Types of synonyms in Russian and English. Types of synonyms

• SYNONYMS in the Dictionary of Literary Terms:
  - (from the Greek synonymos - of the same name) - words that are identical or very close in meaning, but not of the same root, for example: enemy, ...
• SYNONYMS in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (from the Greek synonymos - the same name) words, different in sound, but identical or similar in meaning, as well as syntactic and grammatical ...
• SYNONYMS
  (from the Greek synonymos - of the same name), words related to one part of speech, the meanings of which contain identical elements; distinct elements of these meanings ...
• SYNONYMS
  Synonyms are words of a close, contiguous, almost the same meaning. The process of creating new forms, new, differentiated categories in thought corresponds in language to the creation of new ...
• SYNONYMS in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (from the Greek synonymos - of the same name), words that are different in sound, but identical or similar in meaning, as well as syntactic and grammatical ...
• SYNONYMS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  [from the Greek of the same name] words, different in sound form, but identical or very close in meaning, used to distinguish between those or ...
• SYNONYMS in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  SYNONYMS (from the Greek syn? Nymos - the same name), words that are different in sound, but identical or similar in meaning, as well as syntactic. and …
• SYNONYMS
  ? words of close, contiguous, almost the same meaning. The process of creating new forms, new, differentiated categories in thought corresponds in language to creation ...
• SYNONYMS in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (from the Greek synonymos - of the same name) - words of the same part of speech (as well as, in a broader sense, phraseological units, morphemes, ...
• SYNONYMS in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
  (Greek synonymos - of the same name). Words that are close or identical in meaning, expressing the same concept, but different ...
• SYNONYMS in the New Dictionary of Foreign Words:
  (gr. synonymos of the same name) words, identical or close in meaning, expressing the same concept, but different or shades ...
• SYNONYMS in the Dictionary of Foreign Expressions:
  [words that are identical or close in meaning, expressing the same concept, but differing either in shades of meaning, or stylistic ...
• SYNONYMS in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
  (from the Greek synonymos - the same name), words that are different in sound, but identical or similar in meaning, as well as syntactic and grammatical ...
• ABSOLUTE RIGHTS in the Dictionary of Financial Terms:
  subjective rights, the holders of which are opposed by a certain number of obliged persons. The obligation according to ABSOLUTE RIGHTS always consists in refraining from performing acts, ...
• ABSOLUTE UNITS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  units, units of physical quantities included in the absolute systems of units. The term "A. e." often used in electrical engineering to denote absolute ...
• GESSEN SERGEY IOSIFOVICH in the Newest Philosophical Dictionary:
  (1887-1950) - Russian philosopher, teacher, lawyer. Studied in Heidelberg (under V. Wien-delband, B. Lask, M. Kontor, G. Jellinek) and in ...
• RIGHTS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  ABSOLUTE - see ABSOLUTE RIGHTS ...
• ENZYME INSUFFICIENCY in the Medical Dictionary.
• PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE in the Medical Dictionary:
  
• INTRAUTERINE MEANS in the Medical Dictionary.
• ENZYME INSUFFICIENCY
• INTRAUTERINE MEANS in the Medical Dictionary.
• PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE in the Medical Dictionary:
  The terms ulcer, peptic ulcer disease, peptic ulcer disease are used in relation to a group of gastrointestinal diseases characterized by the formation of areas of destruction of the mucous membrane ...
• WAR ECONOMY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  military, 1) a specific part of the national economy, subordinate in capitalist countries economic support preparation and waging of wars, in socialist - strengthening ...
• FREQUENCY DICTIONARY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  dictionary, a type of dictionary (usually monolingual), in which lexical units are characterized in terms of the degree of their use in a set of texts, representative ...
• AIRPLANE SPORT in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  sport, a type of military-technical sport, organically associated with the development of aviation, general and sports aircraft construction. Includes: 1) flights on airplanes of different ...
• SERIES OF DYNAMICS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  dynamics, statistical series characterizing the change (development) of socio-economic phenomena over time. For example, data on electricity production in the USSR for the period 1928-73 ...
• STARS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  self-luminous celestial bodies, consisting of incandescent gases, similar in nature to the Sun. The sun seems incomparably larger than the Z. only thanks to ...
• GRAVIMETRY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  (from Lat. gravis - heavy and ... metry), a section of the science of measuring quantities characterizing the Earth's gravitational field and using ...
• GASHUN GOBI in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  Gobi, a plain between the eastern spurs of the Tien Shan and the Khamian depression in the north and the Beishan mountains in the south, in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous ...
• ELECTRIC CAPACITY in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  This is the ratio of the amount of electricity available on any conducting body to the value of the potential of this body, provided that all conducting bodies, ...
• EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron.
• TAMBOV PROVINCE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  I belongs to the eastern half of the central agricultural region of European Russia. The length of the province from N to S from 100 to 400 ...
• MORTALITY in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  From a national point of view, it is very important to have as accurate information as possible about the movement of population in general and, in particular, about the number ...
• SELF-RECORDING DEVICES in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  In the study of various natural phenomena, it is sometimes necessary to meet such cases that cannot be fully characterized by any individual moments; such …
• PUNISHMENT in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  A. General concept he.; subject N. - Punishment in the most general sense is an external consequence associated with a violation of the prohibition ...
• MAGNETIC OBSERVATIONS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  
• KAFARS, QATARS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  (Greek ??????? - cleansing) - this name was already assigned to themselves by the Manicheans, but especially by the Gnostic-Manichean sect, which spread from the end of X ...
• UNITS OF MEASURES in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  Since ancient times, three kinds of measures have been used for practical needs: spatiality, weight and time. E. a measure is called such a basic measure, ...
• ELECTROCHEMISTRY*
• MORTALITY in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia.
• SELF-RECORDING DEVICES * in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
  ? In the study of various natural phenomena, it is sometimes necessary to meet such cases that cannot be fully characterized by any individual moments; ...
• PUNISHMENT in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia.
• MAGNETIC OBSERVATIONS in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
  produced for the purpose of studying the phenomena of terrestrial magnetism. They are of three kinds: absolute, variational and with the help of a magnetograph (see M. devices, and ...
• KAFARS, QATARS in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
  (Greek ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? This name was already assigned to themselves by the Manicheans, but especially by the Gnostic-Manichean sect, which spread from the end of X ...
• UNITS OF MEASURES in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
  ? Since ancient times, three kinds of measures have been used for practical needs: spatiality, weight and time. E. the measure is called such a basic ...
• ORBIT in Collier's Dictionary:
  in astronomy, - the way celestial body in space. Although the trajectory of any body can be called an orbit, they usually mean a relative ...
• KEEP in the Popular Explanatory and Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  -n "yu, -n" ish, nsv. ; save "itit, Sov. 1) (what) Contain smth. somewhere, keeping it from spoilage, damage, damage. Store milk ...

In different speech situations, to denote one concept, the speaker uses words of different stylistic coloration: sleep (neutr.) - rest (high) - sleep (decrease). For synonyms, it is also important that they distinguish them. Individual characteristics values ​​allow you to highlight the types of synonyms in the vocabulary.

1. Synonyms-doublets are also called absolute synonyms... They express equal in meaning, interchangeable in the text, concepts: sailor - navigator, spelling - spelling, lame - lame, overlooked - overlooked.

2. Ideographic synonyms are also called conceptual. These words are close, but not identical in meaning: to do, to fulfill, to carry out; silence, silence, silence. Ideographic synonyms belong to the same part of speech and differ in the following ways:

1) the intensity of the manifestation of the trait, quality: wet, damp, wet; elderly, old, decrepit, middle-aged;

2) dynamics of action: shine, shine, sparkle; throw, throw, throw;

3) internal differences of phenomena, their purpose or cause: faded, faded (from time), faded (from washing), burnt out (from the sun).

3. Stylistic synonyms express the same meaning, replacing each other in different speech situations (high, neutral and low): reproduce - repeat - hammer; hoax - deception - swindle. A neutral word in a synonymous group is used in all styles, high and low words, as it were, "diverge" from it in the form of rays. High and low usage words express emotion and appreciation. As a rule, there are no “pure” stylistic synonyms in a language. Words express shades of meanings, they differ depending on the speaker's attitude to the subject of speech. For example, in the group of synonyms pet, darling, favorite, protege, lover, darling, pet, soul-man, passion there are positive evaluative names with a high color (lover), negative ones with a reduced color (darling) and book (favorite).

Modern russian literary language/ Ed. P.A.Lekanta - M., 2009

Synonymy is a common phenomenon in almost every language. Different types synonyms enrich the language and give speech a certain stylistic character. Synonymy allows you to choose the best words for a different style of communication, as well as to more accurately describe a specific situation.

Synonym concept

Synonyms are words that belong to the same part of speech, and the meaning of which is identical or very close. Synonyms can be substituted for each other. At the same time, the proposal does not lose its meaning. For example, the word “option” can easily be replaced with the word “version”, and the sentence will carry the same information.

Synonymous row

The choice of the optimal synonym for a particular situation or sentence is carried out from a group of words that are in a synonymous relationship. In this case, these words are called synonymous series. This group can include different types of synonyms. The synonymous series has one central or main word, which more accurately conveys and generalizes the meaning of all words in a particular group. This word is dominant, and it can be easily applied in absolutely any style of speech and situation. For example, dare - dare - dare. All words in this synonymous series have almost identical meanings, however, it is the word "decide" that summarizes them. For example, in the synonymous row: loud - sonorous - deafening - thunderous, the dominant word is loud, since it has no additional meanings.

Types of synonyms

Depending on the features and basic characteristics, they distinguish the following types synonyms in Russian:

• Complete or absolute. In this case, synonyms are absolutely interchangeable, and they can be safely used in the same situations without losing their meaning. For example, hippopotamus - hippopotamus, spelling - spelling, etc.
• Semantic or semantic. Semantic types of synonyms belong to the same style of speech and can be interchangeable, but differ in additional shades of meaning. For example, glitter - sparkle - radiance.
• Stylistic. In this case, we are talking about situations where there is an interchangeable synonymy. The types of synonyms then describe the same object or phenomenon, but cannot replace each other in the same style of speech. For example, to fall - to slam. The second word is used in a colloquial style and cannot be used in official speech.
• Semantic and stylistic. These synonyms differ from each other in the presence of additional semantic or stylistic shades, as well as in a variety of uses. For example, contract - pact - agreement - condition - agreement. Despite the obvious closeness, these words have different meanings. A contract is an agreement of a commercial nature. Covenant - means an international treaty. A condition is an agreement about something, given orally or in writing. An agreement is a formal contract. The very word “treaty” is broad and universal.

Features of absolute synonyms

Synonyms, their types and role in the language depend on how much they can enrich the language and give speech additional semantic meaning. As for absolute synonyms, since they are completely interchangeable, they do not have such a function. In this regard, the number of absolute synonyms in almost any language is small. We are talking about such words as the prefix - prefix, fricative - slot, etc.

The existence of such synonyms does not last forever. Over time, absolute synonyms begin to receive additional meanings and semantic or stylistic shades and cease to be absolute. For example, in the 19th century, words such as "believe" and "believe" were absolute synonyms, but today these words have different meanings.

Semantic synonym value types

Semantic types of lexical synonyms can have additional connotations, which mean:

• The scope of actions or phenomena. In this case, the synonym can have a wider or narrower meaning. For example, "cook - cook" or "catch up - catch up". In these variants, the first words have a broader meaning than the second.
• The degree of manifestation of a particular trait. For example, "infatuation - passion" or "fast - lightning fast". In these pairs, the words are close in meaning, however, they have a different level of their manifestation.
• Description of the category of concreteness or abstractness. For example, "way - road" or "exist - live". The first words in pairs describe abstract meanings, while the second are more concrete.

Semantic synonyms can also give words other additional meanings. For example, the words "vouch" and "provide". The second option means not only a guarantee, it also implies the creation of conditions for the implementation of these guarantees.

Groups of stylistic synonyms

The types of synonyms in this series have a heterogeneous meaning. The environments of these synonyms are divided into the following groups:

• Words that describe categories from different historical periods. For example, this, this; airplane, airplane; Velmi, very, etc.
• Words that have a different stylistic connotation. The shade can be bookish, official, generally accepted, colloquial, vernacular, etc. For example, sleep, rest; face, muzzle; smart, brainy, etc.
• Words that are used in different spheres of speech. Words can be general, professional, slang, and dialectal. For example, a cook, cook; parents, ancestors, etc.
• Words that denote not the direct name of an object or action, but its euphemism. For example, restroom, toilet; crazy, insane, etc.
• Words with different lexical origins - Russian and foreign. For example, agricultural, agrarian; thought, idea; lack, deficiency, etc.

Such an additional meaning of words concretizes the scope of their use and makes speech richer and more focused.

Features of semantic and stylistic synonyms

Semantic-stylistic types of synonyms are characterized by the presence of words with different stylistic connotations and semantic meanings. This is expressed as follows:

• The presence of a common meaning, but a different style. For example, take out and take out. The first word is generally accepted, while the second is more bookish, and at the same time additionally it means that something is obtained with some difficulty.
• General style, but the presence different meaning... For example, long and long. Two words can be used in different styles speech, however, the second word has an additional semantic meaning - very long.
• The presence of a positive or negative connotation. For example, a poet and poet. The meaning of the words is identical, however, the second has a clear negative connotation.

Semantic and stylistic synonyms make speech more figurative and artistic.

Synonyms in English

For English, as well as for almost any language, the presence of synonyms is characteristic. They can appear in the language both accidentally and in order to give the word additional stylistic and semantic meaning. As for the synonyms of the English language, they can:

• Not coincide in all meanings of the word. This is especially true if the word is ambiguous and only one of its meanings can be synonymous with another word.
• It does not coincide in all values ​​of a combinatorial nature. This means that a word can act as a synonym only if it is combined with other words or stands in a specific context.
• Differ in place, scope and time of use.

The types of synonyms in English depend on these characteristics.

Types of English synonyms

The following types of synonyms exist in English:

• Full and partial. Full synonyms have the same dictionary meanings. For example scriptwriter and screenwriter. As for partial synonyms, we are talking about polysemous words, for which only some of the meanings of the word are synonyms. For example, the words convince and persuade. Two words have total value- make someone believe in something. The second word, however, also has another meaning - to persuade, which the first word does not.
• Combinatorially identical and combinatorially nonidentical. The speech is about the fact that some words may coincide in lexical meanings, but not coincide in combinatorial ones, that is, they cannot replace each other in different contexts. For example, the words prison and jail. The two words mean prison. They can be replaced in the phrases in prison and in jail, but the phrase jail bird, which colloquially describes a prisoner, cannot be replaced with the same phrase with the word prison.
• Words with identical meanings, but different emotions. For example, the phrases get arrested and get nailed. Both phrases mean "to be arrested", but the second has a rude connotation.

There are also structural types of synonyms for the English language. These are simple and complex words. Simple ones consist of one word, complex ones - of several. For example, flyer and flying man.

The emergence of synonymy in the language

Both in Russian and in English, synonyms can appear for various reasons:

• "Splitting" the meaning of the word. In this case, a single-valued word becomes polysemantic, and new meanings of the word can be synonyms in relation to other words. For example, the word "layer", which now also means "group".
• "Discrepancy" in the meanings of the word. This means that the meanings of the word go so far from each other that they can be included in different synonymous series. For example, the word "dashing", which can be a synonym for the word evil, as well as a synonym for the word bold.
• Borrowing from other languages. In this case, the language contains both native words and words of foreign origin. For example, area - sphere, general - global, etc.

These processes in the language do not stop, which leads to the disappearance of the meaning of some words and the appearance of others.

Synonym functions

In any language, synonyms perform the following functions:

• Substitution. By using synonyms, a person can avoid repetition.
• Refinement and specification. The ability of a person to convey his thought more accurately.
• Expression. Synonyms allow you to give speech an emotional and stylistic connotation.
• Grade. Using synonyms, you can demonstrate your relationship to objects or events.
• Explanation. With the help of synonyms, special terms can be explained.
• Comparison and contrast. Using synonyms, the author can demonstrate the differences between objects and phenomena.

Synonyms make the language richer and more varied. Different types of synonyms allow you to clarify, concretize, evaluate and give emotionality to speech.

Synonyms in Russian

A. Signs of synonyms.

Synonyms (gr. synonymos- of the same name) are words,

• different in sound,
• but identical or similar in meaning,
• belonging to the same part of speech,
• often differing in stylistic coloring .

For instance: here - here, wife - spouse, look - look, homeland - fatherland, motherland.

Synonyms are usually denote the same phenomenon of objective reality... The nominative function allows you to combine them into open rows, which are replenished with the development of the language, with the emergence of new meanings in words.

On the other hand, synonymous relations can disintegrate, and then individual words are excluded from the synonymous series, acquire other semantic relations.

For example,

• word scrupulous formerly synonymous with haberdashery(cf .: trades London scrupulous(A. Pushkin)), now synonymous with the words delicate, delicate;
• word vulgar is no longer synonymous with words common, popular(cf. the hope expressed by the writer Trediakovsky that the book he wrote will be at least a little vulgar) and moved closer to the next: vulgar - rude, low, immoral, cynical;
• at the word dream the semantic correlation with the word is currently broken thought(cf .: What a terrible dream!(A. Pushkin)), but preserved with the words dreaming, dreaming.

In most cases, synonyms, denoting the same thing, characterize it from different points of view.

Synonyms are recorded in special dictionaries - dictionaries of synonyms (see below links).

Some linguists do not consider it synonymous:

• words denoting generic relations: flower - chamomile;
• words denoting related concepts: house - apartment.

B.Synonymous row.

A group of words consisting of several synonyms is called synonymous series(or socket): doctor— doctor— healer— Aesculapius.

Synonymous series can consist of both multi-root and from single-rooted synonyms: face - face, overtake - overtake; fisherman - fisherman, fisherman.

In the first place in the synonymous row, a common in meaning and stylistically neutral word is usually put - dominant(lat. dominans- dominant) (it is also called the pivotal, basic, pivotal word). Other members of the series clarify, expand its semantic structure, complement it estimated values... For instance, brave -intrepid,daring,dashing,.

So, in the last example, the dominant of the series is the word brave, it most succinctly conveys the meaning that unites all synonyms, - "without fear" and free from expressive and stylistic shades... The rest of the synonyms are distinguished semantically and stylistically and by the peculiarities of their use in speech. For instance,

• intrepid- a bookish word, interpreted as "very brave";
• swashbuckling- folk-poetic, means "complete prowess";
• dashing- colloquial - "brave, taking risks";
• synonyms brave, brave, fearless, fearless differ not only in semantic nuances, but also in the possibilities of lexical compatibility (they are combined only with nouns that name people; one cannot say “brave project”, “fearless decision”, etc.).

Members of the synonymous series can be not only separate words, but also stable phrases (phraseological units), as well as prepositional-case forms: a lot - over the edge, without counting, chickens do not peck... All of them, as a rule, perform the same syntactic function in a sentence.

The Russian language is rich in synonyms, rare synonymous series have two or three members, more often there are many more.

B. Types of synonyms.

1. Complete(absolute) synonyms, or doublets, most often there are parallel scientific terms: spelling - spelling, nominative - nominative, fricative - slit, as well as single-root words formed using synonymous affixes: squalor - squalor, guard - guard... There are not very many complete synonyms in the language.

2. Synonyms that differ in shades in meanings are called semantic (semantic, ideographic): wet - wet, damp reflect a different degree of manifestation of the sign - "having significant moisture, saturated with moisture"; die - die, disappear- “cease to exist, be destroyed (as a result of disasters, the impact of any forces, conditions)”.

3. Synonyms that have differences in expressive-emotional coloring and are therefore used in different styles of speech are called style: wife(general consumption) - spouse(official), young(colloquial) - newlyweds(book), eyes(neutral) - eyes(vys.), face(neutral) - muzzle(reduced) - face(vys.)

4. Synonyms that differ in shades of meaning and stylistically are called semantic and stylistic... For instance, wander- the word bookish, meaning “to go or go without a definite direction, without a goal, or in search of someone or something”; circle (whirl) - colloquial, meaning "changing the direction of movement, often get to the same place"; stray- everyday colloquial meaning "to go or go in search of the right direction, the right road"; with the same meaning: get confused- colloquial, to fornicate- colloquial.

The language is dominated by semantic and stylistic synonyms.

5. Words that converge in meaning only in the same context are called contextual(situational, occasional, author's) synonyms: Salt lay for hundreds of miles, for hundreds of miles, for hundreds of kilometers, feather grass rustled, a grove of cedars was black(A. Akhmatova). Contextual synonyms are not reflected in synonym dictionaries.

In the context, words are synonymized that in their essence are not synonyms. So, the girl can be called baby, beauty, laughter, whim, flirt; dog - Bug etc.

D. Basicfunctions of synonyms.

1. Clarification based on incomplete coincidence of the meanings of synonymous words: synonyms allow you to "add" missing meanings, to reveal new sides in the designated: He ran, or rather rushed.

2. Substitution based on the fact that in a number of contexts the differences between synonyms are erased, and this allows you to avoid repetitions of the same words: He made a mistake, but his mistake was not noticed..

3. Euphemisation is called a deliberately imprecise designation of reality: the boss is delayed (= is late), he is not far (= stupid).

4. Contrast synonyms highlights the differences between synonyms: She did not walk, but walked.

Additionally:

Lexical doublets denoting the same: a) in meaning; b) stylistic coloring; c) contextual conditions; d) the connotative properties of objects and concepts; e) possessing the same lexical compatibility; f) related to one style of speech; g) most often used in scientific speech: hippo - hippo; century - century.

• - a class of methods for obtaining the absolute date of an archaeological, geological or paleoanthropological object ...

  Physical Anthropology. Illustrated Explanatory Dictionary

• - see synonyms ...

  Terminological dictionary-thesaurus on literary criticism

• - the highest or lowest value of any meteorological or hydrology, element observed over a long period of time: air temperature, amount of atmospheric ...

  Ecological Dictionary

• - markers on maps, indicating the heights of points of the terrain above sea level. ...

  Marine vocabulary

• - modal characteristics applicable to individual objects and, accordingly, to pairs of objects. A. m. Act as properties of objects. S. m. - as a relationship between objects ...

  Dictionary of logic

• - ....

  encyclopedic Dictionary economics and law

• - subjective rights, the owners of which are opposed by an indefinite number of obliged persons. The corresponding A. p. corresponds to the obligation of all other persons to refrain from committing acts that infringe upon ...

  Encyclopedia of the Lawyer

• - based on the principles of the supremacy of the constitution and laws, democracy and political pluralism, freedom and equality of citizens, inalienable human rights ...

  Political science. Dictionary.

• - P., requiring the unconditional implementation of this therapeutic or diagnostic measure ...

  Comprehensive Medical Dictionary

• - subjective rights, the owners of which are opposed by an indefinite number of obliged persons. They are in correspondence with the obligation of all other persons to refrain from committing actions that infringe upon A. p. To the absolute ...

  Glossary of legal terms

• - subjective rights, the holders of which are opposed by a certain number of obliged persons. The duty corresponding to ABSOLUTE RIGHTS always consists in refraining from committing acts that infringe ...

  Financial vocabulary

• - units of physical quantities included in the Absolute systems of units. The term "A. e. " often used in electrical engineering to denote absolute practical electrical units ...
• - in the theory of law, a term that denotes a certain category of personal property rights. Thus, all forms of property rights are A. p. See also Law ...

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

• - the result of counting the total number of units in the population ...

  Explanatory translation dictionary

• - see synonyms absolute ...

  Dictionary of linguistic terms

• - Lexical doublets denoting the same: a) in meaning; b) stylistic coloring; c) contextual conditions; d) the connotative properties of objects and concepts; e) possessing the same lexical compatibility ...

  Syntax: Reference Dictionary

"absolute synonyms" in books

5. Synonyms of the most general nature

From the book Results of the Millennial Development, Vol. I-II the author Alexey Losev

5. Synonyms as much as possible general These are, first of all, the common term agathos - "good" and eidos - "specific species". As for the first term, we have already considered in detail its relationship with the terminology of beauty above (IAE IV 153 - 165) on

6.11. Absolute Units

From the book Shadows of the Mind [In Search of the Science of Consciousness] author Penrose Roger

6.11. Absolute Units The idea (originally proposed by Max Planck (1906) and brightened by John A. Wheeler (1975)) is that the three most fundamental constants of the universe are the speed of light c, Planck's constant (divided by 2?)? and

Absolute dates

From the author's book

Absolute datings A fundamentally new stage in the study of the Chinese Neolithic began in 1972 with the publication of the first series of absolute datings by radiocarbon analysis, the significance of which cannot be overestimated. Radio carbon dates have opened up brand new

Offensive synonyms

From the book Computer Terrorists [ The latest technology in the service of the underworld] the author Revyako Tatiana Ivanovna

Offensive Synonyms Microsoft enlists a well-known Mexican linguist to fix a thesaurus in the Spanish-language version of Office. The company representatives met with Professor Luis Fernando Lara, who is the author of the popular Spanish

Synonyms

From the book Encyclopedic Dictionary (C) author Brockhaus F.A.

Synonyms Synonyms are words of close, contiguous, almost the same meaning. The process of creating new forms, new, differentiated categories in thought corresponds in language to the creation of new shades of expression - synonyms. Not always does a new shade of thought get a new name;

Synonyms

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (SI) of the author TSB

Author synonyms

From the book Help on the AlReader 2.5 program by the author olimo

Synonyms for Authors Librarian allows you to combine the same authors in books in different ways using a synonym file. This file should have the name ALIASE.txt and be located in the program settings directory Example of lines in the list of synonyms PUSHKIN A = PUSHKIN

3.5. Synonyms

From the book Advertising text. Compilation and design methodology the author Berdyshev Sergey Nikolaevich

3.5. Synonyms Synonyms are words with approximately the same or completely identical (contextually) lexical meaning, but with completely different spellings and sounds. Synonymy is extremely useful as an expressive means of language, because it expands

Dopmin Synonyms. Dopamine, Dopamine

From the book Modern Medicines for Children the author Pariiskaya Tamara Vladimirovna

Dopmin Synonyms. Dopamine, Dopamine Group of drugs. Medicines used for circulatory failure. Composition and form of release. Solution for infusion in ampoules of 5 ml (1 ml of solution contains 40 mg of dopamine hydrochloride)

Test 2. Find synonyms

From the book Gifted Child [Illusions and Reality] the author Yurkevich Victoria Solomonovna

Test 2. Find synonyms This test reveals your sense of the word. There are six words in each row: two of them are more closely related than the rest, mean almost the same thing. Find these two words. Emphasize them. Example: walk, run, ride, fly, sit,

War and betrayal are synonymous!

From the book Rebellious South the author Zhirinovsky Vladimir

War and betrayal are synonymous! I knew and felt that the books "The Last Throw to the South" and "The South is War" will require continuation. Life itself will demand. And death. Death, which all these years have been sown by "petty-power chauvinists" different kinds... To this day, this is the most

"Documentary and contemporary are not synonymous"

From the book Literary Newspaper 6427 (No. 33-34 2013) the author Literary Newspaper

“Documentary and contemporary are not synonyms” Igor GUSKOV, Program Director of the VOICES International Film Festival (Vologda Independent Cinema from European Screens). Lives in France, collects a program of films for Vologda every year, noteworthy and professional

THE TERM "HURT" AND ITS SYNONYMS

From the book About one ancient fear. Whom and how sorcerers "spoil" author Hegumen N.

THE TERM "CORRUPTION" AND ITS SYNONYMS The term "spoilage" has been used in Russia since ancient times. Moreover, it has always been used exclusively to designate precisely those forms of mental and physical illnesses that were caused with the help of " dark forces"And secret witchcraft knowledge. Full

SIN AND DEATH ARE SYNONYMS

From the book Patriarch and Youth: A Conversation Without Diplomacy the author author unknown

SIN AND DEATH ARE SYNONYMS But sin is death. Death came through sin. Sin and death are synonymous. Everyone knows that sin is evil, but they don't always take into account that evil is dynamic. It never stays within the framework predetermined for it. Evil is always

SYNONYMS. About the groaning of a sinful soul

From the book Novice and Schoolboy, Mentor and Master. Medieval pedagogy in persons and texts author Bezrogov VG

SYNONYMS. THE GROWNING OF A SINOUS SOUL Book 2<…>Know yourself, man, know who you are, where your origin is from, why you were born and for what need you were brought into the world, how you are made, in what conditions you were brought up and why you were created in this world. Remember your rank, keep your rank,