Perfect tense. Present Perfect - present perfect tense

20.10.2019

affirmative form Present Perfect formed using the auxiliary verb to have in the corresponding person and number (has - for the 3rd person singular, have - for all other persons in the singular and all persons in the plural) and the past participle (Participle II - participles II) semantic verb.

to have + Participle II

I have translated the text. I translated the text.
He has written two letters. He wrote two letters.

Interrogative form formed by moving the auxiliary verb, which is placed before the subject. If there is a question word, it is placed before the auxiliary verb.

have did you translate this text? Have you translated this text?
What have you translated? What did you translate?

Have I cooked?	Have we cooked?
Have you cooked?	Have you cooked?
Has he/she/it been cooked?	Have they cooked?

Abbreviations:

Along with the full form, abbreviated versions of the affirmative, negative and interrogative-negative forms are also used, especially in colloquial speech.

1. In the affirmative form, the spelling and pronunciation of the auxiliary verb have / has changes:

I've = I have
He's = He has
We've = We have

2. In negative form - two abbreviations:

a) negative particle not remains unchanged, only the auxiliary verb is reduced:

I've not = I have not
He's not = He has not
We've not = We have not

b) negative particle not loses the letter o and merges with the auxiliary verb:

I haven't= I have not
He hasnt= He hasn't

The same change occurs in the interrogative-negative form:

Haven't you worked?
Hasn't he written?

Using Present Perfect

Present Perfect is used:

1. To express an action that has already taken place in the previous period before the moment of speech, but which has a direct connection with the present moment. This connection to the present moment manifests itself:

a) as a result of an action that is present at the moment of speech:

I've read this article. I have read this article. (I know its content, I can tell you.)
Has not written a letter. He wrote a letter. (The result is a letter that can be read and sent.)

b) in sentences with words denoting an unfinished period of time: today - today, this morning - this morning, this week- this week, this month - this month etc., as well as with adverbs of indefinite time: ever - ever, never - never, often- often, already- already, yet- bye, yet, just- just now, late- recently(for the last days, weeks), recently - recently(for the last months or years), recently, up to now - still, seldom- rarely, once - once, once upon a time etc. (most of them are more often used in interrogative and negative sentences).

I haven't seen her this week. I haven't seen her this week.
I've never seen her before. I had never seen her before.
Has she come back yet? Is she back already?
She has published a new book recently. She recently published a new book.
Have you ever been to London? Have you ever been to London?

Note:
In the above cases, the verb in Present Perfect is translated into Russian as a verb in the past tense.

2. To express an action that began in the past, but has not yet ended (ongoing), often with verbs that are not used in the Continuous form. At the same time, an unfinished period of time is often indicated by the circumstances of time with the preposition for - during(for years - for many years, for ages- for ages, for three weeks - within three weeks etc.), with the preposition since - With(Since Sunday - from sunday, since 10 o'clock - from 10 o'clock since 1990- since 1990 etc.), as well as a subordinate clause with the union since - since.

I haven't seen you for ages. We haven't seen each other for ages.
Hasn't been here for three weeks already. He's been here for three weeks now.
I haven't heard from him since August. I haven't heard from him since August.
We have known her since 1990. We have known her since 1990.

Note:
In this case, the verbs in the Present Perfect can be translated into Russian by verbs in the past or present tense, depending on the context.

Note also the following:

The difference in the use of Present Perfect and Simple Past/Past Indefinite is that Simple Past/Past Indefinite is always associated with a past period of time (which can be specified or clear from the context) and expresses an action-fact, while Present Perfect is always associated with hereby and expresses the action-result or the experience gained as a result of the action.

Compare:

Present Perfect is not used if there is an exact indication of the time in the past (yesterday, last night, etc.), because in this case the connection with the present moment is broken. The presence of this connection is a prerequisite for using the Present Perfect. If there is no such connection, then Simple Past / Past Indefinite is used.

Compare:

a) I have heard his speech and I liked it. I heard his performance and I liked it.
b) I heard his speech last night. I heard him speak last night.

In the first case (a), the time of the action is not indicated, but it happened in the past and the connection with the present is expressed by the fact that it (the performance) is liked even now - the Present Perfect is used. In the second case (b), the time of action is indicated, and therefore Simple Past / Past Indefinite is used.

Compare also:

a) I have seen her this morning. I saw her this morning.
b) I saw her this morning. I saw her this morning.

In the first case (a), it can be said that if the conversation takes place in the morning, the morning time has not yet expired. In the second case (b), it can be said that if the conversation takes place in the afternoon or in the evening, the morning time has already expired. With the expression this morning, the Present Perfect can only be used if the action took place before one o'clock in the afternoon. If it happened later, for example, at one thirty (13.30), then Simple Past / Past Indefinite is used, since, according to the English, “morning” lasts only until one in the afternoon.

3. Present Perfect is also used in sentences in which the action, although it happened in the past, can be repeated.

I have seen wolves in this forest. I have seen wolves in this forest. (It is assumed that they can be found there and now.)
I saw wolves in this forest. I have seen wolves in this forest. (The use of the Simple Past expresses a statement of fact.)

Compare also:

a) Pushkin wrote many wonderful poems. Pushkin wrote many wonderful poems.
b) Yevtushenko has written many wonderful poems. Yevtushenko wrote many beautiful poems.

In the first sentence (a), they used Simple Past/Past Indefinite - wrote, since Pushkin is not alive and the possibility of repeating the action, that is, writing more poetry, is excluded. In the second sentence (b), the verb in Present Perfect - has written is used, since the author is alive and, perhaps, will write many more beautiful poems.

4. Present Perfect is used in response to a question that is asked in Present Perfect (unless the time is specified in the answer). If the action time in the answer is specified, then it is given in Simple Past/Past Indefinite.

Have you seen the new English film? Have you seen the new English film?
Yes, I have (seen the new English film). Yes, I saw (new English film).
But: Yes, I saw it yesterday. Yes, I saw him yesterday.

Note:

If the dialogue is not limited to one question and answer, but continues, then the first one or two questions and answers are used in Present Perfect, and the conversation continues in Simple Past / Past Indefinite, because. The main thing is not actions, but circumstances.

Husband: Where have you been? Husband: Where have you been?
Wife: I've been at the sales. Wife: I was in the store (at a discount sale).
Husband: What have you bought? (What did you buy?) Husband: What did you buy?
Wife: I've bought (I bought) yellow pajamas. Wife: I bought yellow pajamas.
Husband: Why did you buy yellow? I told you never to buy yellow for me. Husband: Why yellow? I told you never to buy yellow for me.
Wife: I couldn't resist it. They were very much reduced. Wife: I couldn't resist. They were so cheap. (They were greatly discounted).

The place of adverbs in sentences when used with the Present Perfect form

1. Adverbs ever, never, often, seldom, just, as a rule, are placed before the semantic verb.

I have never read that book. I have never read this book.
Has not often been there. He went there often.
They have just left the house. They just left.

2. Adverb already also placed before the semantic verb in affirmative sentences, and in interrogative sentences, as a rule, at the end of the sentence and usually expresses surprise in the latter case (already with a hint of the meaning "so soon").

have you translated the article already?
Have you already (so soon) translated the article?

3. Adverbs lately, recently, once and combinations up to now, many times are usually placed at the end of a sentence.

I haven't received any letters from him lately. I haven't received any letters from him lately.
We have seen him recently. We saw him recently.

4. Adverb yet is used in negative sentences in the meaning of "still" and is usually placed at the end of the sentence. In interrogative sentences, it has the meaning "already" and is also placed at the end of the sentence.

Hasn't finished his work yet. He hasn't finished his work yet.
Have they come back yet? Are they back already?

Present Perfect is the present perfect tense, which denotes an action that has already taken place in the previous period before the moment of speech, but which has a direct connection with the present moment.

One of the most common difficulties of English language for a Russian-speaking person is the difference between Present Perfect and. Is it really that important? Is there any difference between the following sentences?

Ivan Taraskin was born in 1970.
Ivan Taraskin went to school in 1976.
Ivan Taraskin was in London 3 times.

Born, went, was All three verbs are in the past tense. Therefore, I will use Past Simple for all 3 sentences and at first I will be outraged when they tell me that in English they will sound like this.

Ivan Taraskin was born in 1970. (Past Simple)
Ivan Taraskin went to school in 1976. (Past Simple)
Ivan Taraskin has been to London 3 times.

Imagine if you said:

Ivan Taraskin went to London 3 times

This mistake would have cost him his life! Why? Yes, because in English the past tense is used when an action can no longer be repeated in a specified period of time. And in our case, it cannot be repeated only if the person is no longer in the world.

Ivan Taraskin has been to London 3 times (so far he has been to London 3 times and may go there again)
Ivan Taraskin went to London 3 times (can't go there anymore)

When you want to say that you have watched (at the time of speaking) 4000 films, ate 50 kg of chocolate or met 100 people, you need to use the Present Perfect, that is, have / has (for he / she / it) + 3 form of the verb.

The present completed tense is a stumbling block for many English learners. Firstly, because it is not as transparent and understandable as or . Indeed: simple time -, single, regular simple actions; extended time - extended, long actions. But the completed time is by no means always a finished action. Therefore, this is the not uncommon case when you just need to memorize cases of using time.

Secondly, time itself is called PRESENT completed, and it denotes actions in the PAST.

And third, between present perfect and there is a very thin line, and it must also be observed.

So, let's analyze each of these three contradictions separately.

1. What activities do we call completed? These actions must be in the past, completed recently, just now, etc. That is, those actions that are relatively close to the present time. That is why it is called so - PRESENT completed, because it has a connection with the present and must be completed by now.

2. As we have just agreed, the present completed tense is called so because it denotes actions in the past, in one way or another connected with the PRESENT tense:

These actions can have a tangible result or proof in the present tense: Anna has graduated from university. (Anna graduated from the university. The result - now Anna has a diploma, you can touch it, for example).

This action is news, new information that you tell someone: The police have caught the thief. (The police caught the thief. This is news).

I have prepared for the seminar in biology. (I prepared for a seminar on biology. The result is that now I have some information on biology in my head, you can hear it).
The grandfather has painted the roof. (Grandfather painted the roof. The result is the roof is now a different color, you can see it).
Jack has finally got his driver's license! (Jack finally got the rights! This is new information that you tell a friend, colleague, etc.)

3. What's the difference between Past simple and present perfect if both these tenses convey actions in the past? Schematically Past simple can be depicted like this:

Now let's see how the action is located in time space in present perfect.

See the difference? Actions in the present completed - only those that are sooooo close to the present moment in time, have a connection with it and ARE NOT SIGNED WITH A CERTAIN TIME.

What is the structure present perfect ? In this tense we have an auxiliary verb - have . This means that after the pronouns he/she/it it changes to has . The main verb comes with the ending -ed (if it is correct), or in the third form / participle form (if it is). So it’s not in vain that our impressive list of irregular verbs is still learning! Consider the examples first with the correct verb:

Grandpa painted the roof. - The grandfather has painted the roof.
Grandpa didn't paint the roof. - The grandfather has not painted the roof. - The grandfather hasn't painted the roof.
Grandpa painted the roof? Has the grandfather painted the roof? - Yes, he has. / No, he hasn't.

And now with the wrong one:

We bought a car (this is news). - We have bought a car.
We didn't buy a car. - We have not bought a car. - We haven't bought a car.
Have you bought a car? - Have you bought a car? - Yes, we have. / No, we haven't.

Complete the exercise to reinforce the material.

From the school desk, students are frightened by difficult-to-understand times of English that need to be crammed, otherwise you will not communicate and understand the language even at a minimal level. In fact, the stiff English have only three times, as in our great and powerful language: present, past and future. However, it should be understood: each time has its own characteristics, in other words, types. In this article, we will consider the present tense and its form Present Perfect Simple.

English present tense

The present tense in English has 4 types:

present perfect.
present simple.
Present Perfect Continuous.

Exercises usually help to consolidate all the complexities of using these forms. It should be understood that these are not disparate rules, they have a certain system. The main thing in learning is to understand the essence of each tense, when it needs to be put into practice in writing, and when in a live conversation.

Time formula

The name of the temporal form Present Perfect Simple is translated as "present perfect tense". The perfect form is one of the most commonly used in communication among the inhabitants of England and America, although in the speech of the latter we will hear it less often. This type of present tense is formed according to the following formula: auxiliary + main verb in form 3.

The third form for regular verbs is formed by adding and for irregular verbs there is a form, which is usually given in dictionaries.

For example:

I have already cleaned my room. - "I have already cleaned my room" (the verb clean is correct).

He has already drunk his tea. - "He has already drunk his tea" (the verb drink is incorrect).

Thus, we can say that the present perfect tense is quite simple in education, the main thing is to know whether you use the correct form of the verb or not.

The third part of the table in dictionary editions and textbooks contains the third form of the verb. For example: the verb be (translated as to be, to exist) has the following forms: be/was (were)/been.

Using the present perfect tense

Present Perfect Simple is used when it is necessary to express exactly the result of an action that has already been completed. With the help of this tense, attention is focused on the result and thus it is clear that the action has already been completed. We also use Simple when talking about an action that happened in an unfinished period of time. Remember that the main thing for understanding the perfect is the connection with the present moment and the fact that the action is completed. For example: " I have already eaten melon." - I have already eaten melon. That is, it means the result of the action itself, the actual result.

These two types of temporary forms refer to the present time, but have different meanings. Present Simple is used when it comes to events that occur usually and everyday. The main pointers for it are the following words: always (always), usually (usually), seldom (rarely), often (often). Present Perfect expresses an action that has already been completed and there is a certain result at the time of the speaker's speech. Also, these two tenses have different education formulas. Simple tense is used in live communication much more often than the perfect. He has many words - pointers, that is, words that directly say that it is necessary to use the perfect tense.

The difference between Present Perfect and Past Simple

In learning English, the question always arises when it is necessary to use the Present Perfect, and when the Past Simple. It is necessary to understand the basic postulates of the use of these forms of time. The most important thing to remember: "Past simple" is the past tense, it talks about those events that have already happened. "Present perfect" - present tense, it talks about what was started earlier and has not yet been completed, or finished, but has a relationship with today. Sometimes you can understand from the meaning of the text itself that it is necessary to use the perfect. You should choose the time depending on what you need to say to the speaker, based on the situation that has arisen.

Timing Rules

If the situation or time period in question is over and has no connection with the present, then you should use "Paste simple". When using the Past Simple tense, this can mean that this person can no longer perform any action. If you do not say in more detail about the reason for choosing this time in a conversation, then you might think that the person is no longer alive.

She always loved watching TV. - "She always liked to watch TV" (meaning that now she doesn't watch it anymore, because she died).

She has always loved watching TV. - "She always liked to watch TV" (she loved before and still loves).

Etymology of the word

The word perfect comes from the Latin language and is translated as "completion", and the meaning of "perfection", in the sense of the absence of flaws, acquired much later. In fact, the word perfect acquired the meaning of "perfect" by expanding its former meaning, because something created is completed when it no longer has flaws. Perfect tenses are so called because they refer to actions that are completed relative to the present, for example: "I ate bread" is an action that is currently completed. However, not every use of the present perfect is associated with the idea of completion. In fact, there is a perfect form in many European languages, including our Russian.

English is not difficult. The rules are easy to remember and there aren't many of them.

There are 26 tenses in the grammatical system of the English language. This is often the reason for the appearance of difficulties in the process of studying it. After all, it is quite difficult for a Russian person, in whose native language there are only 3 tenses, to catch the difference in the use of these categories.

The greatest difficulty for students studying English is Present Perfect - the present perfect tense.

This difficult English. Present Perfect

The present perfect tense denotes an action that took place in the past, but its result is related to the present:

I have done my homework. I can go for a walk. - I did my homework. I can go for a walk (homework is done, and as a result of this - the opportunity to go for a walk).

I have lost my key. I can't enter my flat. - I lost my keys. I cannot enter the house.

Method of formation Present Perfect

My mum has just made a cake. My mother has just made a pie.

Ann has already washed up. - When I arrived, Anya had already washed all the dishes.

We had dinner today. - We've had lunch today.

In colloquial speech, instead of full form you can use 've', 's' abbreviations:

I've arrived in Moscow today. - Today I arrived in Moscow.

He's lost his key. - He lost his keys.

To form negative forms, the particle not is attached to the auxiliary verb:

He hasnt prepared for English exam. He didn't prepare for the English exam.

They haven't come home yet. - They haven't come home yet.

Interrogative present perfect tense

To build a general type of questions in the Present Perfect tense category, has / have auxiliary verbs are placed at the beginning of the sentence:

Have you ever been in Greece? - Have you ever been to Greece?

Has she graduated from the University this year? - She graduated from university this year?

To create a special type of question, the following word order is used:

1) question word;

3) subject;

4) adverb of time (if any), predicate, etc.

What has she just cooked? What did she just cook?

Where did you walk this evening? - Where did you walk tonight?

Correct or not?

As mentioned earlier, this tense category is created using a special form of the semantic verb. In English, allocate regular verbs, which form the past simple and present perfect by adding the ending -ed, and irregular verbs. Present Perfect is the time in which their use is necessary.

But, unfortunately, this part of speech causes many difficulties for students. form temporary forms according to a special algorithm that defies any rules. In fact, they cannot be called exceptions, since there are more than a hundred of them in the English language.

An example of an irregular verb: go-went-gone (to go). The first word is an infinitive verb, the second is used to indicate the past tense (it is also called participle 2), and the third is used to express an action in the present perfect tense. This one does not have a specific way of forming the first or second participle form. The only way out of this situation is cramming. There is nothing to worry about, because basically all these verbs are "by ear", they are quickly remembered and firmly embedded in speech.

Faithful companions

As accompanying adverbs of this time are used:

Already - already:

I have already passed my exam. - I have already passed the exam.

Just - just now:

You have just won the prize! - You just won the grand prize!

Ever - ever:

Have you ever been to Milan? - Have you ever been to Milan? (this is how the verb "be" present perfect is expressed)

Before - before, earlier:

I have never met him before. - I've never met him before.

Yet - yet, still, still:

I haven't been tired yet. - I'm not tired yet.

As can be seen from the examples, accompanying adverbs are placed after the auxiliary verb. The exception is the word "yet".

Of course, the accompanying adverbs will not be used in every case of the present perfect tense. But the presence of these words serves as a certain clue to the recognition of a new temporal category.

Use cases

As mentioned earlier, this time is used to indicate the effectiveness of an action committed in the past. In addition, the Present Perfect time is necessary in the following cases:

1. When talking about an action without specifying the time of its completion:

He has done all his work. - He did all his work.

2. When the action has ended, but the time period in which it was carried out has not yet ended.

Compare:

I had breakfast this morning. - I had breakfast this morning. (The morning is not yet over).

I had breakfast this morning. - I had breakfast this morning (it is evening now, the action is in the past).

3. The present perfect tense can be used to refer to previous actions, for example:

I have taken on my coat before I went out. - I put on my coat before leaving the house.

Present Perfect vs Present Perfect Continuous

To refer to actions that began in the past and continue in the present, the Present Perfect is used. Offers:

I have lived there since 2000. - I have lived here since 2000.

She has worked here as a secretary for 5 years. She has been working here as a secretary for 5 years.

In this case, the present perfect tense is very closely related to another temporary category - Present Perfect Continuous. It is also necessary to indicate actions lasting from some point in the past to the present. A person, using a given tense in speech, wants to show the process of the action, its duration.

I have been flying in the plane for 3 hours. - I have been flying on an airplane for 3 hours (the process itself is indicated).

What is the difference between the simple and the real complete?

The main difficulty in mastering this tense is that a Russian-speaking student often cannot catch the difference between the past tense and the present perfect. So that the choice between these tenses does not become a real dilemma and an endless obstacle to acquiring language skills, it is necessary to highlight specific cases of their use.

1. Present Perfect denotes a result, while Past simple indicates the completion of an action in the past that has nothing to do with the present.

Compare:

I visited a museum a week ago. - I went to the museum a week ago.

I have just visited this museum! The exhibition is really worth seeing. - I just visited the museum. The exhibition is really worth seeing.

If in the first case the action ended in the past and the sentence only states the fact of visiting the museum, then in the second case a direct connection with the present is shown - there is a result, that is, the person got pleasure from contemplating the pictures. In addition, in the first example, a specific indication of time is given - a week ago, which is the main sign of the simple past tense.

2. If the question begins with the word when, then in this case, instead of the present perfect tense, the simple past will be used.

Compare:

Have you ever seen this girl? - Have you ever seen this girl (at all)?

When did you see this girl? - When did you see this girl (a specific period of time in the past is recognized)?

Do you need time band Perfect in colloquial speech

Often, memorizing huge tables with tenses, irregular verbs and other intricacies of the English language, many do not understand the meaning of such language bells and whistles, hearing the everyday uncomplicated speech of a foreigner. Indeed, the inhabitants of some countries have simplified English beyond recognition, forgotten many temporary forms and other grammatical phenomena. Therefore, the question arises: is it worth suffering and delving into all this if it is not useful?

Worth it, because it will definitely come in handy. After all, English is not only communication with a foreigner via Skype in a "broken" language. It:

foreign periodicals;
literary masterpieces of world famous authors - Dickens, Thackeray, Hardy;
the opportunity to work in serious foreign companies, enter prestigious universities, engage in tutoring, etc.

Thus, the study of the grammatical features of the English language is simply necessary. After all, lexical units, like beads, are strung on the connecting threads of grammar.

Present Perfect is a complex phenomenon, but understandable for a diligent student. In order for it to be firmly assimilated in the mind, it is necessary to perform appropriate exercises to develop grammatical skills, read as much classical literature in a foreign language as possible - after all, where else can you find an abundance of language forms? Actively use new grammatical material in speech, if possible.

The present perfect tense, or Present Perfect Tense, is a rather complicated tense form for a Russian-speaking person. And the thing is that in Russian there is no equivalent of this grammatical form. We are immediately baffled by the fact that present time Perfect refers to both present and past tense. How is this possible? Let's figure it out!

What is Present Perfect Tense?

Present Perfect Tense (Present Perfect Tense) is a tense form of a verb that expresses the connection of a past action with the present tense. That is, the present perfect tense conveys an action committed in the past, but the result of this action is visible at the present moment. For example:

We've bought a new car. - We bought a new car → At the moment we have a new car, i.e. the action happened in the past, but the result is visible at the present moment.

Present Perfect is translated into Russian in the same way as Past Simple - past tense. For example:

Present Perfect: I've written many letters - I wrote a lot of letters
Past Simple: Last month I wrote many letters - Last month I wrote many letters

The difference in the meaning of these tenses lies in the fact that the Past Simple expresses a past action, timed to coincide with a certain moment in the past and not related to the present. Present Perfect expresses a past action that is not timed to any moment in the past and has a result in the present. The difference between the Past Simple and Present Perfect times can be seen in the following example:

What have you done? - What have you done? (The questioner is interested in the result)
I've cooked dinner - I cooked dinner (Lunch is ready now)

What did you do an hour ago? What were you doing an hour ago? (The questioner is interested in the action itself, not its result)
I cooked dinner - I cooked dinner (It doesn't matter if dinner is ready at the moment)

If the time of the past action is indicated by the circumstances of the time or context, the Past Simple is used. If the time of the past action is not indicated by the circumstances of the time and is not implied by the context, the Present Perfect is used.

Present Perfect is mainly used in colloquial speech when describing events in the present tense that are the result of past actions.

Rules for the formation of Present Perfect Tense

Subl. + have/has + Past Participle ...

In the interrogative form of Present Perfect Tense, the auxiliary verb to have is placed before the subject, and the Past Participle of the main verb is placed after the subject.

Have/ Has + Gen. + Past Participle …?

The negative form is formed by negating not, which comes after the auxiliary verb and, as a rule, merges with it into one whole:

have not → haven't
has not → hasn't

Subl. + have / has + not + Past Participle ...

Conjugation table of the verb to lie in Present Perfect Tense

Number	Face	affirmative form	Interrogative form	negative form
Unit h.	1 2 3	I have (I've) lied You have (you "ve) lie He/ She/ It has (He "s/ She's) lie	Have I lied? Have you lied? Has he/ she/ it lie?	I have not (haven "t) lied You have not (haven "t) lied He/ She/ It has not (hasn't) lied
Mn. h.	1 2 3	We have (we"ve) lie You have (you "ve) lie They have (they "ve) lied	Have we lied? Have you lied? Have they lied?	We have not (haven "t) lied You have not (haven "t) lied They have not (haven "t) lied

Rules for using Present Perfect Tense:

1. To express the past action associated with the present time, if the sentence does not contain any circumstances of time. Examples:

I've seen wolves in the forest - I saw wolves in the forest
We've heard so much about them - We've heard so much about them
The snow has stopped, you can leave - The snow has stopped, you can leave
I have fallen off a horse - I fell off a horse
You've got nine - You got nine
He has become part of our life - He has become part of our life

2. If the sentence contains such circumstantial words or adverbs of indefinite time and repetition as:

ever - ever
never - never
often - often
always - always
yet - still
seldom - rarely
already - already
rarely - rarely
several times - several times

I haven't had lunch yet - I haven't had lunch yet
He has already made good progress - He has already made good progress
She's always been hardworking person - She has always been a hardworking person
Have you ever been to London? - Have you ever been in London?
No, never - No, never

3. If in the sentence the indicated period of time has not yet ended by the time of speech with such circumstantial words and adverbs of a certain time as:

today - today
all day - all day
this morning - this morning
this month
just - just now

I haven't had time to look at the paper today - I didn't have time to look at the paper today
She hasn't seen me today - She didn't see me today
They must be there, I've just seen them - They must be there, I just saw them

Present Perfect use with preposition 4. If the sentence contains such circumstances of time that indicate the period during which the action took place (starting from a certain moment in the past and up to the present):

for a long time - for a long time
for the past two years (days, months, hours) - over the past two years (days, months, hours)
for three days (hours, months, years) - within three days (hours, months, years)
for ages - an eternity
how long - how long
up to now
up to the present - until now
lately - recently

Have you bought anything new lately? Have you bought something new recently?
She hasn't written to me up to now - She hasn't written to me yet
Where have you been for the past two years? Where have you been for the last two years?
We haven't seen each other for ages - We haven't seen each other for ages

Or if the sentence contains circumstances of time that indicate only the beginning of such a period:

since - since, since then, since

They have been partners since 2005 - They have been partners since 2005
I have owned this flat since my parents bought it for me - I have owned this apartment since my parents bought it for me
I haven't seen you since May, have I? "I haven't seen you since May, have I?"

This was the basic information on the present perfect tense (Present Perfect Tense). As you can see, everything is not so difficult. It is important to learn circumstantial words and adverbs that indicate the present perfect tense, and then everything is simplified at times. Other nuances of this time of the English language you will comprehend already in the process of improving the language.