words written in their different meanings and usage with both uppercase and lowercase letters. This is a general reference guide.

In recent years, dictionaries-"libraries" have been published. One dictionary includes several dictionaries. This type of dictionaries includes the "Small Dictionary of the Russian Language" (M., 1999). It includes the "Spelling Dictionary", "Etymological Dictionary" and "Dictionary of Foreign Words". In addition, the "Spelling Dictionary" is supplemented with small reference dictionaries about the continuous or separate spelling of words, about writing an uppercase or lowercase letter, -n or -nn, words with unverifiable or difficult to verify vowels and consonants, etc.

An integrated approach made it possible to place materials that complement each other in dictionaries. As a result, the reader can get comprehensive information about the word.

Classification of phraseological dictionaries

• monolingual (on the material of one language)
• bilingual (based on two languages)
• multilingual (based on several languages)

Organization of phraseological dictionary

A bilingual phraseological dictionary provides not only equivalents, but also a translation of unambiguous phrases that are a self-sufficient sentence (for example, proverb, quote, aphorism, etc.).

As a rule, phraseological units are arranged in alphabetical order, but not by the first word, but by the main words of the phrase in a semantic sense.

Famous phraseological dictionaries

• Akhatov G. Kh. Phraseological dictionary of the Tatar language. Kazan, 1982 = Akhatov G.X. Tatar telenen phraseology aitelmәlәr suzlege. Kazan, 1982.
• Kunin A.V. Large English-Russian phraseological dictionary. Ed. 4th, revised and expanded. About 20 thousand phraseological units. - M.: "Russian language", 1984. - 944 p.
• Kunin A.V. Russian-English phraseological dictionary. - Ed. 4th, revised and expanded. About 20 thousand phraseological units. - M.: "Russian language", 1984. - 942 p.
• Lubensky, Sophia. Random House Russian-English Dictionary of Idioms. - New York: Random House, 1995. - 1017 p. ISBN 0-679-40580-1
• Large Polish-Russian, Russian-Polish phraseological dictionary. Yuri Lukshin. - Warsaw, 1998.

Literature

• Cheburashkin N. D. Technical Translation at School: Textbook of Technical Translation for Students of IX-X Grades of Schools Teaching a Number of Subjects in English / Ed. B. E. Belitsky. - 4th ed. - M.: Enlightenment, 1983. - 255 p.

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See what the "Phraseological Dictionary" is in other dictionaries:

Phrasebook- type of philological dictionary, in which phraseological units are collected and explained. There are many F.S., one of the most. complete and authoritative Phraseological. Russian dictionary. lang. ed. A. I. Molotkova (4th ed. M., 1986). In the dictionary of St. 4000 vocabulary items, to ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

See dictionary linguistic ...

phrasebook- 1. A systematic inventory of phraseological units with interpretation and / or translation. 2. Dictionary of fixed turns of speech and expressions with their translation into another language ...

PHRASEBOOK - linguistic dictionary, containing logically indivisible, stable in composition and structure, phrases with a holistic meaning and their characteristics. These can be dictionaries of Russian proverbs and sayings, phraseological synonyms, etc ... Professional education. Dictionary

dialect (regional) phraseological dictionary- a dictionary containing dialect phraseology and other set phrases and their explanation ... Explanatory Translation Dictionary

PHRASEOLOGICAL, phraseological, phraseological (ling.). adj. to phraseology in 1 meaning. Phraseological turnover. Phrasebook. phraseological expression. phraseological combination. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935… … Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

A dictionary that explains the meaning and use of words (as opposed to an encyclopedic dictionary that provides information about the relevant realities of objects, phenomena, events). Dialect (regional) dictionary. Dictionary containing ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

phraseological- oh, oh. phraseologique adj. 1. Rel. to phraseology. Phraseological research. ALS 1. 2. Rel. to a phraseological unit, which is a phraseological unit. Phraseological indecomposability. phraseological expression. Phraseological turn of speech. ALS 1. ||… … Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

A phraseological unit, or a phraseological unit, is stable in composition and structure, lexically indivisible and integral in meaning, a phrase that performs the function of a separate lexeme (vocabulary unit). Phraseologism is used as a whole, ... ... Wikipedia

Dictionary- Dictionary 1) vocabulary, vocabulary of a language, dialect, any social group, an individual writer, etc. 2) A reference book that contains words (or morphemes, phrases, idioms, etc.) arranged in a certain order ... ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

• Phraseological Dictionary, Tomashevskaya N.V. The dictionary contains more than 900 set phrases that are most often used in modern Russian and are found in works of literature, in periodicals and in ...

Phraseological dictionaries- a type of dictionaries in which not individual words are collected and interpreted, but phraseological units.

The first proper phraseological dictionary - new type dictionary - appeared in the late 60s. - this is the "Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by A. I. Molotkov (M., 1967). The dictionary is a solid collection of Russian set phrases. It contains 4000 dictionary entries, which give definitions of the meanings of phraseological units, their grammatical characteristics, component composition and variability in the use of components, illustrations are given; sometimes etymological information is given, stylistic marks (bookish, colloquial, comic, outdated, etc.).

Before the appearance of this dictionary, phraseological units were placed (and are placed) in general explanatory dictionaries and various collections of "winged words" and expressions. Of the collections of past years, the first printed edition of Russian proverbs is the book by A. A. Barsov "Collection of 4291 ancient Russian proverbs" (M., 1770). In 1848, a large (576 pages) collection "Russian folk proverbs and parables" was published (republished in 1995). Further, we will name the two-volume work of M.I. Mikhelson “Russian Thought and Speech. Yours and someone else's. Experience of Russian phraseology. Collection of figurative words and allegories ”(St. Petersburg, 1902-1903), in which several hundred stable phrases are explained and provided with examples; the work of V. I. Dahl “Proverbs of the Russian people” is a unique collection of 30,000 proverbs, sayings, jokes (M., 1861-1862, republished in 1984). In 1995, the Dictionary of Figurative Expressions of the Russian Language appeared, edited by V. N. Teliya.

Recently, interest in the pedagogical aspect of the description of phraseology has increased. In the 70-80s. educational phraseological dictionaries of the Russian language for non-Russians were created: in 1977, a book by N. M. Shansky, E. A. Bystrova, B. F. Koritsky “Phraseological turns of the Russian language” was published, in the same year - “A short Russian-German phraseological dictionary"; in 1978, the work of N. M. Shansky, E. A. Bystrova "700 phraseological turns of the Russian language" was republished, in 1988 - "Phraseological turns of the Russian language" by N. M. Shansky, E. A. Bystrova, V. I. Zimina.

Phraseological dictionary of A. I. Fedorov (M., 1997) contains more than 12,000 phraseological units. After each phraseological unit, interpretations of its meanings and stylistic characteristics are given; on examples from fiction and journalism of the 18th-20th centuries. shows how phraseological units are used in speech. Today it is one of the most complete phraseological dictionaries of the Russian language.

Collections of “winged words” are close to phraseological dictionaries (the expression itself goes back to Homer): “Winged words according to the interpretation of S. Maksimov” (2nd ed. St. Petersburg, 1899; republished in Moscow in 1955 and 1996); N. S. Ashukin, M. G. Ashukina “Winged words. Literary quotations. Figurative expressions ”(M., 1955); M. A. Bulatov "Winged Words" (M., 1958). By "winged words" we mean all kinds of set phrases and expressions that have appeared in the language from certain sources and are widely used in speech.

The “Dictionary of Latin winged words” by N. T. Babichev and Ya. M. Borovsky is peculiar. (3rd ed. M., 1988). In addition to words and expressions (2500 units), it also contains terminological combinations from the field of philosophy, logic, law, Latin sayings, famous inscriptions, mottos. Despite the phraseological nature of this dictionary, we still placed it in the list of foreign dictionaries.

Of the educational dictionaries, we will name a small “Dictionary of Russian Proverbs and Sayings” by V. P. Zhukov (M., 1966), as well as a more extensive vocabulary dictionary “Russian Proverbs and Sayings” by V. I. Zimin, S. D. Ashurova and others (M., 1994), where the authors presented about 2500 proverbs and sayings with original design and illustrations. In 1995, the School Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language was published by N. M. Shansky, V. I. Zimin, A. V. Filippov.

Phraseology is a branch of the science of language that studies stable combinations of words. Phraseologism is a stable combination of words, or a stable expression. Used to name objects, signs, actions. It is an expression that arose once, became popular and entrenched in the speech of people. The expression is endowed with figurativeness, it can have a figurative meaning. Over time, the expression can take on a broad meaning in everyday life, partially including the original meaning or completely excluding it.

Lexical meaning has a phraseological unit in general. The words included in the phraseological unit separately do not convey the meaning of the entire expression. Phraseologisms can be synonymous (at the end of the world, where the raven did not bring bones) and antonymous (lift up to heaven - trample into the dirt). Phraseologism in a sentence is one member of the sentence. Phraseologisms reflect a person and his activities: work (golden hands, fool around), social relations (bosom friend, put sticks in wheels), personal qualities (turn up your nose, sour mine), etc. Phraseologisms make the statement expressive, create imagery. Set expressions are used in works of art, in journalism, in everyday speech. Set expressions are otherwise called idioms. Many idioms in other languages ​​- English, Japanese, Chinese, French.

To clearly see the use of phraseological units, refer to their list on the page below or.

Brief dictionary of phraseological units

Augean stables (singular not used). Book. 1. A very polluted place, a clogged room; extreme disorder in business. In figurative speech: smth. littered with papers, books, extra things unnecessary for work.His room was an Augean stable, but still, in two hours we put it in order.

In Greek mythology, the Augean stables – the vast stables of Augeas, king of Elis, which had not been cleaned for many years. They were cleansed in one day by the hero Hercules (Hercules): he led a stormy river through the stables, the waters of which cleansed them.

Alpha and omega of what . Book. The basis of everything, the most important thing, the beginning and the end. -Energy, - the builder said, - is the basis of the foundations, the alpha and omega of people's life.(K. Paustovsky).

The expression originated from the names of the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet (alpha and omega).

Annibalova (annibalovskaya) oath(plural not used). Book. Firm determination to fight someone or something. to end.The heroes of this book took the Annibal oath to fight injustice and evil.

According to ancient historians, the Carthaginian commander Annibal (or Hannibal, 247-183 BC) said that when he was ten years old, his father made him swear that he would be an implacable enemy of Rome all his life, which turned Carthage to your colony. Annibal kept his oath.

Achilles' heel whose, who, what, who(plural not used). Book. The most vulnerable place, the weak side.Mathematics is my Achilles' heel, I don't know it well.

The expression goes back to the Greek myth of Achilles, whose body was invulnerable, with the exception of the heel, for which his mother, the goddess Thetis, held him, plunging him into a miraculous sacred river Styx. It was in this heel that Achilles was mortally wounded by the arrow of Paris.

Ba / bushka (still) on / two tales / la (plural not used). Razg. It is still unknown whether it will happen or not, whether it will be possible to carry out what is planned.

Synonym: vi / lami na (po) vod / e pi / sano.

This year he takes part in sports competitions, but whether he takes first place there, this grandmother said in two.

The expression is part of a more complete expression“Grandma said in two: either rain or snow, either it will or not.”

White crow (plural not used). A person who is sharply different from others, not like everyone else, not like them.Among our ordinary working women, she looked like a white crow in her miniskirt.(A.N. Rybakov).

beat in naba/t . Persistently draw everyone's attention to the threatening danger, causing alarm, fear.

Synonym: sound the alarm / gu.

Peace-loving peoples sound the alarm, calling for the preservation of peace.

In ancient Russia, to warn of an alarm (in connection with a military danger), they beat a large copper bell, which was called the tocsin.

Burida / new ose / l (plural not used). Book. Iron. An extremely indecisive person who hesitates in choosing between two equivalent desires, two equivalent decisions, etc.There were as many arguments for as against /marriage/; at least these arguments were equal in strength, and Nekhlyudov, laughing at himself, called himself Buridan's donkey.(L.N. Tolstoy).

The expression arose presumably on behalf of the French scholastic philosopher of the 11th century. Jean Buridan. As proof of the absence of free will, he allegedly cited the example of a donkey, which, being at an equal distance between two identical bundles of hay, with absolute free will, would die of hunger, since it could not prefer any of the armfuls of hay.

Vavilo / pandemonium/ nie (plural not used). Book. Unapproved Complete confusion, extreme disorder, confusion; noise, noise, commotion.Because of non-flying weather the airport was closed for several days and there was a real Babylonian pandemonium in the terminal building.

According to biblical legend, the inhabitants of Ancient Babylon tried to build a tower that was supposed to reach the sky. When the builders began their work, the angry god "confounded their language", they ceased to understand each other and could not continue construction (pandemonium - the creation of a pillar, the construction of a tower).

Lead / be behind / someone's nose. Razg. Unapproved To mislead, to act dishonestly, to deceive.

Synonyms: rubbing / t glasses / to whom; encircle / t around / g pa / whose fingers; start / be dust in the eyes / to whom.

For two weeks now you have been leading me by the nose: you promised to get the right book, but it's still not there.

The expression probably arose from a comparison with bears, which the gypsies paraded by the ring through their nose, and forced to do tricks, deceiving them with promises of handouts.

Hercule / owl labor / move / g / (plural not used). Book. The expression is used when talking about something. a task that requires extraordinary effort. The writer worked on a new novel sixteen hours a day: it was, as they say, real Herculean work.

Hercules / Hercules / - the hero of Greek myths, gifted with extraordinary physical strength; he performed twelve feats: he killed the monstrous hydra (hydra is a many-headed snake in Greek mythology, in which new heads grow in place of severed heads), cleared the stables of Augius, etc.

Go / rdiev y / green (plural not used). Book. The expression means any complicated matter, the interweaving of circumstances; the expression "cut / cut the Gordian knot" - means to resolve some. complex, complicated matter, difficulties in a violent, straightforward way, boldly, decisively, at once. -And that's how you broke up with your girlfriend? …–- I broke up… I myself cried, and she cried… Some kind of Gordian knot was tightened – I had to cut it, but it hurt!(I.S. Turgenev).

According to a legend told by ancient historians, the Phrygians, who were ordered by an oracle (oracle - in the ancient world a person who predicts the future) to elect the king of the one who first meets him with a cart on the way to the temple of Zeus, met with a simple farmer Gordius and proclaimed him king. The cart that changed his fate, Gordius placed in the temple of Zeus, tying a very tangled knot on it. According to the oracle, the one who managed to unravel this knot was to become the ruler of all Asia. Alexander the Great cut this knot with his sword. This is where these expressions come from.

Sword of Damocles (plural not used). Book. This expression has acquired the meaning of impending, threatening danger.During the whole year he did little French and language exams hung over him like a sword of Damocles.

The expression arose from the ancient Greek tradition, told by Cicero in the essay "Tusculan Conversations". Damocles, one of the associates of the Syracusan tyrant Dionysius the Elder (432-367 BC), began to enviously speak of him as the happiest of people. Dionysius, in order to teach the envious man a lesson, put him in his place. During the feast, Damocles saw that a sword was hanging on a horsehair over his head. Dionysius explained that this is a symbol of the dangers to which he, as a ruler, is constantly exposed, despite his seemingly happy life.

Gifts / dan / ytsev. Book. The expression is used in the meaning: insidious gifts that bring death to those who receive them.

Originated from Greek legends about the Trojan War. The Danaans, after a long and unsuccessful siege of Troy, resorted to a trick: they built a huge wooden horse, left it near the walls of Troy, and pretended to swim away from the coast of the Troad. The priest (priest - in ancient religions a servant of a deity who makes sacrifices) Laocoön, seeing this horse and knowing the tricks of the Danaans, exclaimed: “Whatever it is, I’m afraid of the Danaans, even bringing gifts!” But the Trojans, not listening to the warnings of Laocoön and the prophetess (the prophetess is a predictor of the future in religious beliefs) Cassandra, dragged the horse into the city. At night, the Danaans, who hid inside the horse, went out, killed the guards, opened the city gates, let in their comrades who returned on ships, and thus captured Troy. From here arose the expression "Trojan horse", used in the meaning: a secret, insidious plan.

Twoli / cue Ya / nous. Book. The expression "two-faced Janus" or simply "Janus" means: a two-faced person.From ... two-faced Januses, our legal saying came from: “If you don’t eat a pood of salt with a person, you won’t recognize him”(V.I. Dal).

In Roman mythology, Janus - the god of time, as well as every beginning and end, entrances and exits - was depicted with two faces facing in opposite directions: young - forward, into the future, old - back, into the past.

Zhre / biy bro / shen. A final decision has been made; a decisive step has been taken (usually about some business, enterprise, etc.).I thought for a long time which university to enter to study, then I submitted my documents to VEGU: the die was cast.

The exclamation of Julius Caesar while crossing the Rubicon, the river that served as the border between Umbria and Cisalpine Gaul (i.e. Northern Italy). In 49 BC, despite the prohibition of the Roman Senate, Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon with his legions, exclaiming: "The die is cast!". This was the start civil war between the Senate and Julius Caesar, as a result of which the latter took possession of Rome.

Hack / t (to yourself /) on the nose / (on the forehead). Prost. (more often used in the imperative form: kill ...). Sometimes it is used with the words: it is necessary, it is possible, let, etc. Firmly, firmly, forever remember (it is said in relation to a person).You notice a rule for yourself in life and hack it on your nose: never come second.(M.M. Prishvin).

Initially, the expression meant “mark, put a notch, mark on the nose”, where the nose is “what they carried with them, with them” (sticks, plates on which they marked, put notches to keep track of work, debts, goods sold and etc.).

Kali / f for an hour. Book. A person who has received great power only on a short time, for a short time. …I’m ready to do everything for you,” Maslennikov said, touching Nekhlyudov’s knees with both hands, as if wanting to soften his greatness, “it’s possible, but, you see, I’m caliph for an hour / Maslennikov is the vice-governor, temporarily replacing the governor /(L.N. Tolstoy).

This expression arose from the Arabic fairy tale “A dream in reality, or Caliph for an hour”, included in the collection “A Thousand and One Nights”. In this tale, a young Baghdadian, Abu-Ghassan, invites a stranger to visit him, not suspecting that he is facing Caliph Harun al-Rashid, surveying Baghdad under the guise of a visiting merchant. Abu-Hassan expresses to him his cherished dream: by some miracle, at least for one day, to become caliph. Harun al-Rashid, wanting to have fun, puts sleeping pills in Abu-Ghassan's wine, gives the order to transfer him to the palace and instructs his retinue to render him, when he wakes up, the honors befitting the caliph, so that he believes that he really caliph. The joke succeeds. Abu-Ghassan is gradually convinced of his greatness, enjoys the whole day the luxury of palace life and, having entered the role of caliph, begins to give various orders. In the evening, he again receives wine with sleeping pills and, sleepy, he is again taken home. The awakening of Abu Ghassan is associated with many comic details.

Ka / less stumbling / nia. Book. A hindrance, a difficulty that someone encounters. in some business, occupation, etc.Fables have always been a stumbling block for me(S.T. Aksakov).

According to the Bible, a stumbling block is a stone laid at the Temple in Jerusalem (in Zion). Unbelievers stumbled over him.

Ka / ment to ka / me without leaving / t / not leaving / vit / not leaving / staying / not remaining / staying /. Destroy, destroy to the last foundation; leave absolutely nothing. The reviewers left no stone unturned from all the evidence in our work.

The expression is taken from the gospel. It is connected with the tradition of Christ, who foretold the destruction of Jerusalem: everything will be destroyed."

Ka / nat in eternity / chnost / in Le / that /. Book. Disappear forever, disappear without a trace, be forgotten. The disputants have forgotten that this event they are talking about happened many years ago and has long since sunk into oblivion. Summer - in ancient mythology, the river of oblivion in the underworld; from it the souls of the dead drank water and forgot their whole past life.

Goat / l release / nia. Mostly ironic. A person who is blamed for someone else's guilt, responsibility for others; culprit.Why, then, should I and these unfortunates sit here for everyone, like scapegoats?(A.P. Chekhov).

From the special rite that existed among the ancient Jews, described in the Bible, according to which the sins of all were assigned (transferred) to a live goat.

Corner / flax ka / less than that. Book. The basis, the most important, essential part, the main idea.The laws of planetary motion, called Kepler's after him, serve as one of the cornerstones of current astronomy.(A.I. Herzen).

In Russian villages, before and now, large stones are placed under the corners of the house - “cornerstones”.

Crocody / catching tears / s (sing. not used)

Pouring / strait / crocodies / catching tears / s. Hypocritical, feigned pity, compassion, insincere regret. Now your repentance will no longer be believed ...Now you at least spill the sources of tears - and then they will say that these are crocodile tears.(M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin).

It came from the belief that the crocodile, eating its prey, cries.

Wings / words / .

Winged words are one of the means of figurative and expressive literary speech.

This expression goes back to Homer, in whose poems "Iliad" and "Odyssey" it is often found. "Winged" Homer called such words that quickly break from the mouth (mouth (obsolete) - mouth, lips) of the speaker and fly to the ear of the listener. This Homeric definition has become a term of linguistics and stylistics, where it denotes only those current expressions that arose from literary sources or historical documents: well-aimed expressions, aphorisms of writers, scientists, historical figures. For example, the expression "Architecture is frozen music" is attributed to Goethe, " golden mean"- the Roman poet Horace, "Golden Age" - the ancient Greek poet Hesiod, "Everything flows, everything changes" - the Greek philosopher Heraclitus.

Swans / naya ne / remove / song / whose, whom (plural not used). Book. The last, usually the most significant, work of someone; the last manifestation of talent, activity, abilities, etc.I will not mention anything ... about that sauce, which is the old cook's swan song(N.V. Gogol).

Me / waiting for Scy / lloy and Hari / bdoy. Book. In a position where danger or trouble threatens from two sides (to be, to be, to be, etc.).

Synonyms: me / waiting for two fires / th, me / waiting for mo / lot and nakov / flax.

“My hut is on the edge, I don’t know anything” - this is the motto of every Molchalin ... With this motto, he safely crawls between all kinds of Scylla and Charybdis(M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin).

The expression comes from the name of two mythological monsters, Scylla and Charybdis, living on both sides of the narrow Strait of Messina and destroying everyone who sailed by.

Mu / ki Tanta / la / tanta / lovy mu / ki / (singular not used). Book. Suffering from the consciousness that the desired goal is close, but impossible to achieve. Loud applause and the pretty voice of Princess Rozhkina were heard outside the door ... The secretary's heart fluttered. The torments of Tantalus were beyond his strength (A.P. Chekhov).

According to ancient Greek myth, Tantalus, the Phrygian king, was severely punished for insulting the gods: he was forever doomed to experience the pangs of thirst and hunger, although water and luxurious fruits were next to him.

On the seventh / m not / be (to be, to feel / to stand up). Infinitely, very happy, deeply satisfied (to be, to feel).

Synonym: on top / bliss / nstva (to be, to feel / to stand up /).

Rogozhin himself turned into one fixed look. He could not tear himself away from Nastasya Filippovna, he was drunk, he was in seventh heaven(F.M. Dostoevsky).

The expression goes back to the words of Aristotle, who argued that the vault of heaven consists of seven spheres, the seventh being the highest. According to the ideas of believers, paradise, the kingdom of heaven, is located in the seventh heaven.

You can't see/bottom. You can't see anything at all. Nigga - changed no stigi (stga - obsolete "path/ ”, “path”, “way”, “road”).

Synonym: pitch darkness, even gouge out your eye.

Turn on the light as soon as possible: you can't see anything here, you can't find anything.

Break a leg / . Wishing someone good luck, success in some business.I think you have prepared well for the exams at the conservatory. It remains to wish you neither fluff nor feathers.

The expression came from the speech of hunters: the negative form of the wish is explained by the initial intention to “deceive” the game (wild bird) that they were going to hunt.

Circle / th / circle / around / r pa / whose fingers . Razg. Unapproved Cleverly, cunningly; skillfully deceive smb.

Synonyms: lead / be behind / someone's nose; rub / rub glasses / to whom; start / be dust in the eyes / to whom.

– Now we have figured out your tricks, and you will no longer be able to circle us around your finger, the audience said to the illusionist.

The expression is connected with the way of swindle of bazaar conjurers. One of them took some object from one of the spectators and circled it around his finger to avert eyes. At this time, his comrades cleaned the bags and pockets of gaping spectators.

Reverse / tnaya / reverse / tnaya, friend / I / side / honey / whether. The opposite, always negative, shadow side of smth.Agree that every vocation has its reverse side of the coin(L.N. Tolstoy).

The chasers usually did not work very hard on the reverse side of the medal, and it was processed worse than the front side.

Set aside / dyvat / postpone / t in before / lgiy / in yes / flax / I / box. Postpone for an indefinitely long, long time.He wasn't used to procrastinating.

The origin of this turnover is explained as follows: Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, father of Peter 1, ordered to attach a long (“long”) box to the wall of his palace, into which the population could drop petitions, complaints, etc. These letters passed through the hands of the boyars (a boyar was a large landowner in ancient and medieval Russia), who selected them and the decision on them was postponed for a long time, i.e. in the "long box". Often their consideration had to wait months and years.

Pa / lma ne / zeal (plural not used). Book. Complete superiority, a clear advantage in smth., first place among others due to superiority in smth. above all the rest.

Beat / beat off the palm who.

Give away / give away the palm to whom.

He was forced to give the palm to a more experienced master of sports.

The expression comes from the existing ancient greece custom to reward the winner in competitions with a palm branch or a wreath.

Panic / fear (plural not used). Book. Used in the meaning: strong, unaccountable, sudden fear, covering many people.From insomnia and as a result of a tense struggle with growing weakness, something terrible happens to me. In the middle of a lecture, tears suddenly come to my throat ... . I want to scream that I am poisoned ... . And at this time, my situation seems to me so terrible that I want my listeners to be horrified, jump up from their seats and, in panic fear, with a desperate cry, rush to the exit.(A.P. Chekhov).

This expression originated from Greek myths about Pan, the god of forests and fields. According to the myths, Pan brought sudden and unaccountable terror to people, especially travelers in remote and secluded places, as well as to the troops who rushed to flee from this. Hence the word panic .

Go / Rubico / n. Book. Make an irrevocable decision, take a decisive step that determines further events, take a decisive act that has a turning point in life.Then, when you overcome your ancestors, aunts, cross the Rubicon - then life will begin ... days, hours, nights will flash past you(I.A. Goncharov).

The expression comes from the name of the Rubicon River, which served as the border between Umbria and Cisalpine Gaul, which, contrary to the prohibition of the Senate, passed in 49 BC. Julius Caesar with his legions. This event was the beginning of the civil war and led, after the capture of Rome by Caesar, to the establishment of his dictatorship.

Dance / t / dance / t / under du / dku / du / daughter / whose, whom . More often disapproving. To act, to behave as someone pleases, to obey someone unconditionally in everything.Only weak-willed people dance to someone else's tune. He is a strong-willed and independent person and will not go for it.

The expression arose on the basis of the plot of Aesop's fable. The fisherman played the pipe to lure the fish to him. He did not succeed, and he caught them with a net. Seeing the fish pulled out of the water struggling on the ground, the fisherman said, "Fools, when I played you didn't want to dance to my tune, and now you dance even though I don't play anymore."

Raise / th / raise / th on the shield of whom, what. Book. Praise, exalt someone. or something; speak in praise of smb. or about smth.

Synonyms: smoke / t fimia / m to whom; to sing difira / MBy to whom, to what.

Konstantin Sergeevich / Stanislavsky / turned to the folk improvisational theater just at the time when stylists and modernists of all stripes raised the principles of the comedy of masks to the shield(A.D. Wild).

The expression goes back to the times of Ancient Rome, to the custom of raising a military leader on a large shield, whom the soldiers honored.

Hit / t (hit / tsya) / pop / st (hit / stya, influence / kick) in history / riyu. Razg. Be involved in something. reprehensible deed, to be involved in smth. unpleasant incident.Vsupiv in the university, I behaved like a schoolboy and soon got caught in the story(I.S. Turgenev).

Initially, the expression sounded like this: “get into the annals historical events(with a touch of irony).

Hit / t / butt / st question / k. Razg. To be in an unpleasant, embarrassing, or disadvantageous position because of one's own oversight or ignorance.I did not know that this issue had already been resolved, and I got into trouble with my unsuccessful proposal.

Originally they wrote "get into a hole" (preposition v and noun slippage - a machine for twisting ropes). Those who worked on this machine often got into it with clothes, quickly pulled in and thus found themselves in an uncomfortable position.

After / days from mohik / n (after / days mohik / not). Last representative of something. - a social group, a generation, a dying social phenomenon.After all, we speak almost the same language with you, we understand each other from a half hint, we grew up on the same feelings. After all, there are few of us left, brother; because you and I are the last of the Mohicans!(I.S. Turgenev).

The source of this expression is Fenimore Cooper's (1789-1851) novel The Last of the Mohicans (1826) (the Mohicans are an extinct tribe of North American Indians).

Pass / (through) th / n and into / du (and copper / dny pipes / would). Experience, endure a lot in life, visit various difficult situations; get a dubious reputation.

Synonym: vida / l (-la) vi / dy.

The soul of society was Yastrebov, as an experienced and experienced person who went through fire, water and copper pipes(D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak).

The expression goes back to judicial trials by fire and water (in order to determine guilt or innocence), once common in Europe.

Pass / be red / no / no / tew. Book. To be the main, main, leading in smth., permeate smth.The theme of the world runs like a red thread through all the work of this writer.

The expression is associated with the following fact: from the end of the eighteenth century. A red thread was woven into the ropes of the English navy in factories as their identification sign (to protect them from theft). This thread passed through the entire rope.

Seven miracles / from the world / that. Eight / e chu / do. Book.

So the following seven remarkable structures were called in antiquity, striking contemporaries with grandiosity and splendor: Pyramids of Egypt; suspension bridges of Babylon in Babylon; Temple of Artemis at Ephesus; Zeus statue in Olympia; mausoleum in Halicarnassus; Colossus of Rhodes - a copper statue depicting Helios (the sun god of the ancient Greeks); Alexandrian lighthouse. In figurative speech, one of the "seven wonders of the world" is called something. wonderful, splendid. Hence the expression "the eighth (eighth) wonder of the world", used in the same meaning and often ironically.

– Having seized the tops of some knowledge, we consider it a humiliation for our own dignity to do some ordinary things that ordinary people do, and we want to create an eighth miracle(A.F. Pisemsky).

Sisi / fov labor (sisi / fova work / ta) (plural not used). Book. Expression is used in the meaning: hard, endless, often fruitless (empty) work.It used to be terribly difficult to talk when we were alone. It was some Sisyphean work. Just think of what to say, say, again you have to be silent, invent(L.N. Tolstoy).

Originated from Greek mythology. The Corinthian king Sisyphus was sentenced by Zeus to eternal torment for insulting the gods: he had to roll a huge stone up the mountain, which immediately rolled down again. The myth is described in the Odyssey.

Blue bird (plural not used). Book. Symbol of happiness.At all times, many volumes, many philosophical works, novels and poems are devoted to one "eternal" problem: happiness and how to achieve it. Happiness is a blue bird. It is elusive, it is given into the hands of only the rare chosen ones - it has always been so(F.A. Vigdorova).

From the title of a play by the Belgian writer Maurice Maeterlinck (1862-1949), first staged at the Moscow Art Theater in 1908. The plot of this fairy-tale play is the adventures of the woodcutter's children in search of the Blue Bird, which is a symbol of happiness. If a person finds blue bird he will know everything.

Fasten / se / heart. Razg. Reluctantly, against desire, forcing oneself, with great reluctance (to do something).Reluctantly, he decided to move to Moscow(I.S. Turgenev).

Fastening - the old form of the real participle instead of the modern form of the perfect participle - fastening .

Servant / two masters / d . Iron. The expression is used to characterize two-faced people. -However, you're talking business; You can't serve two masters(I.A. Goncharov).

The title of a comedy by Carlo Goldoni (1707-1793). The hero of the comedy Truffaldino manages to increase his earnings at the same time to serve two masters, hiding it from both.

Sodo/m and homo/rra (plural not used). Unapproved Extreme disorder, turmoil, confusion, great noise and din.Here someone gasped ... And then it went! Shouts: "Out ..." Whistle in four fingers - sodom and gomorrah!(S.N. Sergeev-Tsensky).

It arose from the biblical myth about the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah in Ancient Palestine, which were destroyed by fiery rain and an earthquake for the sins of their inhabitants.

Later / sleeves / . Razg. Unapproved Without proper attention, diligence, somehow, carelessly doing smth.The teaching went badly, without competition, without encouragement and approval; without a system and without supervision, I worked through my sleeves and thought to replace labor with memory and living consideration(A.I. Herzen).

Derived from a literal expressionroll down your sleeves,that is, do not roll up, do not wrap them up. It is not always convenient to work in this position.

Fight / fight with windmills / mine / windmills. Iron. Shuttle. It is useless, unsuccessful and senseless to waste strength and ability in the fight against imaginary danger, difficulties, and imaginary obstacles.To talk about art and style, considering such books, in which there are no traces of art and style, would mean fighting with windmills.(V.A. Zhukovsky).

The expression comes from an episode from the novel by Cervantes (1547-1616) "Don Quixote", which tells how the main character fought with windmills, mistaking them for giants.

Hundred / twist / post / twist (all) then / chki (that / chku) over (on) "And". To achieve complete clarity, to finally find out, to clarify all the details, to leave nothing unsaid, to bring smth. to the logical end.

Synonym: put / twist everything in its place / me / one hundred.

In the near future, I have to dot all the “and” and finally choose my future profession.

Translation of the French expression: mettre les points sur les i/

Turu / sy on kole / sakh (singular not used). Nonsense, nonsense, lies, chatter, absurdity. Speak (talk), weave (weave), breed (dilute), etc. turuses on wheels.All this is nothing, turuses on wheels, my uncle told me yesterday(I.S. Turgenev).

Presumably, the expression comes from the name of felt houses, wagons ("uluses") among the ancient Tatars; this kind of moving dwellings was associated with the domination of the Tatars in Russia, with the life of that time, which seemed like some kind of nightmare, something incredible. According to another assumption, the expression comes from the name of the ancient Russian siege tower "Taras on wheels", stories about which were considered fantastic.

1. Ezo / Povskiy (Ezo / Pov) languages ​​/ k. Book. Allegorical expression of thoughts.

The expression is associated with the name of the ancient Greek fabulist Aesop, who lived, according to legend, in the VI century. BC. Aesop, being a slave, was forced to resort to an allegorical form of expressing his thoughts. Hence, any ability to speak or express one's thoughts, resorting to an allegorical form, was called Aesopian language. This expression in Russian was introduced into wide circulation by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin.

I / blocko razdo / ra between whom, between what(plural not used). Book. Reason, reason for a quarrel, dispute, serious disagreement.The novel ... introduces us to that turbulent era, which not so long ago served as a bone of contention between thinking Russian people - in the era of Peter's reforms(N.K. Mikhailovsky).

The expression is associated with ancient Greek myth. The goddess of discord, Eris, rolled a golden apple with the inscription "To the Fairest" between the guests at the wedding feast. Among the guests were the queen of the gods, the goddess Hera, the goddess of war, wisdom, arts, Athena, and the goddess of love and beauty, Aphrodite, who argued about which of them the apple was intended for. Their dispute was resolved by the beautiful young man Paris, the son of the Trojan king Priam, by awarding the apple to Aphrodite. In gratitude, Aphrodite helped Paris kidnap Helen, the wife of the Spartan king Menelaus, which started the Trojan War.