The wedding of Ivan the Terrible to the kingdom (briefly). Eight facts about the wedding of Russian rulers

29.09.2019

400 years ago, on this day, Mikhail Feodorovich Romanov was married to the kingdom. What was this day for Russia? Reflects Arseny Zamostyanov.

Assumption Cathedral. A Russian bogatyr from the Borovitsky hill who stood up for Orthodoxy - this is how this architectural image created by Aristotle Fioravanti is perceived. Five golden helmets catch the eye, calling us from afar.

The crowning of the kingdom is a Byzantine rite, and in Russia it was he who was the symbol of the trinity - Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality. It is in this hierarchical order. This order was felt, unspoken, long before Count Uvarov, who theoretically substantiated all this.

The ceremony of crowning the kingdom was made during the time of Ivan the Terrible - but after the coronation of Ivan Vasilyevich himself. The author of the rank, most likely, was Metropolitan Macarius (1482 - 1563), canonized in the rank of saints in 1988. It was Macarius who crowned the first Russian Tsar in 1547 - but then, according to most researchers, the ceremony had not yet taken shape and went, so to speak, according to an abbreviated program. In 1547, Ivan was not chrismated!

But ten years later, the same Macarius (most likely - at the insistence of the king) creates a lengthy rite, which includes the rite of chrismation. And it is understood that the sovereign went through this in 1547 ... There is not a single confirmation that Ivan Vasilyevich was anointed at a later time, although there are several hypotheses on this score. Some researchers talk about the anointing after the capture of Kazan, when Ivan felt like a full-fledged king.

Perhaps the sovereign, realizing the inferiority of the rite of 1547, accepted the anointing secretly - with his mystical mindset, with his attitude to the liturgical role of the king, this seems likely. In any case, even enemies - such as Kurbsky - called him "God's anointed", without mentioning the inferiority of the 1547 rite.

The most solemn and perfect was the crowning of the pious sovereign Theodore Ioannovich, who for many years became a symbol of Orthodox Russia, personifying the image of a truly lawful sovereign. In his biography we find a lot of miraculous things: he achieved a lot without resorting to demonstrative zeal, to obvious activity. Prayer and the exact choice of assistants - such was his strategy. And in troubled times, the soldiers, rejecting the temptations of imposture, went into battle with images of Tsar Fedor.

Boris Godunov, Dimitry the Pretender and Vasily Shuisky were remembered as a heavy dream. They did not earn the reputation of lawful and happy sovereigns. In 1613, few people remembered them kind word. Although many heroes who overcame the turmoil, each of them (Demetrius - to a lesser extent) was served faithfully.

And now - young Mikhail, the future Tsar Mikhail Feodorovich. The father of the future tsar, the future patriarch Filaret, was in Polish captivity. Thus, there was no Patriarch in Russia at that time. Metropolitan Isidor of Novgorod could not arrive in Moscow either: Orthodox Russia had not yet been freed from the threat of intervention, the Swedes occupied the ancient city, and the lord led the defense. Let's not forget this: the time of the crowning of Tsar Michael was not idyllic. He accepted a country that was impoverished and weakened, although united in the face of the danger of Catholicization.

The solemn ceremony is described in detail in a handwritten book of the 17th century, which was presented to the son of the first royal Romanov, Alexei Mikhailovich.

Before the wedding, there was a significant dispute, which reflected the contradictions of the troubled times. Before going to the Assumption Cathedral, the sovereign sat in the Golden Signature Chamber, and here the boyars were said to two stolniks: a relative of the tsar, Prince Ivan Borisovich Cherkassky, and the leader-liberator, Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky; the latter was appointed to stand by the fairy tale, the duma nobleman Gavrila Pushkin, who beat with his forehead that he should stand at the fairy tale and be less out of place than Prince Dmitry, because his relatives had never been anywhere less than the Pozharskys.

The sovereign indicated for his royal crown to be without places in all ranks and ordered this decree of his to be written down in the presence of all the boyars. The clerk Pyotr Tretyakov spoke and announced that the boyar Prince Mstislavsky would shower the sovereign with gold, the boyar Ivan Nikitich Romanov would hold Monomakh's hat, the boyar Prince Dmitry Timofeevich Trubetskoy - a scepter, the new boyar Prince Pozharsky - an apple [power], and again the usual petition was heard: Trubetskoy slammed at Romanov that it was inappropriate for him to be less than him.

The sovereign said to Trubetskoy: “Your fatherland is known before Ivan, it can be smaller than you, but now you should be smaller than him because Ivan Nikitich is my uncle by kinship; you will be without a place, ”says S. M. Solovyov.

As you can see, before the wedding, the young elected king did not enjoy unquestioned authority among recent candidates for the throne. And this is not surprising. The age of Mikhail Fedorovich and the long-term habit of arbitrariness, which became stronger after the death of Boris Godunov, affected. And yet, the dispute ended with a weighty royal word: the boyars (including the newly-minted boyar Prince Pozharsky) played in the ceremony exactly the roles that the Romanovs assigned them ...

Here, of course, the most important role was played by the nun Martha (in the world - Xenia) - the mother of the sovereign. In those years, in the absence of the head of the family, Filaret, she completely ruled young Mikhail.

For the first time, Russia received a tsar whose father is alive and whose mother is so energetic and politically active. So, the most honorable role in the ceremony was played by the well-born Prince Mstislavsky, the de facto head of the government in recent years and a real candidate for sovereign. It is worth noting the role of Prince Pozharsky - quite modest, but still significant.

The picture is ambiguous: if Pozharsky showed himself tougher after the liberation of Moscow, he could almost become a dictator. But he shied away from the struggle for power, showed humility, did not blow up the situation. In such a situation, his rise to the narrow circle of influential boyars was perceived as royal favor. At the same time, the Romanovs could not help but remember that three months ago Pozharsky was not a supporter of Mikhail Romanov ...

The wedding took place on July 11 - of course, according to the old style, on the eve of the name day of Mikhail Fedorovich.

And here we are in the Assumption Cathedral in the summer of 1613. Michael was crowned king at the head of the Consecrated Cathedral by St. Ephraim, Metropolitan of Kazan and Sviyazhsk, who had been in this high rank for the seventh year. He was elected locum tenens of the patriarchal throne. He was the first of the highest clergy to sign a letter on the election of Mikhail Fedorovich.

The name of St. Ephraim is not forgotten, but not so well known, although he deserves a grateful memory.

And contemporaries knew that Bishop Ephraim saved Kazan from rebellion. “The Metropolitan turned out to be the only civil authority in the entire northeastern region of Russia, although strong only by his moral strength; then Metropolitan Ephraim ruled all the land of the Kingdom of Kazan, ”the historian writes. It was perceived as a feat, which is quite reasonable.

The strict assessment of the inhabitants of Sviyazhsk, who swore allegiance to False Dmitry II (Tushinsky thief), is especially emphasized. Metropolitan Ephraim forced the Sviyazh people to repentance for treachery. And no one at that dissolute time was able to prevent him ... It is not surprising that it was he who was considered the most consistent ally of Patriarch Hermogenes.

In those days there was no more respected person in Moscow. Irreconcilable enemies, political rivals looked with reverence at Metropolitan Ephraim, asking for blessings. And now - the day of the wedding, the coronation.

It was a most complicated ceremony, a full-fledged wedding to the kingdom, which even enemies could not find fault with. In this event, one can read not only the oath of the Russian people to be faithful to the sovereign, but also the oath of the sovereign, who listened to the teachings of Metropolitan Ephraim - to honor the spiritual order and love the people. Protect the Church and Russia.

Everything happened according to the words of St. Theodore the Studite: "God gave Christians two highest gifts - the priesthood and the kingdom, through which earthly affairs are managed like heavenly ones." Without an impressive indication of the divine roots of power, there will be no peace in Russia.

The young tsar presented Metropolitan Ephraim, who anointed him to the kingdom, with an altar Gospel. The glorious shepherd did not have long to serve on earth: in December of the same 1613, he passed away. Truly a great loss! Vladyka Ephraim's word, his firmness and fidelity were especially needed then. For a few more years, the pious Tsar Michael will live apart from his father and without a patriarch. However, he managed to complete the main thing: he anointed the sovereign.

Do I need to explain that this rite was much more important event than the spring election of the king? The elected sovereign can be pushed aside, re-elected, and finally captured. The Anointed One of God is no longer the first among equals, not a politician, but the father of Orthodox Russia. Mikhail Fedorovich, inspired by the nun Martha, inwardly clearly felt this role of his: to be a symbol of the revival of Russia.

The country found an autocrat, a father. From now on, it was enough for him to represent and pray for politicians to restore peace and prosperity in the country in his name. It was a path full of mistakes and retreats - and yet a miracle happened, the weakened Russia survived and was reborn. It was then that the principle of the trinity was tested: Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality.

It would be belatedly proclaimed by Count Uvarov many years later, in the 1840s. Proclaim autocracy at sunset. And in the time of the first Romanovs, this principle exalted the power, sandwiched between hostile states, without access to the seas, without gold, without a large army ...

How to explain this miracle? It won't work without trinity. Church and state in the kingdom of the first Romanov were intertwined closely and firmly, and even almost without conflict - and the fate of Patriarch Filaret is the most convincing confirmation of this. From now on, a sovereign reigned in Moscow, chosen "not by human desire, but by God's will", anointed and crowned by the Lord Himself to the kingdom.

And that is why it was the milestone of the wedding that turned out to be the broadest step towards the restoration of the highest legality. The Orthodox, after many years of turmoil and rebellious drunkenness, received a legitimate king. Let's not forget this historical date. She deserves respectful memory even after four hundred years.

Crowning the kingdom

In June 1547, a terrible Moscow fire caused a popular revolt against the relatives of Ivan's mother, the Glinskys, to whose charms the crowd attributed the disaster. The rebellion was pacified, but the impressions from it, according to Grozny, let "fear" into his "soul and trembling into the bones."

The fire almost coincided in time with the wedding of Ivan to the kingdom, which for the first time was connected with the sacrament of Confirmation.

The coronation of Ivan the Terrible in 1547

Crowning the kingdom - a solemn ceremony borrowed by Russia from Byzantium, during which future emperors were dressed in royal clothes and placed on them a crown (tiara). In Russia, the "first-born" is the grandson of Ivan III Dmitry, he was married to the "great reign of Vladimir and Moscow, and Novgorod" on February 4, 1498.

On January 16, 1547, the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan IV the Terrible was married in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin to the kingdom with the cap of Monomakh, with the laying on him of a barm, a cross, a chain and the presentation of a scepter. (At the wedding of Tsar Boris Godunov, the presentation of the orb as a symbol of power was added.)

Barma - a precious mantle, decorated with images of religious content, was worn at the wedding ceremony for the kingdom of Russian tsars.

State - one of the symbols of royal power in Muscovite Russia, a golden ball with a cross on top.

Scepter - rod, one of the attributes of royal power.

Scepter (1) and orb (2) of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and princely barms (3)

The Church Mystery of Chrismation shocked the young king. Ivan IV suddenly realized himself as "abbot of all Russia." And this realization from that moment largely guided his personal actions and state decisions. Since the wedding of Ivan IV to the kingdom in Russia for the first time appeared not only the Grand Duke, but also the king crowned king - the anointed of God, the sovereign ruler of the country.

From the book Secrets of the Romanov House author

author

WEDDING TO THE KINGDOM A bell ringing floated over Moscow. They called in all the Kremlin cathedrals - at the Savior on Smolenskaya Square, at St. Nicholas the Wonderworker at the Stone Bridge across the Moscow River. They were echoed by outlying churches and monasteries - Novinsky, Simonov, Androniev and others. AT

From the book Russia of the time of Ivan the Terrible author Zimin Alexander Alexandrovich

Crowning the kingdom 1 Complete collection of Russian chronicles (hereinafter: PSRL). SPb., 1904, vol. XIII, p.

From the book Tsar of Terrible Russia author Shambarov Valery Evgenievich

17. WEDDING TO THE Tsardom The boyar rule spoiled the nobility. She was self-willed, she carried out orders somehow. Around the Grand Duke there were squabbles and intrigues for influence on him. And on the ground, abuses were still happening, feeding was considered precisely as a satisfying

From the book The Last Emperor author Balyazin Voldemar Nikolaevich

The crowning of the kingdom The beginning of the reign of Nicholas II caused no worries and fears in anyone: the situation in Russia was calmer and more stable than ever. Healthy financial system; the largest army in the world, however, has not fought for a long time and is resting on its laurels

From the book Alexei Mikhailovich author Andreev Igor Lvovich

Crowning the Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich was not distinguished by excellent health. He often complained about "bodily sorrow" and especially about pain in his legs, which is why during the king's trips "to and from the cart in an armchair" they wore. Later, the sons of the king “mourned with their legs” and bodily weakness

From the book of the Romanovs. Family secrets of Russian emperors author Balyazin Voldemar Nikolaevich

author Istomin Sergey Vitalievich

From the book Time of Ivan the Terrible. 16th century author Team of authors

The wedding to the kingdom On January 16, 1547, the wedding ceremony to the kingdom of Ivan IV took place. The adoption of the royal title, of course, was a very important step both for Ivan himself and for the country. In Russia, the emperors of Byzantium and the khans of the Golden Horde were called tsars. And now he appeared

From book Everyday life Moscow sovereigns in the 17th century author Chernaya Lyudmila Alekseevna

author

From the book History of Russia. Time of Troubles author Morozova Lyudmila Evgenievna

The wedding of Godunov to the kingdom The erection of a new sovereign to the royal throne was scheduled for September 1. It was on this day at that time that the New Year. In later sources, however, there were other dates: September 2 or 3. According to an established custom, the ceremony was held at

From the book History of Russia. Time of Troubles author Morozova Lyudmila Evgenievna

False Dmitry was in Tula until the end of May, and from there he sent letters of his victories throughout the country. In them, he assured the Russian people that he was the true son of Ivan the Terrible. However, not in all cities his messengers were greeted with joy. There have been cases

From the book I know the world. History of Russian tsars author Istomin Sergey Vitalievich

Crowning the kingdom In June 1547, a terrible Moscow fire caused a popular revolt against the relatives of Ivan's mother, the Glinskys, to whose charms the crowd attributed the disaster. The rebellion was pacified, but the impressions from it, according to Grozny, let “fear” into his “soul and trembling into

From the book Native Antiquity author Sipovsky V. D.

Accession and coronation to the kingdom The great and joyful day for the Russian people was February 21, 1613: on this day the “stateless” time ended in Russia! It lasted three years; for three years, the best Russian people struggled with all their might to get rid of enemies, save the church,

From the book Life and manners tsarist Russia author Anishkin V. G.

The period preceding the reign of Ivan IV was not easy politically and economically. The disparate principalities were at enmity with each other. Neighboring states - Lithuania, Germany, Poland - sought to take over. Civil strife and the Tatar-Mongol raids did not allow Russia to exist and develop peacefully.

The tsar was the first tsar of Orthodox Russia. The wedding of Ivan the Terrible to the kingdom took place in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin, with a huge gathering of people. What is this person? How will Russia govern in a rather difficult time?

wedding ceremony

The wedding of Ivan the Terrible to the kingdom promised a change for the better. The ceremony took place on January 16, 1547, subject to the Byzantine script existing at that time. Attributes such as the cross of the life-giving tree, the royal rod and other church items were used. The wedding ceremony was marked by pomp and grandeur. The present boyars, the nobility and church servants were dressed in expensive decorations made of brocade, gold and precious stones.

The ringing of church bells, general rejoicing - all this was a big, colorful holiday. The crowning of the kingdom of Ivan the Terrible determined his high title, and Russia was equated with the Roman Empire. Moscow became the reigning city, and the Russian land - the Russian kingdom. The young Moscow prince was anointed with myrrh, which, according to the religious concept, meant "chosen by God." The church had a certain interest in all this: to achieve priority in government and the further strengthening of Orthodoxy.

Wedding to the kingdom of Ivan the Terrible

These events were not approved by the Catholic rulers. They considered Ivan IV an impostor, and his wedding - an unheard of audacity. The period in which Ivan the Terrible had to reign was very difficult. Six months after the wedding, fires began that destroyed tens of thousands of houses, property, livestock, and food supplies. This is all that is necessary for life. And the worst thing is that more than one thousand people died in the fire. The grief that befell the people led to discontent and despair. Riots, uprisings, turmoil began. The wedding of Ivan the Terrible to the kingdom turned out to be a difficult test for him.

It was necessary to solve important tasks: to strengthen "judgment and truth" and further expand Orthodox Russia. Still dreamed about it Grand Duke Moscow - Ivan III, who laid the core of the Russian state. However, there were many obstacles in the way. Each principality gravitated toward independence. Boyars fought among themselves for power. Princes aspired to power and greatness.

Government methods

According to historians, as a result of secret murders, Ivan IV was left an orphan at the age of eight. He considered himself neglected, offended and accumulated anger against humanity. Growing up, he acquired cruelty, for which over time he began to be called Grozny. The crowning of Ivan the Terrible to the kingdom (1547) is the beginning of a period of cruelty, violence in Russia by the Grand Duke, who received the title of Emperor. An example is the complaint of 70 Pskov residents about the atrocities of the governor - Prince Pronsky. Za subjected the complainants to severe torture. This entailed the permissiveness of local rulers. Feeling impunity, they continued to commit excesses.

Permissiveness and its consequences did not make us wait long for retribution: bloody terror began. This caused confusion, popular unrest in Moscow and other cities. To suppress discontent, cruel measures were used: terrible executions, in which the tsar himself took part.

The positive side of kingship

And the coronation of Ivan the Terrible to the kingdom is noted by historians as positive achievements for the Russian state. Among the transformations is the restriction of parochialism (code of service), which obliges not only serfs, but also the landowners themselves to serve. The reform of local government provided for the replacement of the power of governors with elected bodies. This greatly curtailed abuse. Much attention was paid to the construction business. Old and new stone buildings for various purposes were updated.

In 1560, a beautiful pleasing sight appeared in Moscow today. The crowning of Ivan the Terrible to the kingdom led to significant changes in foreign policy.

Foreign policy

As a result of the strengthening of the paramilitary forces, the borders of the Russian state were expanded. In 1556, it was finally conquered and annexed to Kazan. In the same year, the Astrakhan Khanate was also conquered. On June 30, 1572, a decisive battle took place near Moscow, as a result of which the Tatars were defeated and fled, leaving the famous commander Divey-Murza in captivity. With Tatar yoke was finished forever. The wedding of Ivan the Terrible to the kingdom, the century of his reign are defined as a time of significant changes.

In the history of Orthodox Russia, a turning point recent years reign of Ivan the Terrible was the death of his son. Historians note that the king killed his son in a fit of anger, inflicting a wound on his temple with a staff. Recovering from what had happened, Grozny realized that he had destroyed the future of his dynasty. The younger son Fedor was in poor health: he could not lead the country. The loss of an heir due to his own cruelty finally undermined the health of the king. The worn-out organism could not stand the nervous shock, three years after the death of his son, on March 18, 1584, Ivan the Terrible died.

Bright personality in Russia

After the death of the king, a monastic rite of tonsure was performed on him, giving him the name Jonah. The crowning of Ivan the Terrible to the kingdom can be briefly described as a bright, but at the same time a dark spot in the history of Great Orthodox Russia. The psychological shock received at a very young age and the burden of fame, power, responsibility that fell on him determined his personal actions and state decisions.

For history, the crowning of Ivan the Terrible to the kingdom (the year 1547) was the beginning of a significant era in the formation of the Russian state. Thanks to its first king, his reign, there appeared Russian empire which exists and develops to this day.

Crowning the kingdom

Crowning the kingdom solemn, sacral in nature, the acceptance by the monarch of the symbols of his power. The state act of crowning the kingdom declared the territorial integrity of the Russian state, the political sovereignty and unity of the Russian nation, which was guaranteed by the autocratic power of the tsar. This act regulated in detail the rite of the Crowning of the kingdom (the initial rite of placing on the great reign), feature which was a combination of secular and spiritual rites. The latter consisted in the sacrament of chrismation - the extraordinary gift of the Holy Spirit, communicated only to the prophets, apostles and sovereigns. This rite affirmed the sacredness of the person of the sovereign (“anointed of God”) as the earthly vicar of God, who has divine attributes: a throne (throne) and a staff. "Planting on the table" was in Russia a ritual ceremony of accepting the grand duke's power and was performed in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. Among the most ancient attributes of the sovereign's "rank" is a "golden hat" with a fur trim (its appearance is associated with the influence of Turkic traditions, where such a headdress served as a symbol of vassalage). As the Muscovite state was liberated from dependence on the part of the Golden Horde, the grand ducal cap lost its former status; It received its name "Monomakhov's hereditary golden cap" under Ivan IV the Terrible. In the rank of setting for a great reign, the grand ducal barmas and the “golden great” belt also appeared, under the Grand Duke Vasily I, the so-called life-giving cross, on which the Russian sovereigns gave the kiss of the cross at the Crowning of the kingdom.

The ceremony of the Crowning of the kingdom was first introduced by Ivan III, who considered himself the successor of the Byzantine emperors; On February 4, 1489, Ivan III crowned his grandson Dmitry to the “great reign of Vladimir and Moscow and Novgorod”, placing on him barm and Monomakh's cap. The wedding was accompanied by a magnificent feast at the Grand Duke. The wedding to the kingdom of Ivan IV the Terrible took place on January 16, 1547, according to the order of the wedding of Dmitry. In the doctrine of the divine origin of royal power, officially enshrined under Ivan IV, the monarch was called the hereditary sovereign from his “ancestors”, the successor of an ancient dynasty dating back to the Roman and Byzantine “cesars”. The succession of the Byzantine crown to the Russian sovereign was finally confirmed by a conciliar charter of the clergy of the Eastern Orthodox Church sent with the blessing of the Patriarch of Constantinople to Tsar Ivan IV in 1561 along with the book of the royal wedding of the Byzantine emperors. In the conciliar ("affirmative") charter of 1561, the rank of tsar in Russia was approved, and the entire order of the sacred action ("the rite of crowning the kingdom") was set out. For the first time, the ceremony of the Crowning of the kingdom in its entirety, according to the order of the wedding of the Byzantine emperors, was performed on May 31, 1584 at the Crowning of the kingdom of Fyodor Ivanovich. Home integral part The ceremony was the “great” exit of the sovereign with his retinue to the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin (for the “great” exits at the wedding, the Golden, later Red Porch of the Faceted Chamber was intended). Inside the Cathedral of the Assumption, a special royal place (the "chamber of 12 steps") was arranged on the side of the western doors for Metropolitan Dionysius to lay the royal crown on the head of the king. At the same time, for the first time, as a coronation regalia, a Russian sovereign was assigned a power (“sovereign apple”) with a pommel in the form of a cross as a symbol of power over all the lands of the Orthodox world. After chrismation and communion in the altar, the procession of the sovereign from the Assumption to the Archangel Cathedral took place. The crowning of the kingdom was accompanied by a military festival on the Maiden's Field. On September 3, 1598, the Crowning of Boris Godunov took place (the ceremony was performed by Patriarch Job). The crowning of the kingdom and the chrismation of Fyodor Borisovich Godunov, who inherited the throne, were not performed due to the short duration of his reign. The wedding to the kingdom of False Dmitry I took place on July 22, 1605 (first, in the Assumption Cathedral, he was crowned by Patriarch Ignatius and presented with a scepter and orb, then in the Archangel Cathedral, Archbishop Arseny crowned him with a Monomakh's cap). On May 8, 1606, in spite of the protest of Archbishop Hermogenes, Patriarch Ignatius anointed and crowned Marina Mniszek, who refused to be baptized and receive communion. On June 1, 1606, Metropolitan Isidor of Novgorod crowned Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky as king. Due to the absence of the patriarch, the ceremony of the wedding ceremony for the kingdom of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov (July 11, 1613) was performed by Metropolitan Ephraim of Kazan. On September 28, 1645, Patriarch Joseph crowned Alexei Mikhailovich, for whom new regalia were made in Constantinople: in 1658 the golden scepter of the “second outfit”, in 1662 - power, in 1665 - “tiara” (barmas). At the Crowning of the kingdom (June 16, 1676) of Fyodor Alekseevich, the wedding ceremony was again carefully regulated in accordance with the wedding ceremony of the Byzantine emperors. On June 25, 1682, the wedding of two co-ruler brothers Ivan Alekseevich and Peter Alekseevich took place. For this rite, a double silver throne was specially made;

With the adoption of the title of "Emperor of All Russia" by Peter I, the wedding ceremony was replaced by a coronation, which led to significant changes both in the church ceremony and in the composition of the regalia.

O.G. Ulyanov.

Moscow. Encyclopedic reference book. - M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia. 1992 .

Synonyms:

See what "Wedding to the kingdom" is in other dictionaries:

Coronation, accession, accession to the throne, accession to the throne, coronation, enthronement Dictionary of Russian synonyms. crowning the kingdom n., number of synonyms: 6 enthronement ... Synonym dictionary

WEDDING TO THE KINGDOM- (rite of coronation) solemn presentation of the symbols of his power to the Tsar, accompanied by the Sacrament of Confirmation and others church rites … Legal Encyclopedia

The Red Gate, through which the coronation procession traditionally followed. Crowning the kingdom, the coronation ceremony of Russian monarchs, known since the time of Ivan III, the conductor of the idea of \u200b\u200bpra ... Wikipedia

A solemn ceremony that arose originally in the East, from here it passed to Byzantium and from the latter was borrowed by Russia. The first more accurate information about the V. of sovereigns does not go back more than half of the 5th century. According to the description of Byzantine historians, V. ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

- (rite of coronation), the solemn presentation of the symbols of his power to the Tsar, accompanied by the Sacrament of Confirmation and other church rites. The rite of coronation of Orthodox monarchs has been known since ancient times. The first literary mention of him came ... ... Russian history

WEDDING TO THE KINGDOM- see Art. Tsar … Orthodox Encyclopedia

It took place in 1605. Unlike all other coronation ceremonies in the Moscow Kingdom, the order of the coronation of False Dmitry I was threefold: Patriarch Ignatius laid the traditional Monomakh's cap and barmas in the Assumption Cathedral, then he also laid ... ... Wikipedia

The Christian rite of laying a crown (crown) on the heads of believers when they enter into a church marriage, as well as at the coronation of monarchs (crowning a kingdom) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

I; cf. to Get married (1 2 digits). ◁ Wedding, oh, oh (2 characters). B. rite. In th dress. In th candles. * * * wedding 1) the Christian rite of placing a crown (crown) on the heads of those entering into a church marriage. 2) Solemn, having a sacred character ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Wedding- church. marriage ceremony. It is named so because crowns (crowns) are held over the heads of the spouses. In the rite of V., in the very fact of crowning the young, purely ecclesiastics intersected. and Russian folklore ritual traditions. Folklore character are many. signs,… … Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

Books

Split. In 3 books. Book 1. Crowning the kingdom, Lichutin Vladimir Vladimirovich. Vladimir Lichutin for the first time in modern prose addresses the topic of the Russian religious schism - this national drama that befell Russia in the 17th century and accompanies the Russian people to this day. ...

The wedding ceremony for the kingdom is an ancient and very complex custom. In this article, we are talking only about some significant differences in the crowning of the kingdom in the XV-XVII centuries.

Among the indispensable attributes of the wedding to the kingdom in different times various regalia were used, many of which are on display at the Armory. Among them is a power symbolizing the Earth. At the time of the emergence of power among the symbols of state power, it was already well known that the Earth was round. Do not assume that people found out much later. Another, no less significant regalia is the scepter. This sign comes from the mace, a symbol of the power of the commander.
In ancient times, weddings for the great reign took place in the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv. Alexander Nevsky was married to the reign of Novgorod in Sophia of Novgorod. In Moscow, the son of Vasily Dmitrievich, the grandson of Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy, Prince Vasily Vasilyevich (Dark) in 1432, was first married for the Grand Duchy. Vasily II received a label for the great reign from the Tatar Khan. The ceremony took place in the old Assumption Cathedral, built in 1326 with the blessing of Metropolitan Peter during the reign of Ivan (I) Kalita.

In 1492, in the Assumption Cathedral, which has survived to this day, the wedding ceremony of the grandson of the living Grand Duke Sovereign Ivan III Vasilyevich, Dmitry Ivanovich, took place. Thus, Ivan Vasilievich appointed his grandson, the son of the deceased heir, Ivan Ivanovich, as his successor. It is known for certain that in this ceremony barmas were laid on Dmitry Ivanovich - the prince's mantle. The symbolism of the barm is very complex, in Byzantium, from where we borrowed all the attributes, this regalia was not there, and the closest attribute in time, from which the barm can come, is rooted in Ancient Egypt. The museum's exposition includes bars made much later. These are barmes of Turkish work belonging to Alexei Mikhailovich.
In 1534, three-year-old Ivan IV Vasilyevich, later nicknamed the Terrible, was crowned in Moscow. In 1547, he was remarried to the kingdom, but with the title of king. In 1547, first of all, a chain with a cross was laid on Ivan Vasilyevich, and only then a golden crown - the Cap of Monomakh.
There are several versions about the origin of the Cap of Monomakh. Most likely, this is the crown of the work of oriental masters. This version is supported by the presence of lotus flowers among the elements of the openwork ornament, clearly indicating its Asian origin.

During excavations near ancient city Barn archaeologists found buckles with exactly the same decoration in the form of a lotus flower. But the Cap of Monomakh, apparently, was made in a more major city- Bukhara or Samarkand and, as a gift, brought to Russia.
Eight plates, which make up the main volume of the Cap, symbolize 8 parts of the world, and the king wearing this headdress is the ruler of the eight parts of the world. Its weight is about 700 grams. The cross on the Cap appeared later.

For the first time, the Cap of Monomakh was used during the coronation of Dmitry Ivanovich in 1498. The last time a crown was placed on the head of Ivan Alekseevich was in 1682. In subsequent times, the ancient regalia was present in solemn ceremonies.
There was no chrismation at the wedding ceremony for the kingdom of Ivan IV Vasilyevich. He was called God's anointed after the fact, without an actual ceremony. For the first time, chrismation was included in the ceremony in 1584, when the last tsar from the Rurik dynasty, the son of Ivan IV, Fyodor Ioannovich, was crowned king.

During the wedding to the kingdom of Boris Godunov in 1598, he was first awarded the orb.

In 1606, the coronation ceremony of Maria Mnishek took place in the Assumption Cathedral. Moreover, she was crowned before the wedding. In European states, the wife of an emperor or king was crowned with him or after the coronation of the spouse. For example, Mary de Medici was crowned by her husband Henry IV a few days before his death in 1610, the emperor seemed to feel the end was approaching. In Moscow, False Dmitry decided that he needed to marry a royal person, and the day before the wedding, Marina Yuryevna was crowned without being married.
In 1613, at the coronation of 16-year-old Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, a chain was used for the first time. An inscription is engraved on the chain - this is the full title of the king. The chain is very complex, the rings of the chain are intricately intertwined. It symbolizes a single state, the chain of the state is inextricable, this can be seen in its structure. Each ring is connected not to one, but to three subsequent links.

The regalia of Mikhail Fedorovich are also presented in the Armory. The hat of the first tsar from the Romanov dynasty is the heaviest in the collection, it weighs about 2 kg.

The wedding ceremony for the kingdom of Alexei Mikhailovich in 1645 was particularly pompous. Several crowns were used on it, the tsar changed them.
In 1682, two kings were married to the kingdom. 10-year-old Peter and 16-year-old Ivan. For Peter, they made a crown of the second outfit. It is not as refined as the Cap of Monomakh, but it repeats the structure of the main crown. It is also made of eight gold plates and crowned with a cross.
The diamond crowns of the two kings are slightly different from each other. Ivan's crown is decorated only with diamonds, and chrysolites are included in Peter's crown. The decorations are laid out in such a way that two-headed eagles are composed of them.

The history of the double throne is interesting. It was remade from the old throne of Alexei Mikhailovich of German (Augsburg) work. The result of the alteration is too clearly visible. The steps leading to the throne are noticeably narrower than the width of the seats.
Peter's payment of 1691 was used in all court ceremonies, including the receptions of ambassadors until 1718. Peter was forced to wear it in order to comply with the court etiquette of that time.

The material was prepared on the basis of the lecture hall of the Kremlin, the lecture “Ceremonial court ceremonial”. Used photos posted in the public domain.