Grammar errors in Russian. Grammar errors in Russian: examples

Types of grammatical errors

1.

• Prepositions according to, in spite of, thanks to, contrary to used with D. p. (not R. p.)

ERROR: according to schedule I contrary to orders a

• Misuse case form of a noun with a preposition

• Remember mistakes

On arrival, on departure, on departure

Upon completion, upon return, upon completion

NORM: upon arrival, upon arrival

• Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

• The preposition PO can be used locally. 1 and 2 l. in P.p.

NORMA: miss us, miss you.

• Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

• Omitting a suggestion.

On water, land and air- we are everywhere

reserved. (in the air)

• The meaning of the suggestion.

Thanks to bad weather, we stayed at home.

(because of, because of)

• Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

• Management can be prepositional (belief in victory) and unprepositional (slow down progress).

An error occurs when the wrong choice

case or preposition.

ERROR: peculiar to us,

confidence in victory, the problem of protection.

• 2.

• Errors in sentences, the subordinate part of which begins with the allied words WHO, NOBODY.

WHO AND NOBODY is used with singular verbs.

Those, who have been to the city, could not help admiring

Those who has been in the city couldn't help admiring

by sea.

• Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

• The predicate must be in the plural if it is expressed in adj. or par.

MISTAKE: Whole line scenes in the play are true and

interesting.

• Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

• The predicate must be plural if the subject has 2,3,4

ERROR: There are three books on the table.

• Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

• The predicate after homogeneous subjects must be plural.

ERROR: Industry and Agriculture is steadily developing.

• Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

• If the collected exist. does not have controlled words, then the predicate must be in the singular.

• 3. Violation in the construction of a proposal with an inconsistent application

• The names of works, paintings, films enclosed in quotation marks do not change if there is a common noun next to them. - genre designation.

ERROR: In the movie "War and Peace"

S. Bondarchuk played the role of Pierre.

• Violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application

• If common noun. absent, the proper name is changed.

MISTAKE: In "War and Peace" S. Bondarchuk played the role of Pierre.

• 4.

• If homogeneous predicates have one dependent word, it is necessary to check whether they can control it.

ERROR: During the war, the people hoped and

believed in victory.

(hoping to win)

• Error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

• Violation of homogeneity of concepts.

The slope of the mountain along which we descended, overgrown with dense ferns, was very steep.

He remembered the taiga and how he hunted a bear.

I love football and swimming.

His conclusions are simple and understandable.

• Error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

• Double alliances cannot be modified.

ERROR: Well answered as young men, but

also girls.

• It is necessary to check the place of homogeneous members in double alliances.

MISTAKE: I not only read newspapers, but also magazines.

• Error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

• You can not mix generic and specific concepts, combine incompatible ones.

In the boat lay carp, carp, fish.

He came with his wife and a bad mood.

• Error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

• Violation of case forms of the generalizing word and single members

ERROR: The meeting was attended by representatives of three countries: England, France, Italy.

• 5.

• The adverb phrase cannot be used if the action expressed by the verb-predicate and the action expressed by the adverb refer to different persons.

ERROR: Using a calculator, the calculation is done quickly.

• Incorrect sentence construction with adverbial turnover

• The verbal turnover cannot be used in an impersonal sentence

ERROR: Walking in the evening, I was not healthy.

• Incorrect sentence construction with adverbial turnover

• The adverb phrase cannot be used in a sentence with a passive construction.

ERROR: Having delivered the necessary medical supplies, the aircraft will be inspected by technicians.

• Incorrect sentence construction with adverbial turnover

• Error when the aspectual form of the verb and the participle are not related.

MISTAKE: When meeting with a grandmaster, the young chess player won.

• 6.

• A break in participatory turnover by a defined word.

MISTAKE: Mom's cooked pancakes were delicious.

• Violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover

• Violation of agreement with the defined word.

MISTAKE: We are proud of the players who beat the English team.

• Violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover

• Replacement of suffering participles with valid ones.

ERROR: The task we are running does not cause problems.

• You can not use in the subordinate part of the pronoun 1 and 2 persons.
• ERROR: The student said I wasn't ready yet.

• Incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech

• Redundancy of unions

ERROR: He was constantly asked if he would complete the work he had begun.

He asked where his things were.

• In the story "The Jumper" Chekhov condemns idleness.
• He loved and enjoyed reading.
• You need to take great care of your children.
• A desk mate asked who would go to football with me.
• came to our city, admired its provincial simplicity.
• The sun illuminated the mountain peaks covered with snow.
• After resting a little, the work began to be done faster.

Check yourself I

1. In the story "The Jumper" Chekhov condemns idleness.

violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application

2. He loved and was fond of reading.

error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

3. You need to take great care of children.

incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

4. A desk mate asked who would go to football with me.

incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech

5. Whoever came to our city admired its provincial simplicity.

violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

6. The sun illuminated the mountain peaks covered with snow.

violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover

7. Having rested a little, the work began to be done faster.

violation in the construction of a sentence with adverbial turnover

Larisa Fominykh

Grammar or speech error?

The need to distinguish between grammatical and speech errors in the creative work of students is dictated by existing norms. The first type of error is integral part in the assessment for literacy, the second (as one of the components) - for the content. During the verification of USE essays (part C), they must also be distinguished. However, in practice, there are often difficulties in their differentiation. The purpose of this note is to help the teacher in determining the nature of these shortcomings.

A grammatical error is a violation of the structure of a language unit: incorrect word formation (there is no such word in the language); incorrect formation of word forms; errors in the construction of phrases and sentences. Violations of this kind account for about 31%.

A grammatical error, depending on its nature, can be made in a word, in a phrase or in a sentence. It doesn't require context to discover it. Unlike spelling or punctuation, a grammatical error can be detected by ear, and not only in a written text, while a spelling error can only be detected in writing.

Consider main types of grammatical errors.

I. Erroneous word formation: cake; liked; chewing gum; showed indifference.

II. Errors in the formation of forms different parts speeches:

1) nouns (gender; nominative and genitive forms plural; declension of indeclinable nouns): where is the second shoe? my birthday; our engineer; real friendships are few; ride on ponies;

2) adjectives (double comparative or superlative): less successful; most beautiful fountain; more attractive;

3) numerals (incorrect formation of case forms of cardinal numbers; errors in the use of ordinal and collective numbers): over eight hundred meters; seven skiers; on page thirty-eight;

4) pronouns: how many hours of class? with their neighbors; evon book;

5) verbs: lay down walls; want to eat; erase from the board; chishet five times in a row; slam the door; drive straight; tomorrow I will tidy up (wash off); this also includes a violation of the species-temporal correlation of verb forms in the sentence: When December comes, the weather changes dramatically.

6) participles (they do not have a form of the future tense; they are not used with a particle would; you cannot mix recurrent and irrevocable forms): everyone who writes an essay will receive a credit; there is not a single book that would attract our attention; studied all available information; troops fighting the enemy;

7) gerunds: walked, looking around; applying ointment to the wound; having bought a service;

Sh. Syntax errors- violations in the construction of phrases and sentences:

1) errors in management: describes about the battle; thirst for power; I can't wait until I leave

2) in agreement: young people are eager to learn; people believe that life will not get better; with a group of tourists who are fond of rafting on mountain rivers;

4) in the construction of sentences with homogeneous members:

a) the member of the sentence and the subordinate part are used as homogeneous: I want to show the meaning of sport and why I love it;

b) with two verb-predicates there is a common object that cannot be used in this form with one of them: We remember and admire the exploits of heroes;

c) inaccurate use of double union: As the old people as well as the children were the first to be evacuated(it is necessary: ​​both ..., and ...). I not only prepared on my own, but also attended an elective(not only but…);

5) in the use of participial phrases: There is little difference between the topics written on the board;

6) participial phrases: Skating on the rink, my legs hurt. And then, preparing for the exams, it was as if he had been replaced.

7) in the construction of complex sentences (distortion of conjunctions; the use of two subordinating conjunctions at the same time; "stringing" the same type of subordinate clauses): The bell rang, you need to go home. Everyone began to praise the performers as if they were real artists. He said what he did not know about this case. I heard that you asked me to tell you that you will come soon.

8) violation of the boundaries of proposals: 1. When the wind ran through. And the clouds quickly ran across the sky. 2. I poured a hedgehog of milk into a saucer. And put the hedgehog in the box.

However, one should be aware of the phenomenon of parcelling, when the author deliberately divides the sentence to give it more expressiveness or to highlight the thought: The very thought of betrayal makes me uncomfortable. Because it defies my beliefs.

9) mixing direct and indirect speech: A.S. Pushkin writes that I aroused good feelings with my lyre.

The main types of speech errors

Speech errors are errors related to violation of requirements correct speech. The reason for them is the poverty of the students' vocabulary, the inexpressiveness of speech, the indistinguishability of paronyms, non-compliance with the lexical compatibility of words, speech stamps, etc. From the point of view of grammar, there are no violations, all forms of words, syntactic constructions correspond language norm However, in general, the text of the work testifies to the poverty of the student's speech.

1) The use of words in an unusual meaning for them: The pathos of his work is laughter - the writer's formidable weapon. Monologue of wind and tree...

2) tautology (repetition of single-root words in one sentence): The enemy was getting closer and closer.The young district of the city was named after the name of the street. The writer vividly describes the events of the Great Patriotic War.

It should be noted that the use of single-root words in one sentence may be quite acceptable. In Russian in native language there are a number of expressions like: all sorts of things, jokes, do your job, roar roaring, howling howling, moaning with a groan. Either stand standing, or sit sitting, or lie down lying down. (proverb)

Many of them have already become phraseological units or are approaching them. AT works of art the author may deliberately resort to a tautology:

Soon the fairy tale tells, but not soon the deed is done. (A.S. Pushkin)

The smoke goes from the pipes to the chimney. (A.S. Pushkin)

I wish you and myself more pride, less pride. (K. Vanshenkin)

3) pleonasm (hidden tautology): the main leitmotif of his work; we invite you to meet new year holidays far from cold, blizzard and cold; specific feature of creativity; colleagues;

4) mixing of paronyms: representatives of high society led a festive life; after a quarrel between neighbors, hostile relations were established; this dish is very filling;

5) violation of lexical compatibility: around gloating hunger, devastation; the standard of living of the population has deteriorated;

7) speech stamps: now let's talk about heating; in the summer we like to relax on the sea; the exam can be held at the end of the development of the subject;

8) dialect, vernacular, slang words: he is used to living for free; she looked great; in the image of Khlestakov, Gogol showed a terrible impudent person who shamelessly lies and grabs a bribe;

9) mixing vocabulary from different historical eras: Marya Kirillovna and the prince went to the registry office to get married. Liza served as a housekeeper for Famusov;

10) unjustified repetition of the same words in adjacent sentences (usually these are verbs of movement, being, speaking): Boy was dressed in a burnt padded jacket. Vatnik was darned roughly. And were he has worn trousers on. A soldier's boots were almost new.

Such a defect should be distinguished from repetition as a stylistic device, which is actively used by poets and writers:

Beauty does not go in vain.
Do not grow even in a black year
Maple in vain, and willow in vain,
And a vain flower on the pond. (Yu. Moritz)

Hazy noon breathes lazily,
The river flows lazily.
And in the fiery and pure firmament
Clouds drift lazily. (F. Tyutchev)

11) the unsuccessful use of personal and demonstrative pronouns as a means of connecting sentences (as a result of which ambiguity is created): Don't lend the company car to your wife. She is may get into an accident. We watched the film in the new cinema. From him we have a good impression.

12) bad word order: Dobrolyubov called merchants from Ostrovsky's plays representatives of the "dark kingdom". Prelude and nocturne for Scriabin's left hand were performed by Margarita Fedorova.

To make it easier to use the classification of these errors, we will present them in an abbreviated form in the table:

Grammatical errors	Speech errors
1) erroneous word formation: pleasure to live; wakefulness; sign for life;	1) the use of the word in an unusual meaning: In an allergic form, Gorky tells us about Petrel.
2) errors in the formation of word forms: no places; more strict; five hundred rubles; wait; theirs;	2) violation of lexical compatibility: cheap prices; he constantly replenishes his horizons;
3) violation of the types of temporal correlation of verbs: sat at the table and does not talk to me;	3) tautology: Everyone was in a businesslike mood. The increase in crime has increased by five percent.
4) errors in coordination and management: from the part of the novel I read;	4) pleonasm: colleagues; feathered birds;
5) violation of agreement between the subject and the predicate: Mankind is fighting for peace. Young people on the bus push and make noise.	5) unjustified repetitions of the word in adjacent sentences: The guys woke up early. The guys decided to go to the forest. The guys went into the forest along the field road.
6) errors in the use of participial and adverbial phrases: While sledding, I got a headache. Reading books makes life more interesting.	6) Unfortunate use of personal and demonstrative pronouns, creating ambiguity: The girl has a hat on her head. She looks flirty.
7) errors in the construction of complex sentences: Before leaving, we went to the river.	7) the use of a word of a different stylistic coloring: To poison Lensky, Onegin courts Olga.
8) mixing direct and indirect speech: The governor told the oil workers that we appreciate your contribution to the region's economy.	8) mixing vocabulary from different historical eras: Gerasim returned to the village and began to work on the collective farm.

Training tasks

1. Find grammatical errors in sentences and determine their type.

1. The logs were heavy, so they were put on sticks and carried.

2. The accident occurred at the five hundred and eleventh kilometer from Moscow.

3. The management of the organization hopes that in this way they can stop the growth of the queue in kindergartens.

4. And we made a new swing in our yard!

5. Writing a review, Iskander used a rhetorical question.

6. These plans need and deserve all support.

7. But the father answered that you are still small for such work. Chatsky's ardent speeches are addressed to the nobility, who do not want and are even afraid of change.

8. Now the methods of water purification are becoming more perfect.

9. The spring sun shines brightly, and the birds sang.

10. Having risen to our floor, the door of our apartment was open.

11. From a distance, floating logs on the water were visible.

12. The sons of Taras dismounted from their horses, who studied in the Kyiv bursa.

2. Find speech errors, determine their type.

1. We foresaw all the difficulties of the campaign in advance.

2. Khlestakov sat in the britzka and shouted: “Drive, my dear, to the airport!”

The most common mistakes in the exam in the Russian language:

Classification of errors according to FIPI

1. Grammatical errors.
2. Speech errors.
3. Logic errors
4. Factual errors.
5. Spelling mistakes.
6. Punctuation errors.
7. Graphic errors.

Grammar mistake- this is an error in the structure of a language unit: in the structure of a word, phrase or sentence; this is a violation of any grammatical norm: word-formation, morphological, syntactic.

For example:

• slip instead of slip, nobility instead of nobility- here a mistake was made in the word-formation structure of the word, the wrong prefix or the wrong suffix was used;
• no comment go instead of go,more lighter- the form of the word is incorrectly formed, i.e. the morphological norm is violated;
• pay the fare, awarded- the structure of the phrase is violated (management standards are not observed);
• Ride on the rink, legs hurt; In the essay, I wanted to show the meaning of sport and why I love it- sentences with participial phrases (1) and with homogeneous members (2) are incorrectly constructed, i.e. syntactic norms are violated.

Unlike grammar, speech errors- these are errors not in the construction, not in the structure of the language unit, but in its use, most often in the use of the word. For the most part, these are violations of lexical norms, for example:

• Stolz is one of the main characters of Goncharov's novel of the same name Oblomov;
• They lost their only two sons in the war.

A speech error can be noticed only in the context, this is its difference from a grammatical error, for the detection of which the context is not needed.

The following are generally accepted classifiers of grammatical and speech errors.

Types of grammatical errors:

1. Wrong word formation Trudol bim th, above laugh.
2. Erroneous formation of the noun form - Many miracles a technology, lack of time I.
3. Erroneous formation of the form of the adjective - More interesting, more beautiful.
4. Erroneous formation of the form of the numeral - With five hundred rubles.
5. Erroneous formation of the form of the pronoun - theirs pathos , their children.
6. Erroneous formation of the verb form - They are travel, want, write about the life of nature.
7. Violation of agreement - I am familiar with a group of guys, seriously captivating imisya jazz.
8. Disruption of control - We need to make our nature more beautiful.
   Narrates readers.
9. Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate - Majority objected against such an assessment of his work.
10. Violation of the way of expressing the predicate in separate constructions - He wrote a book that epic.
    Everyone was happy and happy funny.
11. Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members - The country loved and was proud poet.
    In my essay, I wanted to say about the meaning sport and why I love it.
12. Errors in constructing a sentence with a participial turnover - Reading the text , it feels like...
13. Errors in constructing a sentence with participial turnover - The narrow path was covered failing snow under your feet.
14. Errors in the construction of a complex sentence - This book taught me to appreciate and respect friends, which I read as a child. It seemed to the man then that this is a dream.
15. Mixing direct and indirect speech - The author said what am I I do not agree with the opinion of the reviewer.
16. Violation of the boundaries of the proposal - When the hero comes to his senses. It was too late.
17. Violation of the types of temporal correlation of verb forms - freezes for a moment the heart and suddenly will knock again.

Types of speech errors:

1. The use of the word in an unusual sense - We were shocked great game actors.
   Thought develops on continuation the entire text.
2. Non-distinguishing of the shades of meaning introduced into the word by the prefix and suffix - My attitude towards this issue is changed.Were accepted spectacular measures.
3. Ignorance of synonymous words - AT final The author uses gradation in the sentence.
4. The use of words of a different stylistic coloring - The author, addressing this problem, tries to direct people Little to another track.
5. Inappropriate use of emotionally colored words and phraseological units - Astafiev every now and then resorts to the use of metaphors and personifications.
6. Unjustified use of colloquial words - These people always succeed cheat others.
7. Violation of lexical compatibility -​​​​​ Author increases impression. Author uses artistic peculiarities(instead of facilities).
8. Use extra words, including pleonasm - The author conveys the beauty of the landscape us through artistic means.Young boy, very beautiful.
9. The use of single-root words in a close context (tautology) - In that the story is being told about real events.
10. Unjustified repetition of the word - Hero story does not think about his act. Hero does not even understand the full depth of the deed.
11. Poverty and monotony of syntactic constructions - When the writer came to the editor accepted by the editor-in-chief. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel.
12. Bad use of pronouns This text was written by V. Belov. He refers to artistic style. I immediately had a picture in his imagination.

Typical grammatical errors (K9)

This is errors associated with the use of the verb, verb forms, adverbs, particles:

1. Mistakes in the formation of personal forms of verbs: They are driven by compassion(follows: moves);
2. Incorrect use of tense forms of verbs: This book provides knowledge about the history of the calendar, teaches you how to make calendar calculations quickly and accurately.(it follows: ... will give .., teach ... or ... gives .., teaches ...);
3. Errors in the use of real and passive participles: Streams of water flowing down amazed the author of the text(follows: dripping);
4. Errors in the formation of gerunds: Stepping onto the stage, the singers bowed(norm: leaving);
5. Incorrect formation of adverbs: The author was wrong(norm: here);

These errors are usually associated with a violation of the laws and rules of grammar and arise under the influence of vernacular and dialects.

Typical ones include grammatical and syntactical errors :

1. Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate: The main thing that I now want to pay attention to is the artistic side of the work.(norm: ... this is the artistic side of the work); To benefit the Motherland, you need courage, knowledge, honesty(norm: ... courage, knowledge, honesty are needed);
2. Errors associated with the use of particles, such as unnecessary repetition: It would be nice if the painting was signed by the artist; separation of the particle from the component of the sentence to which it refers (usually particles are placed before those members of the sentence that they should highlight, but this pattern is often violated in essays): The text reveals two problems in total.(the restrictive particle "everything" must come before the subject: "... just two problems");
3. Unjustified omission of the subject (ellipsis): His courage, (?) to stand up for honor and justice attract the author of the text;
4. Incorrect construction of a compound sentence: The author of the text understands the mind not only as enlightenment, intelligence, but also the concept of “smart” was associated with the idea of ​​freethinking.

Typical speech errors (K10)

These are violations associated with the underdevelopment of speech: pleonasm, tautology, speech stamps; unmotivated use of colloquial vocabulary, dialectisms, jargon; unsuccessful use of expressive means, stationery, non-distinguishing (mixing) of paronyms; errors in the use of homonyms, antonyms, synonyms; ambiguity not eliminated by the context.

The most common speech errors include:

1. Non-distinguishing (mixing) of paronyms: In such cases, I look in the "Philosophical Dictionary"(verb take a look usually requires the control of a noun or pronoun with the preposition "at" ("to look at someone or something"), and the verb look in(“quickly or stealthily look somewhere, look to find out, find out something”), which must be used in the above sentence, governs a noun or pronoun with the preposition “in”);
2. Mistakes in choosing a synonym: The name of this poet is familiar in many countries(instead of the word known a synonym is mistakenly used in the sentence familiar); Now our press devotes considerable space to advertising, and this does not appeal to us.(in this case instead of the word space it is better to use its synonym - place; and linguistic word impresses also requires a synonymous replacement);
3. Mistakes in the selection of antonyms when constructing an antithesis:In the third part of the text, a cheerful, not major motive makes us think(the antithesis requires accuracy when choosing words with opposite meanings, and the words "cheerful" and "major" are not antonyms;
4. The destruction of the figurative structure of phraseological units, which happens in an unsuccessfully organized context: Don't put your finger in the mouth of this certainly talented writer Zoshchenko, just let the reader laugh.

Logic errors

Logic errors associated with a violation of the logical correctness of speech. They arise as a result of a violation of the laws of logic, committed both within a single sentence, judgment, and at the level of the whole text.

1. comparison (opposition) of two logically heterogeneous (different in volume and content) concepts in a sentence;
2. as a result of a violation of the logical law of identity, the substitution of one judgment for another.

Composition-text errors

1. Unsuccessful start. The text begins with a sentence containing an indication of the previous context, which is absent in the text itself, by the presence of demonstrative word forms in the first sentence, for example: In this text, the author ...
2. Mistakes in main body.
   • Convergence of relatively distant thoughts in one sentence.
   • Lack of consistency in presentation; incoherence and violation of the order of sentences.
   • The use of sentences of different types in structure, leading to difficulty in understanding the meaning.
3. Unsuccessful ending. Duplication of the conclusion, unjustified repetition of the thought expressed earlier.

Factual Errors

Factual Errors- a kind of non-linguistic errors, which consists in the fact that the writer cites facts that contradict reality, gives incorrect information about the actual circumstances, both related and not related to the analyzed text (background knowledge)

1. Distortion of the content of a literary work, misinterpretation, poor choice of examples.
2. Inaccuracy in the quote. Lack of reference to the author of the quote. Misnamed citation author.
3. Ignorance of historical and other facts, including temporary displacement.
4. Inaccuracies in the names, surnames, nicknames of literary heroes. Name distortions literary works, their genres, an error in indicating the author.

Spelling, punctuation, graphic errors

When checking literacy (K7-K8), errors are taken into account

1. On the learned rules;
2. Non-rough (two non-rough ones count as one):
   • in exceptions to the rules;
   • in writing a capital letter in compound proper names;
   • in cases of separate and continuous spelling not with adjectives and participles,
   • acting as a predicate;
   • in writing and and s after prefixes;
   • in difficult cases of distinction not and neither ( Where did he go! Wherever he turned, no one could give him an answer. Nobody else…; none other than…; nothing else…; nothing more than...etc.);
   • in cases where one punctuation mark is replaced by another;
   • in the omission of one of the combined punctuation marks or in violation of their sequence;

It is also necessary to take into account the repeatability and uniformity of errors. If the mistake is repeated in the same word or in the root of words with the same root, then it is considered as one mistake.

1. Same type(the first three errors of the same type are counted as one error, each subsequent similar error is counted as an independent one): errors per rule, if the conditions for choosing the correct spelling are contained in grammatical ( in the army, in the grove; prick, fight) and phonetic ( pie, cricket) features of this word. Important!!!
   • The concept of similar errors does not apply to punctuation errors.
   • Errors are not considered to be of the same type for such a rule, in which, for clarification
2. recurring(repetition in the same word or in the root of single-root words is considered as one mistake)

Spelling mistakes

1. ­ In word transfer;
2. ­ Letters e / e after consonants in foreign words (racket, plein air) and after vowels in proper names (Marietta);
3. ­ Uppercase or lowercase letters
   • in names associated with religion: M (m) aslenitsa, R (r) Christmas, B (b) og.
   • with the figurative use of proper names (Oblomov and Oblomov).
   • in proper names of non-Russian origin; spelling of surnames with first
   • parts don, van, sept... (Don Pedro and Don Quixote).
4. Continuous / hyphen / separate spelling
   • in names, with in compound nouns without a connecting vowel (mostly borrowings), not regulated by rules and not included in the minimum dictionary ( lend-lease, kebab, know-how, papier-mâché, tumbleweed, walk-city paperweight, but beef stroganoff, head waiter, sedan chair, price list);
   • on rules that are not included in the school curriculum. For example: to spill, to scold behind the eyes, to match, on the run, in installments, to back down, to a curiosity, to the touch, in the wings, to put on the butt(cf. the current spelling recklessly, loosely);

Punctuation errors

• A dash in an incomplete sentence;
• Separation of inconsistent definitions related to common nouns;
• Commas with restrictive-excretory revolutions;
• Distinguishing homonymous particles and interjections and, accordingly, not highlighting or highlighting them with commas;
• In the transfer of the author's punctuation;

Graphic errors

Graphic errors- various methods of shortening words, the use of spaces between words, various underlining and font selections. These include: various typos and misprints caused by the inattention of the writer or the haste of writing.

Common graphical errors:

• The omission of letters, for example: the whole novel is based on this conflict (follows: is built);
• Permutation of letters, for example: new product names(follows: products);
• Replacing some alphabetic characters with others, for example: legendary Battle on the Ice(should: legendary);
• Adding extra letters: That is why it is important in any, even the most difficult, conditions ...(should: even).

Grammatical errors occur when the rules of the Russian language are not followed, which sometimes gives speech an unflattering sound. We cannot always convey a beautifully expressed idea to the interlocutor if we allow such inaccuracies in oral and written speech. By memorizing the rules, grammatical errors can be avoided in speech turns in order to speak or write beautifully, elegantly and expressively. A grammatical error is the weakest point in completing tasks in the Russian language, so in this article we will consider them in more detail.

A bit of theory

Grammatical errors are errors in the structures of language units, in the structures of words, phrases, sentences. They also include violations of one or another grammatical norm: morphological, word-formation or syntactic. Below you can see in detail the table, which indicates the options for such a violation as a grammatical error. Study examples of incorrect use of words and their combinations carefully. Try to remember simple rules, which will be useful in later life when building beautiful dialogues.

Grammatical errors

No. p / p	Error type	Example
1	Erroneous word formations	Hardworking, mocking
2	Erroneous formations of noun forms	Various miracles of electronics, there was not enough time
3	Erroneous formations of adjective forms	More attractive, more beautiful
4	Erroneous formations of forms of numerals	With six hundred rubles
5	Erroneous formations of forms of pronouns	Their neighbor, their tomboys
6	Erroneous formations of verb forms	They walk, do not want to, writing about what happened
7	Agreement Violations	He knows a lot of girls doing needlework
8	Management violations	You need to make your speech more correct. Tells readers
9	Violations of connections between subjects and predicates	A minority objected to such an assessment of his creation.
10	Violations of the ways of expressing predicates in separate constructions	He wrote a novel that is epic
11	Errors in sentences with homogeneous members	The team loved and was proud of the goalkeeper. In the letter, I wanted to show the meaning of competitions and why I love them.
12	Errors in sentences with adverbial phrases	Reading this article makes me feel...
13	Errors in sentences with participial phrases	The wide road was covered with falling snow under the boots
14	Mistakes in building complex sentences	This book made me respect and appreciate my parents, which I read in my youth. It seemed to me that this…
15	Violation of supply boundaries	And when the hero came to his senses. It was too late.
16	Mixing indirect and direct speech	The author wrote that I agree with the opinion of the reviewer

Conclusion

Learning the grammatical norms of the language and cases of their violation will allow you to make your speech more accurate and expressive. Your cultural level as a native speaker will increase. Indeed, a beautiful pure speech in compliance with all the rules and norms literary language distinguished by logic, richness, purity and euphony. Believe me, in conversation and writing, grammatical errors (and any others) do not look very decent, so remember the simple rules and try to speak and write beautifully!

Error classification

Grammatical errors (G)- these are errors in the structure of a language unit: words, phrases or sentences, i.e. violation of any grammatical norm - word-formation, morphological, syntactic.

No. p / p

Error type Examples

Wrong word formation. Erroneous formation of forms of a noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb (personal forms of verbs, real and passive participles, gerunds).

nobility ness, miracle technology, according to d cherk, above laugh; more interesting, prettier; with five hundred rubles; juggled both hands, theirs pathos, around his there is nothing; how many moral principles we have lost because of the loss of spirituality; them moves feeling of compassion; streams of water, stackable down, startled the author of the text; above onto the stage, the singers bowed.

Violation of the norms of coordination

I am familiar with a group of guys, seriously captivating imisya jazz.

Violation of the norms of management

Need to make nature more beautiful. Everyone marveled at him by force.

Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate or the way the predicate is expressed

The main thing that I now want to pay attention to is the artistic side of the work. He wrote a book that epic. Everyone was happy and happy funny.

Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members

The country loved and was proud poet.

In my essay, I wanted to say about the meaning of sport and why I love it.

Errors in the construction of sentences with adverbial turnover

Reading the text, there is such a feeling of empathy.

Errors in constructing a sentence with participial turnover

The narrow path was covered failing snow under your feet.

Errors in the construction of a complex sentence

This book taught me to appreciate and respect friends, which I read as a child.

It seemed to the man then that this is a dream.

Violation of supply boundaries

He was not accepted into the basketball team. Because he was short.

Violation of the types of temporal correlation of verb forms

freezes for a moment the heart and suddenly will knock again.

Skipping a sentence member (ellipsis)

At the meeting there was accepted (?) spend Saturday.

Errors associated with the use of particles: detaching a particle from the component of the sentence to which it refers

It would be nice if the picture was would artist's signature. In the text Total two problems emerge.

Speech errors (P)- these are errors not in the construction of a sentence, not in the structure of a language unit, but in its use, most often in the use of a word, that is, a violation of lexical norms. These are pleonasm, tautology, speech clichés, inappropriate use of colloquial vocabulary, dialectisms, jargon; expressive means, non-distinguishing of paronyms. Errors in the use of homonyms, antonyms, synonyms, ambiguity not eliminated by the context.

No. p / p

Error type Examples

The use of a word in an unusual sense

We were shocked great acting by the actors. Thanks to fire, the forest burned down.

Unjustified use of dialect and colloquial words

These people always succeed cheat others. Oblomov did nothing and spent whole days played the fool.

Bad use of pronouns

The text was written by V. Belov. He refers to the artistic style; I immediately had a picture in his imagination.

The use of words of a different stylistic coloring; mixing vocabulary from different eras; inappropriate use of stationery, expressive, emotionally colored words, outdated vocabulary, jargon, inappropriate use of phraseological units

By idea the author, the hero wins; Molchalin works Famusov's secretary; In the novel by A.S. Pushkin take place lyrical digressions; Author every now and then resorts to the use of metaphors and personifications. If I were there, then for such an attitude towards my mother, I would cupcake in gnawed would give; Zoshchenko don't put your finger in your mouth just to make the reader laugh.

Indistinguishability of shades of meaning introduced into the word by prefix and suffix

In such cases I I glance to the dictionary.

Non-distinguishing of paronyms, synonymous words; errors in the use of antonyms when constructing an antithesis; destruction of the figurative meaning of a phraseological unit in an unsuccessfully organized context

Were accepted spectacular measures; The name of this poet familiar in many countries; The third part of the text is not cheerful, but also not a major motive makes us think; the record hasn't said its word yet last word.

Violation of lexical compatibility

Use of superfluous words, including pleonasm

Young youth; very beautiful.

The use of words near or close to the same root (tautology)

In that the story is being told about real events.

Unjustified repetition of a word

Hero story does not think about his act. Hero does not even understand the full depth of what he did.

Poverty and monotony of syntactic constructions

When the writer came to the editor accepted by the editor-in-chief. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel.

Use of superfluous words, lexical redundancy

Then about to make you smile, about it our bookstore will take care.

Logical errors (L). Logical errors are associated with a violation of the logical correctness of speech. They arise as a result of a violation of the laws of logic, committed both within a single sentence, judgment, and at the level of the whole text.

No. p / p

Error type Examples

Comparison (opposition) of two logically heterogeneous (different in volume and content) concepts in a sentence, text

At the lesson were present director, librarian, as well as Anna Petrovna Ivanova and Zoya Ivanovna Petrova; He leaned back on the battery; Behind good study and parenting parents students received Thanksgiving letters from the school administration.

Violation of causal relationships

AT last years lots of done to modernize education, but teachers work in the old way, as issues of modernization of education are being addressed weakly.

Skipping a link in an explanation, a "logical leap".

It is hardly possible to block the flow of people through our yard. [?] And how you want the yard to be an ornament of both the school and the village.

Rearrangement of parts of the text (if it is not due to the task for the essay or presentation)

It's time to return this word to its true meaning! Honor... But how to do it?

Unjustified substitution of the person from whom the narration is being conducted (for example, first from the first, then from the third person)

Comparison of logically disparate concepts

Syntax encyclopedia articles is excellent from other scientific articles.

Composition-text errors

Unsuccessful start

The text begins with a sentence containing an indication of the previous context, which is absent in the text itself, by the presence of demonstrative word forms in the first sentence, for example: In this text, the author ...

Mistakesin the main part

a) Convergence of relatively distant thoughts in one sentence.

b) Lack of consistency in presentation; incoherence and violation of the order of sentences.

c) The use of sentences of different types in structure, leading to difficulty in understanding the meaning.

Unfortunate ending

Duplication of the conclusion, unjustified repetition of the thought expressed earlier.

Factual Errors (F) - a kind of non-linguistic errors, which consists in the fact that the writer cites facts that contradict reality, gives incorrect information about the actual circumstances, both related and not related to the analyzed text (background knowledge)

No. p / p

Error type Examples

Bazarov was a nihilist and therefore killed an old woman with an ax; Lensky returned to his estate from England; Happiness for Oblomov was loneliness and indifference.

Inaccuracy in the quote. Lack of reference to the author of the quote. Misnamed citation author.

The book means a lot to me, because even Lenin said: “ Live and learn!»

Ignorance of historical and other facts, including temporary displacement.

Great Patriotic War 1812; The capital of the USA is New York.

Inaccuracies in the names, surnames, nicknames of literary heroes.

Distortions in the names of literary works, their genres, an error in indicating the author.

Turgen b ev; "Taras and Bulba"; in Turgenev's stories"Crime and Punishment".

Sayapina Oksana Valerievna