ADVENTISTS
apocalyptic Protestant sectarian movement, characteristic features to-rogo are the belief in the imminent Second Coming of Christ and the observance of the Sabbath, based on an incorrect s. traditional Christ. exegetical interpretation of the Holy. Scriptures.
Story
The initiator of the A. movement was the Baptist preacher W. Miller (1782-1849), who, relying on his interpretation of biblical prophecy, proposed 1843/44. as the date of the second coming of Christ. Miller published his calculations in 1831. Many supporters called "Millerites" gathered around him, many of whom left their churches by 1843 (about 100 thousand people). However, after March 21, 1844, the last date for the expected return of Christ, disillusionment spread among Miller's followers, and he confessed his error. Miller's disciple S. Snow (1806-1870) tried to correct the situation. Based on his interpretation of the parable of the 10 virgins (Mt 25:1-6), he proposed a new date for the soon coming of the Lord - 22 Oct. 1844 When this date was not confirmed, "great disappointment" ensued. Nevertheless, the Millerite movement (behind which the name "A." was established) did not disappear. Big influence its growth was influenced by H. Edson (1806-1882), who interpreted 1844 only as the beginning of the last phase of the high priestly ministry of Christ in the heavenly sanctuary. Millerites were divided into several. interpretations, 6 directions of A. are known: Seventh-day Adventists (the largest), the Christian Church of the Advent, the Church of God (A.), the Union of Life and the Advent, the Church of God (Oregon) and the Christian Church of the Primordial Advent. Adventist direction "Branch of David" in the present. time does not exist.
The most numerous direction was the Seventh-day Adventists (hereinafter - SDA). Immediately after the "great disappointment", I. Bates (1792-1872), who borrowed this teaching from the Seventh-day Baptists, preached the eschatological restoration of the biblical day of rest (see). His writings convinced the itinerant Adventist preacher J. White and his wife E. White. The visions of the latter after the “great disappointment” in Dec. 1844, interpreted by her as support for the members of the SDA and strengthened them in the faith. The name "Seventh-day Adventist Christian Church" was adopted in 1860 and accurately reflected the peculiarities of the doctrine. As an official The church organization of the SDA church has existed since the General Conference in Battle Creek (USA) in 1863, at which the charter was approved and the program of missionary work was determined. By this time, she had 125 parishes, numbering more than 3,500 people. All R. 70s 19th century missionary work from America was transferred to other parts of the world. In 1874, the first Adventist missionary, J. N. Andrews, arrived in Switzerland. In Russia for the first time official. preachers of the SDA church began to appear from 1886. In the history of the SDA movement, there have also been several. schisms, the largest of which was the branch of the A.-reformists.
The SDA do not have a "canonical" creed. Nevertheless, in order to avoid splits, 27 basic doctrinal provisions were formulated, which were developed over several years. decades, since 25 "judgments" published in 1872, the SDA believe in the Holy Trinity, recognize the virginal Nativity of Jesus Christ and His atoning sacrifice for all mankind. The SDA share the reformist doctrine of grace and justification by faith alone (see Justification by Faith), emphasize the sufficiency and clarity of the Holy. Scriptures for Creed (See Sola Scriptura). In addition, the highest authority in the interpretation of the Bible are the writings of E. White, which are recognized as inspired by God. The SDA reject evolutionism and take the biblical account of creation literally.
The main point of the SDA teaching is the concept of "cleansing the sanctuary", which is closely related to the eschatology and soteriology of the SDA. The prototype of these ideas is the Old Testament ministry of the high priest, who once a year entered the holy of holies (Lev. 16) and offered a sacrifice “for himself and for the sins of the ignorance of the people” (Lev. 16.16). In the New Testament understanding, the earthly tabernacle, which Moses set up, was arranged in the image of the heavenly one, and the service that took place there had a prototype of the future. ministry of Jesus Christ as High Priest in the true heavenly tabernacle (Heb 8:2:5; 9:11:24). The SDA consider 3 phases of Christ's ministry in the heavenly tabernacle: "substitutionary (expiatory) sacrifice"; priestly mediation - between the sinner and God; the last judgment (also having 3 stages: “pre-thousand-year”, or “investigative, judgment”; “thousand-year judgment” and “final judgment”). In 1844, according to the SDA, Jesus Christ entered the second phase of His redemptive ministry. During the first, “investigative”, judgment in heaven, the question is decided who among the dead died in Christ and is worthy to take part in the “first resurrection”. The same court decides who among the living stands firmly in Christ and is ready to move into His eternal Kingdom. The completion of this stage of judgment will mean the completion of the testing of people before the Second Coming. Then the Second Coming takes place, and events develop according to the Adventist interpretation of the Revelation of St. John the Theologian: there is a war against the forces of evil gathered in Armageddon (Rev. 16. 13-21); defeated Satan is bound for a thousand years (Rev. 20:2-3), and the righteous, alive and resurrected, are taken to heaven. This time is called "the first resurrection." The sinners who lived at that time were destroyed, and the dead remained in their tombs (Art. 5). Then the second phase of the judgment will come - the “thousand-year judgment”, in which the righteous who are in the Heavenly Kingdom also take part (see Chiliasm). They will judge Satan and his minions (2 Pet 2:4) as well as the world (2 Cor 6:2-3). The prototype of this time in the OT is the annual exile into the desert of the "scapegoat". The third phase is the time of the so-called. "Second Resurrection" It begins with the descent to the earth of Nov. Jerusalem with Christ and the saints and the resurrection of sinners "in condemnation" (Jn 5:29). Satan will be freed for a short time (Rev. 20:7) and, together with the resurrected sinners, will again go to war against God and Christ. In Nov. surrounded by satanic forces. In Jerusalem, Christ will raise a white throne for the final judgment. As a result, Satan will be finally defeated, sinners will perish forever in the fire, and sin will be destroyed along with them. The land cleansed by fire with its capital in New Jerusalem will become a new home for the righteous, and Christ will reign on the “new earth” forever (Rev. 21:3). From the above teaching, attention should be paid to the distinctive feature of the eschatological teaching of the SDA - disbelief in the immortality of the human soul. After the death of a person, spiritual, mental and bodily life ceases. A. see in the belief in the immortality of the human soul the influence of the Greek. philosophy.
"The message of the three angels" (Rev. 14:6-12) defines the ecclesiological self-understanding of the SDA: they understand themselves as an eschatological remnant (Rev. 12:17), who abides in the faith and thus differs from the "secularized" Church, as the Roman Catholic and the churches of the Reformation. Thus, they consider the refusal of some of them to be baptized by immersion, the non-recognition of the Sabbath as the "day of the Lord" and their belief in the immortality of the soul as a deviation from the truth of the Protestants. They accuse Protestants of being carried away by their own doctrines, which push St. Scripture. The Decalogue (see) is understood as a fundamental moral law given to all people. SDA consider Saturday a holy and liturgical day - from Friday evening to Saturday evening. A. refrain from ordinary activities on the Sabbath, but help the sick and the weak.
The SDA worship service consists of reading the Bible and preaching. Only the baptism of adults by triple immersion and the Lord's Supper are recognized, which is preceded by the washing of the feet as a symbol of a new purification. It emphasizes the need for repentance before the Lord's Supper, inner reverence due to the fact that the SDA believe in the special presence of the Lord and holy angels at worship. The Eucharist is celebrated under both types according to the spiritual needs of the faithful, but not less than 4 times a year. The fidelity of the Old Testament tradition determined the holidays of the ASD: Easter, the Ascension of the first sheaf, Pentecost, the Day of Trumpets, the cleansing of the earthly sanctuary.
Organization, statistics
The SDA Church combines elements of the Presbyterian and Congregational forms of church organization (see Congregationalism, Presbyterianism). Its core is the local community, governed by the assembly of all its members. Several dozens of communities located in one region form an “association”, which includes representatives of local communities and their pastors. Several associations located on one large territory constitute unions of associations, or "missions". In turn, the unions of associations of countries and continents are organized into 12 World Church branches. The leaders and representatives of the latter are part of the General Conference. At every level of church organization, the council is the highest governing body. The financing of the church structure of the SDA is carried out through the biblical "tithe" and other donations.
The ministers in the SDA church are represented by pastors, presbyters, deacons, and deaconesses. Pastors are supplied to perform the sacred acts of the Lord's Supper, baptism, blessing of marriage, to organize and conduct worship services. Usually the pastor is responsible for one or more. communities. The presbyter (elder) is elected by the local congregation and appointed by the pastors to organize and conduct worship, perform baptisms, deliver sermons, and assist the pastor in management. Deacons are also elected by the community, they are supplied by pastors to help in worship, they keep order, they help pastors in holding the Lord's Supper and other sacred rites. It is their duty to visit the sick and weak members of the community.
In 1955, the number of A. was 1 million people. Starting from the 2nd floor. 80s and up to the 2nd floor. 90s there was an increase in the number of members, and in 1970 the church already numbered 2 million people, in 1983 - 3 million, 1986 - 5 million, and by the fall of 1998 - 10 million people. To con. In 1997, the SDA church had 12 branches, 90 unions, 476 associations, 43270 local communities all over the world. The number of members of the SDA church in percentage terms throughout the world is distributed as follows (data as of June 1998): Lat. America - 33%; Africa - 31; Asia (including the countries of the Pacific region) - 17; Europe (including CIS countries) - 8; Sev. America - 8; Australia - 3%. In con. 90s The Adventist Church has representation in 205 of the 230 countries officially recognized by the UN. The sermon is conducted in 735 languages of the world, and literature is translated and published in 245 languages.
social service
Traditionally, A. do not participate in hostilities with weapons in their hands, preferring alternative service and various other duties - sanitary work, household, construction services in the army. In addition, they carry out significant charitable activities. The well-known charitable organization ADRA (Adventist Development and Relie Agency) provides assistance to regions in difficult economic conditions affected by natural Disasters and wars. Serious attention is paid to education. On horseback In 1998, there were 4,364 primary, 927 secondary Adventist schools, 89 colleges and universities around the world. The SDA church contains about 460 hospitals, sanatoriums and clinics. The leading medical institution - the University of Loma Linda (California, USA) - is the center scientific research in cardiology and oncology.
ASD in Russia
In Russia, the SDA movement arose in the beginning. 80s 19th century as a result of the activities of Western Europe. preachers. The first community among him. colonists was organized in 1886 by the porter. preacher L. Konradi (1856-1939) in the Crimean village. Berdebulat. From here, Adventism spread to the territory of the South. Ukraine, Don, Sev. Caucasus, Volga and Baltic regions. Simultaneously with Conradi, K. Laubgan was preaching Adventism in Transcaucasia. These 2 people became in 1887 the first officers. pastors of the SDA. By the autumn of 1890, the SDA church in Russia numbered 356 people. In Jan. In 1891, under the chairmanship of Konradi, an organizational meeting was held in Hamburg, at which the leadership of the SDA church in Russia was elected. In the same year, by decision of the General Conference of the SDA Church, the "Russian missionary space" was transferred to the jurisdiction of the German Conference.
The authorities of the Russian Empire immediately took vigorous measures against the new teaching, mistaking it for the heresy of the Judaizers, and limited the territory of its distribution to him. settlements, banning proselytism among the Orthodox. Then independent Russians began to emerge. communities. The founder of the Russian Adventism was F. Babienko. In 1890 he created a Russian community. A. in Stavropol. A. from the Russians held separate meetings until 1905. In July 1905, after the decree of the imp. Nicholas II "On freedom of religion", there was a reorganization of the structures of the ASD. The "East Russian Conference" was created, which consisted of 3 missionary fields: South Russian, North Russian and Central Russian, which also included the SDA communities located in the territories of the modern. Ukraine, Estonia, Belarus and Poland. By that time, the number of members of the ASD was 2103 people. In May 1907, at a meeting of the Council of the General Conference, it was recommended that the SDA church in Russia be made an independent link. Oct. In the same year, the first founding congress of the Russian Union was held in Riga. I. T. Betkher became the first chairman of the SDA church in the territory of the Russian Empire. To replace the faces of him. origin began to come Russians, Ukrainians, believers of other nationalities. In 1908, the first Russian was ordained. preacher K. S. Shamkov.
Despite the resumed in 1911 state. measures against A., especially intensified during the First World War, by 1917 in Russia the number of A. was approx. 7 thousand people The decree of the Soviet government "On the separation of the church from the state and the school from the church" (1918) gave rise to A. hope for freedom of religion. The leadership of the SDA took a position loyal to the new government. In Sept. In 1920, in Moscow, at the All-Russian Conference of the SDA, the All-Russian Union of SDA Communities was created, already numbering 11 thousand people, a charter was adopted, G. I. Lebsak was elected chairman. By that time, almost all the foreign-born SDA ministers had left the country, and the responsibility for the management of the congregations fell on local preachers. The publishing house "Patmos" was created, publishing the magazines "Blagovestnik", "Voice of Truth", "Adventist Herald", "Sabbath School Lessons". In 1926 and 1927 in the state publishing houses published Bibles in large and pocket formats, the importation of Bibles from abroad was allowed.
All R. 20s There was a split in the SDA church. A decision was made allowing A. to serve in the army. Then part of the SDA members separated, calling themselves the All-Union Church of Faithful and Free Seventh-day Adventists. In present time the split is overcome.
Since 1929, the persecution of A. began, as well as other sectarian associations. They were accused of refusing to work and of not wanting to let their children go to school on Saturdays, they were often called "agents of Germany and the USA" (History of Religion in Russia. Sat. M., 1998. P. 367). All R. 30s The All-Union Council of Communities of the SDA ceased to exist. In 1937 he died in the Lebsack prison.
Immediately after the end of World War II, the registration of Armenian communities resumed, especially actively in the liberated territories. However, registration lasted only 2 years - in 1945-1946. In 1946, the All-Union Council of the SDA was re-formed, which lasted until 1960. Kon. 40s - early. 60s characterized by many intra-communal conflicts and splits. After the prohibition of the council, A. led a semi-legal existence, although their activities were not officially banned. In 1970 MP Kulakov, an authoritative representative of the SDA Church from the USSR, visited the World Center of the SDA Church in the USA. In 1974, together with the vice-president of the General Conference T. Karsich, he paid a visit to the Council for Religious Affairs under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, and there was a thaw in relations between the authorities and the ASD. On May 27, 1979, at a meeting in Tula of representatives of various SDA communities, the Republican Council of the SDA Church in Russia was formed. At the same time, on the territory of the former In the USSR, other organizations of the ASD acted in parallel - on Dal. East, in Siberia, in the Urals, in the Center. Russia and the Caucasus. In 1981, all the disparate structures of the SDA in Russia united, forming the Republican Union of the SDA Church in the RSFSR. In 1985, a temporary ASD Coordinating Council headed by Kulakov was created. Constant contact was established with the SDA General Conference.
In 1990, a congress of the SDA churches in Russia took place, which adopted the charter of the Russian Union. Kulakov became the chairman of the association. But in 1994, another reform took place, which determined the place of Russian A. in the structure of the General Conference of the SDA. The Russian Union became part of the World Church of the SDA as the Euro-Asian branch (11th in a row), uniting Russian, Ukrainian, Moldovan, Baltic. and south. unions. Americans became the heads of the department, which caused tension among Russian A., who went through a school of harassment and semi-legal work. In con. 90s Lee Huff was the president of the Euro-Asia Division. As of 1998, the Euro-Asian Department has 129,382 believers and 1,472 communities.
In 1989, the Zaokskaya A Theological Seminary was opened. In 1990, the Voice of Hope radio and television center was registered. In 1991, the publishing house "Source of Life" was established, publishing the magazines "Good News", "Adventist Bulletin", "Now Time", "Alpha and Omega" (magazine for pastors), "Image and Likeness" (youth magazine), a newspaper "Word of Reconciliation". In 1992, an Adventist health center was opened in Moscow. A. carry out an extensive philanthropic program with the support of the Adventist Relief and Development Agency (ADRA).
The SDA does not participate in the ecumenical movement, they consider themselves a "prophetic church" and preach the imminent arrival of the "Babylonian disunity" of all churches and communities, which will immediately be followed by the unification of all "Adventist families." Nevertheless, the SDA cooperate with Christ. Churches in matters of charity and reconciliation. In Russia and Belarus, representatives of the Euro-Asian branch of the SDA took part in the interchrist. conferences on issues of achieving public consent (Moscow, 1994; Minsk, 1996; Moscow, 1999) and became part of the permanent Christian Interfaith Consultative Committee (CIAC), created after the 1st Moscow Conference in 1994. Through this committee, the ROC is connected with ASD in Russia on religious issues. legislation and social service. Doctrine moments in these contacts are not affected.
A.-reformists
- "movement" within Adventism, which arose during the First World War (1914-1918) in Germany. The beginning of the split was the statement of the leaders of the SDA in Germany, made on 4 August. 1914, that A. will take part in the war with weapons in their hands. This was contrary to tradition. the position of the SDA members as non-belligerents according to religion. beliefs. OK. 2% of the members of the SDA, who categorically refused to kill and violate the Sabbath day, which inevitably happens during hostilities, separated from the main movement and in 1916 created their own organization, the Awakening and Reform Movement. Dec 24 In 1919, the reformists created and officially registered the "International Missionary Society of the Seventh-day Adventists of the Old Direction" with its center in Frankfurt am Main (Germany). O. Velp was elected chairman. After the war, SDA leaders made attempts to reconcile with the reformists. Meetings of the Chairman of the General Conference A. Daniels and other members of the Committee with representatives of the reform movement in the city of Friedensau (Germany) on July 21-23, 1920 and January 2. 1923 in Gland (Switzerland), the conflict was not resolved. In 1925, at a meeting in Gotha (Germany), the reform movement was finally formed. In 1951, a split occurred among the A.-reformists into 2 General Conferences. One of these organizations based in Germany called itself the International Missionary Society. Several belong to it. communities in the CIS with a center in Krivoy Rog. To con. 90s it totals approx. 23-24 thousand members. Another, approximately equal in number to the Missionary Society, is the American General Conference of the Seventh-day Adventist Reform Movement, with its center in Sacramento (USA). The Eastern European Union of this conference with its center in Chernivtsi (Ukraine) operates on the territory of the CIS. Total A.-reformists in the beginning. 90s 20th century there were approx. 40 thousand people in 62 countries of the world, although most (30 thousand) in the countries of the former. USSR: in Ukraine, in Russia (in the North Caucasus, in Siberia and in the Far East), Belarus, Moldova, the Baltic States, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan. The doctrine and liturgical practice of the mainstream of the reformists coincide with the practice of the SDA. Distinctive feature is close attention to the so-called. health reform, which actually comes down to a categorical prohibition of meat.
A.-reformists first appeared in the USSR in 1923, and in 1924, at the 5th All-Union Congress of the SDA, they formed their own organization - the All-Union Church of Faithful and Free Seventh-day Adventists. They considered it inadmissible for their members to participate in Soviet public organizations (for example, in trade unions), remarry after a divorce, and evaded civil duties, in particular military service. The 6th All-Union Congress of the SDA (1928) decisively dissociated itself from the views and actions of the reformists. During the intensified persecution of all religions in the USSR. org-tion reformists in 1929 created an underground center - "The Russian field of the Seventh-day Adventists of the reform movement" headed by G. A. Ostwald, who was known for his sharp intransigence towards the Soviet regime.
On May 19, 1995, the Council of the Euro-Asiatic Branch declared that it regards the decisions of the 6th Congress (1928) as erroneous, but there was no rapprochement between the SDA and the reformists. In 1954, the Faithful and Free Seventh-day Adventists group separated from the Russian A. Reformists, founded by V. Shelkov, who, for his religion. activity and connection with the dissident movement was subjected to persecution and numerous imprisonments. This group exists only on the territory of the CIS with its center in Samarkand and has 3,500 followers. In 1980 this group was headed by L. Murkin. It exists independently of the rest of the A.-reformists. In doctrinal terms, the reformists of this direction differ both from the SDA and from the West. reformists. According to them, the main attribute of God is justice, not love; their doctrine of Christ is essentially Arian, and the Holy Spirit is not recognized as a Divine person. "Faithful and free Seventh-day Adventists" introduced the concept of theocratic government, the need for confession before the ministers of the community.
Source: White E. G. Testimonies of the Church. , 1948. 9 vol.; Seventh-Day Adventist Bible Commentary. Wash., 1953-1970. 10 vol. .
Lit.: Froom L. R. The Prophetic Faith of Our Fathers: The Hist. Development of Prophetic Interpretation. Wash., 1946-1952. 4 Vols.; Bird H.S. Theology of Seventh-day Adventism. Grand Rapids, 1961; Moskalenko AT Ideology and activities of Christian sects. Novosib., 1978. Schwarz R. W. Light Bearers to the Remnant. Boise, 1979; Voronin P.E. Adventism and Reformation. Stavropol, 1983; The Minister's Handbook: Seventh-day Adventist Doctrine and Life Principles, Ed. N. N. Libenko. M., 1989. T. 1; Dokosh VI Ethical concept of modern Adventism. K., 1992; In the beginning was the Word: The Basic Beliefs of Seventh-day Adventist Christians. Zaoksky, 1993; From the history of the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Russia. Kaliningrad, 1993; Znosko-Borovsky Mitrofan, archpriest. Orthodoxy, Roman Catholicism, Protestantism and Sectarianism. N. Y., 1972. Serg. P., 1992 pp. 107-112; Adventist Herald: Journal. 1995-1999
E. S. Speranskaya, A. A. Dyman
Orthodox Encyclopedia. - M.: Church-Scientific Center "Orthodox Encyclopedia". 2014 .
See what "ADVENTISTS" is in other dictionaries:
ADVENTISTS- (from lat. adventus - coming) - Christ. sect, adherents to the swarm believe in the imminent second coming of Christ, who supposedly will repair the terrible judgment and establish the millennium kingdom of God on earth. Adventism first arose in the United States in the 1930s. 19th century… … Philosophical Encyclopedia
ADVENTISTS- (lat.). A sect in America founded in 1833 and preaching the imminent end of the world. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. ADVENTISTS [Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
ADVENTISTS- (from the Latin adventus advent), the Protestant church (mainly in the USA, originated in the 30s of the 19th century). They preach the nearness of the second coming of Christ. The most numerous are Seventh-day Adventists (they celebrated Saturday on the 7th day of the week ... ... Modern Encyclopedia
ADVENTISTS- (from lat. adventus advent) Protestant church (mainly in the USA, originated in the 30s of the 19th century). They preach the nearness of the second coming of Christ and the coming of the millennium kingdom of God on Earth. The largest number of Adventists Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Adventists- (lat. adventus advent) followers of the Adventism movement that originated in early XIX centuries among groups of Baptists, Methodists and other Protestants, and at first uniting those Christians of various denominations who ... ... Wikipedia
ADVENTISTS- (from lat. adventus advent), followers of the one that arose in the USA in the 1830s. currents in Protestantism. In Russia since the 1880s; preach the nearness of the second coming of Christ and the coming on Earth of the millennium kingdom of God. The most numerous ... Russian history
Adventists- a sect founded in 1833 by W. Muler (born 1782, died 1849), who preached in New York the imminence of the end of the World. According to his calculations, based on 8 Ch. Prophet Daniel, the doomsday should have happened in 1843, but when this did not happen, he ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron
The founder of the Adventist sect was the Baptist presbyter William Miller, who lived in North America, where, starting from 1831, this sect spread. Having then penetrated into Europe, Adventism found fertile ground for itself in ... ... Handbook of heresies, sects and schisms
ADVENTISTS- (from lat. adventus advent) Protestant sectarians who consider the meaning of human life and his highest duty to be waiting for the second coming of Christ to earth. The founder of the sect, the Baptist preacher W. Miller (1782 1849) predicted the coming ... ... Soviet Historical Encyclopedia More
The position of modern Adventists, inherited from the Reformation, is that the justification of a person before God is given only as a gift - grace, and only by faith in Jesus Christ (in His substitutionary sacrifice on the Calvary cross). Works in the doctrine of modern Adventists are considered as the fruits of faith. A distinctive feature of Seventh-day Adventists among Protestant denominations is the doctrine of the "three angels' message" and the two phases of the ministry of Jesus Christ in the heavenly sanctuary.
Seventh-day Adventists currently represent the main Seventh-day Adventist Church (more than 20 million members of the church), separated from it "Reform Adventists" (the total number is approximately 50 thousand people), who later formed two main organizations (Seventh-day Adventists Reformation Movement and SDA International Missionary Society of the Reformation Movement (English)), as well as several other small organizations and groups (for example, "Davidians" (English)Russian).
About the title
Adventists insist on observing the Sabbath as established at the creation of the world long before the Law of Moses was given (it is also mentioned in the fourth commandment of the Decalogue in the Old Testament). According to Adventists, Saturday is primarily a "monument to the creation of the world", a "seal of the authority" of Heavenly, God's rule, in contrast to Sunday, which is interpreted by Adventists as a symbol Catholic tradition, testifying, in their opinion, to the unlawful appropriation by the church of the right to change the holidays with its authority and the power of its decisions.
Thus, the name "Seventh-day Adventist" reflects two main doctrines:
- About the obvious and visible Second Coming of Christ in glory, which is expected "soon."
- On the sanctity of the seventh day of the week (Saturday).
Story
19th century: The birth of Seventh-day Adventists in the United States
After the “Great Disappointment” (the term used by the Adventists themselves), caused by the fact that the expected event did not happen, Miller's disciples and followers split into several directions. Further attempts to reform both the new religious movement itself and its organizational structures by the followers of William Miller marked the beginning of a number of splits. In the 1940s, the first Sabbath-keeping Adventist groups appeared (mostly former Seventh-day Baptists).
Ellen Harmon (1827-1915), better known after her marriage as Ellen White, convinced a small group of Millerites that she had received a vision in 1844. The event went down in Adventist history as the “first vision.” It was with this vision that Ellen Harmon justified that the Millerites correctly calculated the time of 1844. According to her, on that day an exceptionally important event took place - Christ entered the Holy of Holies of the heavenly sanctuary to perform the ministry of cleansing the people of God from sins [ ] .
On October 1, 1860, the name "Seventh-day Adventist Church" was chosen. In 1861, the Battle Creek Seventh-day Adventist Publishing Association and the Michigan Conference of the Seventh-day Adventist Church were formed. A church organization called the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists was formed at a general meeting in May 1863 in Michigan when the Michigan and six other conferences merged to form a common governing body. The adoption of the doctrines of health reform, spiritual gifts, and justification by faith is largely associated with the activities of Ellen White, her husband James White, as well as Joseph Bates, Stephen Pierce, Hiram Edson, and others.
Before these reforms, the Millerites did not have a single doctrine, since there was no single centralized organization and hierarchy, and after the split that arose, they were represented by a few scattered groups, which E. White called "parties" (most Adventists of that time did not accept Sabbath observance); This period also includes the confession by some of W. Miller's students of semi-Arian, pantheistic and legalistic teachings (the Church of God (Seventh Day)), attempts by individual leaders to predict new dates for the Second Coming of Christ). Ellen White's reforms largely put an end to attempts to set new dates for the Coming of Christ and united the disintegrating movement into a single organized structure with a hierarchical vertical of power.
Currently, Ellen White's works are stored in the Ellen White Estate Corporation (USA, Washington), which owns all the rights to publish and edit her texts and makes editorial corrections of published publications.
20th century: Reform Adventist branch
emergence Seventh Day Adventist Reformation Movement associated with World War I. The pressure that European governments put on Adventist leaders forced them to compromise and sanction work and "defence of the fatherland" even on the Sabbath. This compromise, which was a direct denial of the historically non-violent position of the Adventists and the opposite of the positions of the General Conference of the SDA in America, gave rise to various reformist movements. A minority resisted the orders and refused military service, for which they were expelled by the leaders of the mother church. The "reformists" called the established church an apostate, and in 1919 the breakaway Adventists registered as the "Internationalen Missionsgesellschaft der Siebenten-Tags-Adventisten, Reformationsbewegung" (International Missionary Society of the Seventh-day Adventists of the Reformation Movement). In 1925, they convened their General Conference, one of its leaders was Ludwig R. Conradi (1856-1939), who in 1932 went over to the Seventh-day Baptists. Similar Reformation groups began to form in other European countries. In 1936, the National Socialist leadership of Germany banned the IMO church with the explanation that it pursues "goals that are contrary to the world views of National Socialism." In 1951, the reform movement split into two parts, which have since existed under the names "International SDA Reform Movement Missionary Society" and "SDA Reform Movement".
Other Seventh-day Adventist Fellowships
From main Churches of the SDA separated and the movement Davidian Seventh-day Adventist (English)Russian (English) Davidian Seventh-day Adventist) (not to be confused with the Branch Davidian sect). Its founder and prophet is Viktor Khutev, a Bulgarian immigrant who joined the Adventists in 1919 and in 1929 proclaimed himself the new prophet. After 1930, Khutev's followers took shape as an independent movement, in the same year his book The Shepherd's Rod was published, the title of which became the unofficial name of the entire movement. In 1942, the official name of the association was approved - "General Association of Seventh-day Adventist Davidians "with an office in the Mount Carmel Center in Waco (Texas, USA). The recording of new prophecies by V. Khutev continued until his death in 1955. At present, the Davidians are quite small in number.
History of ASD in Russia
Seventh-day Adventist Church in Moscow in the Golyanovo district
The first communities of Seventh-day Adventists in Russia arose among German colonists (plattdeutsche), who considered themselves Dutch, in 1886 in the Crimea, in the village. Berdybulate, where the Swiss preacher also came, and in the Volga region. Initially, Adventism was preached by Russian Mennonites who emigrated to the United States, converted to Seventh-day Adventism, and then returned to Russia to preach the new faith, which they spread among the non-Russian population so as not to violate Russian law. But Adventist preachers also came to Russia from Switzerland, Germany, the USA, who did not feel obliged to comply with Russian laws. They were especially successful in preaching among the Subbotniks. With their help, in the city of Stavropol, the first community of Seventh-day Adventists from Russians was formed, headed by Feofil Babenko [ ] . At first, Adventists were persecuted by the authorities and Orthodox Church, however, the emphasized position of non-intervention in politics facilitated their legalization after 1905. By the time of the 1917 revolution, there were already about 7 thousand of them.
In the 1920s, the geography of distribution and the number of Seventh-day Adventists noticeably increased, new communities were created, publications multiplied. In the 1920s, Russian Adventists experienced a split on the basis of their attitude towards the Soviet government, towards the state in general, and towards the problem of military service. The detached part - Adventist reformists - formed the "All-Union Church of Faithful and Free Seventh-day Adventists." Along with other religious denominations, in the 1930s Adventist associations were crushed and repressed, their leaders and members were sentenced to imprisonment, exile and other types of arbitrariness, violence and discrimination.
Under pressure from the Soviet authorities, the leadership of the SDA Church passed a resolution allowing Adventists to carry out military service with weapons in their hands, if this does not contradict their conscience and beliefs. The 6th Congress, which took place in the city, obliged Adventists to carry out “state and military service in all its forms on common grounds for all citizens”, without even leaving believers freedom of choice. Some church members considered this a violation of the biblical commandment against killing. Their leader was Heinrich Ostwald, who was expelled from the SDA church in 1925 for his uncompromising position against military service. However, the preacher in the city established links with the General Conference of the Seventh-day Adventist Reformation Movement in Germany. With the consent of the leadership of the organization, G. A. Ostwald created and headed its branch - the Russian field of the Seventh-day Adventists of the reform movement. He preached a refusal to cooperate with the Soviet authorities and to perform military service. For his beliefs, Ostwald was sentenced to 5 years in prison in the city, but immediately after his release in 1936 he created the All-Russian Union of Adventist Reformers, but it was not officially registered, because. in Soviet times it was impossible. In 1937 he was arrested a second time and died during the preliminary investigation. P. I. Manzhur, who replaced Ostwald as chairman, died in the camp in 1949. Vladimir Andreevich Shelkov became his successor, who moved from the ASD to the ASDRD in 1934. He was arrested several times. In 1945, Shelkov was sentenced to death and spent 55 days on death row, after which the execution was replaced by 10 years in the camp. Shelkov spent in prison and in exile in total 26 years old and died in a prison camp near Yakutsk. Between the arrests, he was in an illegal position. As a minister of the SDA Church of the Reformation Movement, he practically left it and created his society under a new name - "Faithful and Free Seventh-day Adventists" (FASD) (English)Russian .
Numbers and organizations
As of 2013, there are about 25,000,000 Adventists in the world. The oldest and largest international association is the Seventh-day Adventist Church (communities in Russia are included in its Euro-Asian division).
Representatives of the splinter Adventist reform movements also created organizations that in many ways repeat organizational structures main branch of Adventism. The most numerous of these are the SDA Reform Movement International Missionary Society and the SDA Reform Movement. The number of Reformation Adventists is approximately 50,000. According to the Church of the International Missionary Society itself, it is distributed in more than 90 countries around the world. The Russian communities are part of the "Seventh Day Adventist Church of the Reformation Movement (ASDRD)" (Eastern European Union).
Davidic Seventh-day Adventists are organized into the General Association of Davidic Seventh-day Adventists. General Association of Davidian Seventh-day Adventists, Waco, Texas).
Faith and way of life
Seventh-day Adventists proclaim the basis of the doctrine of the Holy Scriptures (the principle of "Sola Scriptura"). The Seventh-day Adventist Church also recognizes as its doctrinal authority the writings of one of the founders of its denomination, Ellen White, who is revered as God's prophet ("messenger of God").
The Seventh-day Adventist creed ("Foundation of the Faith") in Doctrine No. 18 states the following:
| The gift of prophecy. Prophecy is one of the gifts of the Holy Spirit. This gift is hallmark Churches of the Remnant. He was manifested in the ministry of Ellen G. White, the messenger of the Lord. Her writings remain an authoritative witness to the truth, serving to comfort, guidance, instruction, and correction. These writings state unequivocally that the Bible is the only standard by which every doctrine and every experience should be tested. |
Original text (English)
One of the gifts of the Holy Spirit is prophecy. This gift is an identifying mark of the remnant church and was manifested in the ministry of Ellen. G. White. As the Lord's messenger, her writings are a continuing and authoritative source of truth which provide for the church comfort, guidance, instruction, and correction. They also make clear that the Bible is the standard by which all teaching and experience must be tested .
Thus, Adventists believe that Ellen White's writings are an authoritative source of truth. They also emphasize that these works, they believe, lead to the Bible and exalt the Bible.
E. White herself wrote about her ministry and her labors as follows:
My ministry involves much more than being a prophet. I consider myself a messenger whom the Lord has entrusted to deliver messages to His people.
Letter 55, 1905
God has given you [i.e., White herself] Testimonies to help the backslider and sinner understand his true position and great loss if he continues in sin. God has confirmed this commission in you through many visions, as to no one living today, and according to the light given to you, He makes you responsible for it.
Testimony for the Church. T. 2 p. 604-608, 1871
Seventh-day Adventists consider the observance of all the commandments of the Decalogue (including the commandment of the Sabbath) and the presence of the "spirit of prophecy" - the gift of revelations from above, to be the main distinguishing features of their church. According to the teaching of the Seventh Day Adventists, this is precisely the main signs of the true Church of the last days before the Second Coming of Christ (based on Rev. 12:17 and Rev. 19:10). The modern doctrine of Seventh-day Adventists is also characterized by faith in the ministry of Jesus Christ in the heavenly temple (sanctuary) and in the Holy Trinity (the Trinity of God - the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit), the doctrine of the complete succession of the New Testament Church from the Old Testament Israel ("the people of God") .
Seventh-day Adventist attitude towards the Sabbath
Seventh-day Adventists claim that by celebrating the God-blessed seventh day, they thereby recognize God as their Creator (Gen 2:1-3; Ex 20:8-11) and follow the example set by Jesus himself and the apostles (Luke 4:16). As it is written in the book of Exodus 20 chapter 8-11 verses: "8. Remember the Sabbath day to keep it holy; 9. work six days and do all your works, 10. and the seventh day is the Sabbath of the Lord your God: do not do it on it neither you, nor your son, nor your daughter, nor your male servant, nor your maidservant, nor your livestock, nor the stranger that is in your dwellings, 11. For in six days the Lord made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and all that in them, and rested on the seventh day; therefore the Lord blessed the Sabbath day and hallowed it."
Denying the immortality of the soul
Seventh-day Adventists reject the doctrine of the immortality of the soul and eternal torment for unbelievers. They believe that the first resurrection of the dead will take place at the second coming of Jesus Christ ( cm. 1 Thessalonians 4:13-18) for eternal life, while the rest who rejected the grace of God will be resurrected after the Millennial Kingdom ( cm. Revelation 20:4-6) for condemnation and will suffer the wages of sin - death ( Wed. Rom 6:23) will be completely destroyed by fire.
Doctrine of the Investigative Court
The verse on which Adventists base their doctrine of the Investigative Judgment is Dan. :
“And he said to me: for two thousand three hundred evenings and mornings; and then the sanctuary will be cleansed.”
Many Adventists associate the words from this verse, "and then the sanctuary shall be cleansed" with . It describes the cleansing of the sanctuary by the Jewish high priest on the day of atonement. Adventists also associate Daniel's words with , which refers to Jesus as the greater High Priest in heaven. One of the Seventh-day Adventist theologians says that the basis of their reasoning is "the words of the Holy Scriptures, cited in evidence."
Shortly after the “great disappointment”, H. Edson stated that the fulfillment of the prophecy about the sanctuary is not connected with the Second Coming of Jesus, but with the beginning of service in the second compartment of the heavenly sanctuary (cleansing both the sanctuary itself and individual believers from sin), and which must precede the Second Coming of Christ. The followers of these views refused to assign exact dates for the return of Jesus Christ to Earth and did not connect it with the prophecies about the cleansing of the sanctuary.
Later, the essence of the doctrinal ideas about the ministry of Christ from October 1844 was outlined in an article by the Adventist preacher James White, who became the husband of Ellen Harmon (White). Daniel's prophecy of the cleansing of the sanctuary (which the Millerites associated with the second coming of Jesus) was seen as indicating that Jesus had entered upon "an investigative judgment" (Review and Herald, January 29, 1857):
And I saw another angel flying in the midst of heaven, who had the everlasting gospel, to proclaim the gospel to those who dwell on the earth and to every nation and kindred and tongue and people;
The doctrine of "investigative judgment" remains one of the main teachings of Seventh-day Adventists. According to their teaching, Christ entered the Holy of Holies (“second compartment”) of the heavenly Temple - Sanctuary and began a special ministry there as an intercessor (mediator) for sinners at the court.
Adventists reason: the ancient Jewish priests performed a daily service in the temple sanctuary that led to the forgiveness of sins. Every year on the day of atonement, the high priest performed in the Holy of Holies (in the very internal office temple) a service that resulted in the cleansing of sins. Adventists conclude that Christ's ministry in heaven as High Priest consists of two stages. The first began with his ascension in the 1st century AD. e. and ended in 1844 with the forgiveness of sins. The second stage, "judicial", began on October 22, 1844, and continues to this day. Precisely this point, Adventists believe, was not fully understood at the time by W. Miller.
According to Adventist teaching, since 1844, God has been investigating how all professed believers (first, dead, and second, living) have spent or are doing their lives, to determine whether they deserve eternal life. This investigation is the “investigative court”. After such a judgment, the sins of people who have passed the test are erased from the relevant books. But, as Ellen White explained, the names of those who fail the test 'will be blotted out of the book of life' (as evidenced primarily by the record of Daniel 7 and 8). Therefore, "for each will be determined his fate: life or death." So the heavenly sanctuary was cleansed, and the verse of Dan. 8:14 is fulfilled. But in their publication, the Adventists say: "The expression 'investigative judgment' does not occur in the Bible" [ ] .
Eschatology
- Jesus Christ is the High Priest who has been in the Holy of Holies of the heavenly sanctuary since 1844. From this period began God's judgment on repentant dead sinners.
- The Seventh-day Adventist Church has been revealed by the Holy Spirit the truths set forth in Revelation and is charged with the task of preaching the "three angels' message" (Revelation 14:6-12) throughout the world until the Second Coming of Jesus Christ.
- Before the Second Coming of Jesus Christ as Judge, a series of worldwide decrees will be released for those who are waiting for Him to prohibit the celebration of the Sabbath as a sign for God's people, and a death decree for people who refuse to celebrate Sunday (according to Rev. 13:13-17, about the "mark of the beast" ). These events will serve as a sign for the Lord of the complete retreat of the inhabitants of the rebellious planet from the Law of God and an occasion to intercede for the remnant faithful to God.
- Everything on earth will be destroyed, the rebels will perish. Satan and his fallen angels will be on earth. A period of 1000 years of God's judgment on unrepentant sinners will begin.
- At the end of 1000 years, Jesus as King will descend from heaven with justified people faithful to Him from Adam to the last generation from Heavenly Jerusalem to the Mount of Olives.
- For a short period, unrepentant sinners will be resurrected to bring them a guilty verdict. Then fire will descend from heaven and Satan, his fallen angels, and unrepentant sinners will be destroyed forever. The earth will be re-created by the creative power of God, and there will be no consequences or signs of rebellion and sin. Eternal peace and tranquility will come. Thus will end the great controversy between Christ and Satan. The law of God will be glorified, the character of God will be justified, and the slanderer and his followers will be destroyed forever.
Health, medicine, nutrition
After the reforms of E. White, the Seventh-day Adventist Church is known for its "sanitary ministry": in many countries, Adventists maintain medical centers and promote a healthy lifestyle. So, Loma Linda University Medical Center is known. In 1990, the world's first clinical center for proton therapy was opened at the center. Until 2003, the Proton Therapy Center (PTC) of MCULL remained the only one in the United States. Since the opening of the center, more than 12,000 patients have been treated (as of the beginning of 2008) with a total number of treatment procedures exceeding 350,000 [ ] . More patients are treated annually at the MCULL Proton Therapy Center than at any other proton therapy center in the world [ ] . The center specializes in the treatment of prostate cancer, brain cancer, as well as malignant tumors of the eye and lung. The center conducts ongoing clinical research on the use of proton therapy for the treatment of a wider range of oncological diseases (for example, work is underway to create a treatment protocol for the treatment of certain types of breast cancer [ ] . There are many blood donors among Seventh-day Adventists [ ], there are organized blood donation campaigns in some countries. The church participates in the first national donor program in Colombia. In Russia and other countries, work is reported on the prevention and treatment of various types of addictions (prevention is done most often among young people), as well as work on the education of interpersonal premarital relations among young people. Church members are opposed to abortion and divorce.
The health reform involves abstinence from the use of psychoactive substances (opium, tobacco, alcohol, caffeinated drinks such as tea, coffee, mate, guarana, cola, and some others).
Seventh-day Adventists adhere to Old Testament ordinances about forbidden foods. Do not eat pork and other "unclean food": snakes, lizards, insects, equids and other animals mentioned in the commandments Old Testament(Leviticus, chapter 11). E. White also preached vegetarianism as an ideal to which believers should aspire. At the same time, in many of her writings, she said that nutrition should be balanced. Thus, pork, rabbit meat, and some types of fish, such as catfish, should not be eaten in any form, there is a complete ban on eating the blood of any animals. It is not recommended to produce prohibited foods or participate in their sale. There is a set of tips for healthy eating from E. White. Adventism promotes vegetarianism.
State, politics, power structures
The founders of the Adventist movement urge to be supporters of pacifism - complete abstinence from participation in wars and voluntary service in various power structures, many advocated religious freedom - the principle of separation of church and state, secular government and the policy of non-interference of the church in the affairs of the state and the state in the affairs of the church; this is what many of the Adventists now profess. Refusal to serve in the army and law enforcement agencies among orthodox Adventists has become a "voluntary act" of conscience of each individual member of the church. Each member of the Orthodox Seventh-day Adventist Church now decides for himself what to do.
In the United States, a feature film was made called "Conscientious Reasons" about Seventh-day Adventist Desmond Doss, who served in the US Army and participated in the fighting in World War II in Japan as a medical officer, refusing to take up arms. The film is based on real events.
Worship and ceremonies
The general services of the SDA Church are available for free visit to everyone. The liturgical meetings of Reform Adventists in most cases are not public and take place without open communion. [ ]
Just as Jesus Christ was baptized, Seventh-day Adventists perform baptism by full immersion in water of people of conscious age. The ceremony is preceded by a study of the Bible with a mentor, signing, and then a public confession of faith. First of all, Seventh-day Adventists introduce a person to the meaning of faith; he turns to Jesus Christ, who brings about a change in his life. Finally, a person chooses Him as their Lord, testifying to this by the act of baptism.
Seventh Day Adventists(from the Latin adventus - "at the threshold", in the sense of the proximity of the Coming) - christian movement based Ellen White in 1844-1846.
The main position of the doctrine Adventist is faith in the soon Second Coming of Christ, after which the dead will rise, the righteous will be rewarded.
Ellen White(1827-1915) created her own doctrine, based on more than two thousand prophetic visions revealed to her who she believed had divine nature. All visions were written down and became the same for Adventists sacred and authoritative sources of faith, like the Bible.
Name " seventh day adventist due to the fact that they especially revere seventh day - saturday, unlike most other Christian denominations, which consider holy day Sunday. This is related to Ellen White's vision when an angel explained to her that reverence for Sunday is wrong.
Although the main dogma of Adventists is the belief in the second Coming, they fundamentally do not indicate the date of this event because only God knows it. According to White's visions, the second coming of Christ already began, and now the process of "clearing the sky" is underway.
Largely adventist dogmatics close to other Protestant movements of Christianity is faith in the Holy Trinity, combination divine and human nature Christ. At the same time, Adventists deny the existence of hell and heaven and do not recognize the immortality of the soul. According to their faith, the soul dies, but can resurrect at the coming of Christ. Like many Protestants, Adventists hold the view that man's salvation is predetermined by God, and does not depend on his own good or bad deeds. At the same time, Adventism welcomes pious deeds because they are prescribed in the biblical commandments as a path to inner renewal.
Baptism in Adventism is accomplished through the full water dive, which is a symbol of repentance, but does not grant remission of sins. It is important that Adventists, like Baptists, practice baptism at a conscious age, and not in infancy - so that a person made a conscious choice of religion. Four times a year, Adventists hold rite of communion, accompanied by mutual washing of feet.
Unlike traditional Christian denominations, Adventists do not use the sign of the cross, do not venerate the cross, icons and holy relics. divine services in Adventism devoid of lavish ritual and include prayers, sermons, choral singing.
Adventism as a religious movement was founded in 1863 at Battle Creek(USA). It was there that it was established "Global Fellowship of Seventh-day Adventist Christians", which later spread across Europe and other continents. In Russia the first Seventh-day Adventist community was formed in the Crimea in 1886 through the efforts of a missionary Louis Conradi.
main governing body Seventh-day Adventist Church, led by Christ, is an general conference located in the US city of Silver Spring.
Adventism has two fundamental features that characterize the areas of practical activity of its adherents:
- Active missionary activity;
- Commitment to a healthy lifestyle.
The publishing house contributes to the spread of the Bible sermon religious literature, as well as the functioning of more five thousand relevant educational institutions promoting the ideas of Adventism.
healthy image life regulated "sanitary standard" , introduced by E. White, which required protect the human body from all sorts of prophets, as it exists.
Adventists do not use alcohol and drugs. The ban applies to all caffeine products- coffee, tea, cola, etc. According to the Supreme Covenant, Adventists do not eat the meat of unclean animals in particular pork. White proclaimed vegetarianism as ideal, which should be strived for, while respecting principles balanced nutrition . A large share of the income of the church, collected from adepts through tithe principle, spent on financing of medical institutions.
Adventists adhere to the principle separation of church and state- proclaiming pacifism and refusal to serve in the army and law enforcement agencies. Although there is currently some easing in this matter − the decision is made by each individual member of the church based on the principle of freedom of conscience.
Unlike many other churches, Adventists are quite treat members of the community kindly who committed serious sins(heresy, non-observance of the Sabbath, misbehavior, etc.) - such people are not anathema, but simply excluded from the communities. This decision is made by voting.
At present, the world has about twelve million people members of the Seventh-day Adventist Church.
In the early 1830s the Adventist movement separated from Baptism (from Latin - “coming”). Preacher William Miller in the summer of 1831 he announced that he had calculated the date of the second coming of Christ. His concept was set forth in his book, The Evidence from Scripture and History of the Second Coming of Christ about 1943 and of His Personal Kingdom for 1,000 Years. The Second Coming was to take place between March 21, 1843 and March 21, 1844. After the deadline had passed, Miller and his associates made a clarification, according to which the prophecy was postponed to October 22, 1844. Subsequently, the leaders of the movement refused to establish a specific date , limiting itself to the assertion that everything will happen in the near future.
Seventh Day Adventists
At its inception, Adventism did not separate itself from Baptism. However, the self-discrediting of Adventist prophecy led the Baptists to disassociate themselves from them. Since 1845 Adventist congregations have existed separately. Soon a single movement broke up into a number of rumors. The most popular direction is currently Seventh Day Adventists. A distinctive feature of this direction is the recognition of Saturday as a holy day instead of Sunday. The rest of the senses are First Day Adventism.
Seventh-day Adventists formed a centralized organization in 1863 called General Conference of the SDA. The leading figure in this movement was Ellen White, proclaiming the "revelation" of the celebration of the Sabbath instead of Sunday and "sanitary reforms". The Sabbath is the seal that marks the "elect." On this day, you can’t work, I’m writing to cook. The believer must pay a tithe of his income. Adventism denies the immortality of the soul, the doctrine of hell and heaven. Christ is a personal savior. Baptized by immersion in water at the age of majority. Comply with food restrictions- on the consumption of pork, tea, coffee, tobacco, alcohol, on the use of a number of medicines. Adventists actively preach (health reform), cultivate strict ascetic morality, forbid entertainment, even reading fiction. This current has become widespread in many countries of North and South America, in Europe and Africa. In Russia, it appeared in the 80s. 19th century Currently, Adventism is actively developing.
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