Obsolete words are words that are no longer used in standard speech. Lexicographic analysis is used to determine whether a certain word is obsolete. He should show that now this word is rarely used in speech.
One of the types of obsolete words are historicisms, that is, designations of concepts that no longer exist. There are quite a lot of similar words among the designations of professions or social positions of a person that have ceased to be relevant, for example, one-palace, profos, scavenger, proviantmeister, postilion, potter. A huge number of historicisms denote objects of material culture that have gone out of use - horse-drawn carriage, splinter, chaise, bast shoes. The meaning of some words belonging to this category is known to at least some native speakers who recognize them without effort, but there are no historicisms in the active dictionary.
Archaisms are words that point to concepts that continue to exist in the language, for which another word is now used. Instead of "so that" they say "so that", instead of "from the beginning" - "from ancient times, always", and instead of "eye" - "eye". Some of these words are completely unrecognizable by those who encounter them, and thus they are already dropped out of the passive vocabulary. For example, the word "in vain" is not recognized by many as a synonym for "in vain." At the same time, its root has been preserved in the words “vanity”, “vainly”, which are still included, at least, in the passive dictionary of the Russian language.
Some archaisms have remained in modern Russian speech as components of phraseological units. In particular, the expression "cherish as the apple of an eye" contains two archaisms at once, including "the pupil", which means "pupil". This word, as opposed to the word "eye", is unknown to the vast majority of native speakers, even educated ones.
Words go out of active use and fall into the passive vocabulary gradually. Among other things, the change in their status is due to changes in society. But the role of directly linguistic factors is also essential. An important point is the number of connections of this word with the rest. A word with a rich set of systemic connections of a different nature will go noticeably more slowly into a passive dictionary.
Obsolete words do not have to be ancient. Relatively recent words can quickly fall into disuse. This applies to many terms that appeared in the early Soviet era. At the same time, both initially Russian words and borrowings, such as “battle” (battle), “victoria” (meaning “victory”, but not a female name), “fortecia” (victory) become obsolete.
Archaisms are divided into a number of categories depending on the nature of their obsolescence. The main option is archaisms proper-lexical, such words are completely outdated. For example, it is “like”, meaning “which” or “eye”, that is, the eye. Lexico-semantic archaism is a polysemantic word that is obsolete in one or more meanings. For example, the word "shame" still exists, but no longer means "spectacle." In lexico-phonetic archaisms, the spelling and pronunciation of the word has changed, but the meaning has been preserved. "Guishpan" (now Spanish) belongs to this category of archaisms. The lexical-derivational type of archaisms contains prefixes or suffixes that make this form obsolete. For example, previously there was a variant of the verb "fall", but now only "fall" is possible.
Obsolete words in modern writing and oral speech can be used for different purposes. In particular, when writing historical novels, their presence is necessary for stylization. In modern oral speech, their function may be to enhance the expressiveness of what is said. Archaisms are able to give statements both solemn, sublime, and ironic.
You can see obsolete, rare and forgotten words in ours.
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Project theme: Dictionary of obsolete words
(on the example of A.S. Griboyedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit”)
Content
Introduction
Chapter I. What are obsolete words?
1.1 What are historicisms?
1.2. What are archaisms
Chapter II. Obsolete words in the comedy by A.S. Griboyedov
"Woe from Wit"
Conclusion
I.
II.
III.
IV.
v.
VI.
VII. References
VIII. Appendix
Page 3
Page 4
Page 6
Page 7
Page 9
Page 17
Page eighteen
Maintenance:
The language is constantly evolving, while individual words become obsolete and
become incomprehensible or obscure even in context. Study of
works of art of the last century at school causes
certain difficulties. This is primarily due to the fact that the language
works of Russian fiction XIX beginning XX reflected
many obsolete phenomena of reality that make it difficult to understand
the content of art works by students.
When there are no interlinear explanations at hand, the student most often leaves
such "dark" places without attention, and undeciphered meaning
unfamiliar or unfamiliar words turns into impoverished vision
the world of the past.
The purpose of this work is to compile a dictionary of obsolete words based on comedy
A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit".
To achieve this goal, we set the following tasks:
1. Get acquainted with the material on the passive vocabulary of the Russian language.
2. Find obsolete words in comedy, determine their lexical meaning
according to the dictionary.
3. Compile a dictionary of obsolete words to facilitate reading the work
future ninth graders.
The relevance of the study lies in the fact that when reading
works of fiction often have difficulties,
associated with understanding the meaning of individual words.
The problem of misunderstanding is one of the central problems of the modern world.
Let us consider only one, but extremely important manifestation of this problem,
since every schoolchild has come across it more than once, the degree of understanding
2
an excerpt from a text or a separate sentence where words occur,
out of active use, but being a means of cognition
the surrounding world, its history, culture, as well as a means of creating
the character of the hero.
The way out of this situation could be a dictionary to the work.
Thing
The object of study is the obsolete words of comedy.
study - the comedy "Woe from Wit" by A.S. Griboyedov.
Research methods: collecting information, working with text, analysis,
summarizing the results, compiling a dictionary.
Practical results: compiled "Dictionary of obsolete comedy words
A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". The task of the dictionary is to resolve lexical
difficulties that arise when reading a text, accustom to thoughtful reading
literature.
Chapter 1
The dictionary of the language includes active vocabulary, i.e. words that
currently used by all speakers or some part of the population,
and passive vocabulary, i.e. words that people either stop or only
are starting to use.
Passive vocabulary is divided into two groups: obsolete words and new ones.
words (neologisms).
Obsolete words are words lost in living speech, passed from
active vocabulary fund of the language into a passive one. Obsolete words divide
into historicisms and archaisms. Obsolete are words that are more
not used in standard speech. To determine if it applies
a certain word to obsolete, apply lexicographic
analysis. He must show that now this word is used in speech
rarely. One of the types of obsolete words are historicisms, that is
designations for concepts that no longer exist. Quite a bit of
3
similar words among the designations of professions or social positions
a person who has ceased to be relevant, for example, a single palace,
profos, moskatelshchik, proviantmeister, postilion, potter. Huge
the number of historicisms denotes objects of material culture,
out of use - konka, torch, chaise, bast shoes. Meaning
some words belonging to this category are known at least
at least some of the native speakers who effortlessly recognize them, but in
active
missing.
Words go out of active use and into passive
historicisms
vocabulary gradually. Among other things, changing their status
comes from changes in society. But an important role
directly linguistic factors. The important point is
the number of connections of this word with the rest. Word with rich set
systemic connections of a different nature will be noticeably slower to leave
into the passive vocabulary. Obsolete words do not have to be
ancient. Relatively recently emerged words can quickly come out of
use. This applies to many terms that appeared in the early
Soviet time. At the same time, initially Russian words become obsolete, and
borrowings, such as "battle" (battle), "victory" (meaning
"victory", but not a female name), "fortecia" (victory). obsolete words
in modern written and oral speech can be used with different
goals. In particular, when writing historical novels, their
presence is necessary for styling. In modern oral speech, their
function may be to enhance the expressiveness of what is said. Together with
the development of society and the state also changes the language. Part of concepts
remains in the past.
Are obsolete words necessary at all?
Obsolete words are often used by poets and writers to
recreating the atmosphere of a historical era. Reading a poem by Pushkin
4
"Ruslan and Lyudmila", we'll have to look in the dictionary to find out
the meaning of the words forehead (forehead) and cheeks (cheeks): “His forehead, his cheeks
burning with instant flames. In the 18th and 19th centuries, such words were
widespread. Obsolete words are also used for
giving an ironic tinge to the statements: “Without preparing
homework, the student, lowering his eyes, stood in front of a stern look
teachers." Many archaisms are still an adornment of dialogues.
No girl can resist calling her: “Gracious
empress!" Obsolete words are part of our history and our
of the past. These are linguistic evidence of historical development and
movement into the future.
1.1 What are historicisms?
Historicisms are words that name obsolete things, obsolete phenomena.
Historicisms do not have synonyms in modern Russian. explain them
meaning is possible only by resorting to an encyclopedic description. Exactly
this is how historicisms are presented in explanatory dictionaries.
Historicisms can
be accompanied in dictionaries by litters ist. (history), obsolete. (obsolete).
Among obsolete words, a group of historicisms stands out - words that call
concepts,
items,
reality.
phenomena,
who disappeared from the modern
The formation of a group of historicisms is associated with social transformations in
life of society, the development of production, the emergence of new technologies,
updating household items, etc. Therefore, define historicism by
the name of the realities of the past time found in the text.
For example: boyar, oprichnik, constable, shishak. One of the functions of historicism
as a nominative means in scientific and historical literature - to serve
names of the realities of past eras. So to recreate
5
historical specifics, use historicisms if you are working on
scientific historical monograph. Historicisms are called "omens"
time, therefore, do not have competing lexical elements in
modern language. Use historicisms that "belong" to a certain
to recreate historical paintings of different centuries.
era,
For example, historicisms associated with distant eras: tiun, governor,
helmet; historicisms denoting the realities of the recent past:
surplus appraisal, district committee, province. Another function of historicism is
act as a lexical means of expression in artistic
literature. Therefore, if you write works on historical
theme, use historicism to create the flavor of the era. In language
there are known cases of the return of historicisms to the active vocabulary. Such
words like governor, lyceum, gymnasium, leader are not perceived now
as outdated. Do not attribute such linguistic phenomena to historicism, since with
the return of the realities of reality, these words fall into the layer
Lexical meaning of historicisms
common vocabulary.
define according to the dictionary. Such words are marked
"obsolete". For example: “Carriage maker, a, m. (outdated). 1. Shed for carriages and others
crews. 2. Crew master. From this dictionary entry "Dictionary
Russian language” edited by R. M. Zeitlin, you will learn what is of interest
you word refers to the masculine gender, has a form in the genitive case in
singular "carriage house", is obsolete (historicism) and has
two values. Use historicism in speech and writing, only
specifying its meaning in the dictionary, so as not to look in the eyes of the interlocutor,
reader by an uneducated person.
1.2. What are archaisms?
Archaisms are words that have fallen into disuse and have been replaced by new ones.
6
In addition, they are used to create solemnity of speech, sometimes they
make it ironic. Archaisms, have in modern language
synonyms, with the help of which explanatory dictionaries explain their meaning,
accompanying them with the litter of obsolete.
In each period of the development of the language, words function in it,
belonging to common vocabulary, i.e. to active
vocabulary. Another layer of vocabulary is words that have come out of the active
use and “fallen” into the passive reserve.
Instead of "in order" they say "so that", instead of "from the beginning" - "from ancient times, always", and
instead of "eye" - "eye". Some of these words are completely unrecognizable by those who
collides with them, and thus they already fall out of the passive
vocabulary. For example, few people recognize the word "in vain" as
synonymous with "wrong". At the same time, its root was preserved in the words "vanity",
"in vain", while entering, at least, into the passive dictionary of Russian
language. Some archaisms remained in modern Russian speech as
components of phraseological units. In particular, the expression "cherish as an apple
eye" contains two archaisms at once, including "apple", which means
"pupil". This word as opposed to the word "eye" is unknown
the vast majority of native speakers, even educated ones.
To determine the belonging of archaism to subgroups that
make up a group of archaic vocabulary, find out if it is completely archaic
word or only partially. For example: in vain - in vain, this - this one,
cheeks - cheeks (stylistic synonyms). height - height
(archaic suffix design), hall - hall (archaic
form of belonging to the genus), hospital - hospital (archaic
sound form of the word), etc. Determine the belonging of archaism to
subgroup. Lexical archaism has in modern language
the corresponding synonym (vya - neck, from ancient times - from ancient times, zelo - very much).
Semantic archaism has been preserved in the modern language, but is used in
7
obsolete meaning (stomach - life, shame - a spectacle).
phonetic archaism retains the same meaning, but has a different sound
design (history - history, mirror - mirror).
word-formation archaism retains its former meaning, but has a different
word-formation structure (fisherman - fisherman, disaster - disaster).
Find out the stylistic function of archaism. Archaisms are used for
recreating the historical flavor of the era, so you can meet
a large number of archaisms in works of art on
historical topic. Archaisms are used to give color to speech
solemnity, pathetic excitement (in verse, in oratory
speech, in publicistic speech). Archaisms are used as
a means of speech characterization of the hero in work of art
(for example, persons of clergy, monarch). Archaisms are used for
creating a comic effect, irony, satire, parody (usually in
feuilletons, pamphlets, epigrams). When analyzing stylistic
functions of archaisms, it must be taken into account that their use can be
v
not associated with a specific stylistic task (for example,
humorous stories by A.P. Chekhov to create a comic effect),
but due to the peculiarities of the author's style. For example, A. M. Gorky
used archaisms as stylistically neutral words. Moreover,
archaisms are often used in poetic speech for rhythmic
organization of a poetic work or for rhyming. Most
a popular technique is the use of non-vowel words (breg,
hail).
voice,
gold,
Chapter II. Obsolete words in A.S. Griboedov's comedy "Woe from Wit"
Griboyedov reflected in the comedy the atmosphere and the main conflict of the era -
clash of new and old, progressive and conservative, "reason"
and "irrational reality".
8
In Griboedov's comedy, one can find many examples of words that came out of
use. Let's take a closer look at some of them. As an example
words that are not included in the modern normative language, but it is easy
perceived based on the context, the word reluctant can serve. On the
his wife's question about the ball at Famusov's, Platon Mikhailovich answers:
Natasha - mother, I doze off at the balls,
Before them, a mortal reluctant ... "(IV, 2)
We can easily understand that the word unhunter meant "a person not
wanting to do something or do something." Just as easy to understand
context and not currently used noun ordinary and little
used rare noun superstition. Both of these words are used in
of his speech Repetilov:
Here farces were so often petted to me,
That I am idle, that I am stupid, that I am superstitious,
What do I have for all premonitions, signs ...
Here are the people, are there any like them? Hardly…
Well, between them, of course, I am an ordinary person ... (IV, 4)
These nouns were formed on the basis of phrases: superstitious
man, ordinary man. The noun is also archaic
frills used by Chatsky:
And in St. Petersburg and in Moscow,
Who is the enemy of discharged persons,
fancy, curly words ... (III, 2)
The meaning of this word becomes clear when referring to the Dictionary
modern Russian language, which explains it this way:
fancy -
intricate techniques, means used to produce a large
impression. The meaning is fairly easy to discern from the context.
obsolete verb to last:
9
Prolonging disputes is not my desire. (Chatsky, II, 2)
to prolong - "to continue something, to delay." Not used in
contemporary literary language and the verb to sit down, although the context indicates
its meaning:
Put down your hat, take off your sword;
Here is a sofa for you, spread yourself out to rest. (II, 5)
take off means "take off". Griboyedov uses archaisms to
to recreate the era of that time.
We read Chatsky's monologue:
Are you not the one to whom I am still from the cradle
For some incomprehensible intentions
Did they take the children to pay respects?
That Nestor of noble villains,
Crowd surrounded by servants ...
Here (the line Children were taken to bow is more or less clear right away:
"They were taken to congratulate the child").
We leaf through the immortal comedy further. Comes to Famusov for the evening
Tugoukhovsky family. The voices of the princesses are heard:
3rd kn i f n a. What an esharp cousin gave me!
4th kn i n a. Oh yes, bare!
Even our fashionistas do not understand these remarks. It's clear just what they're talking about
outfits. But what and about what exactly? To understand this, one must know that the word
esharp means “scarf”, and the word barezhevy means “from barezh” (a special thin and
transparent fabric).
Here Puffer returns alive and well ("hand bruised slightly")
Molchalin, after the fall of the latter from the horse and Sophia's fainting, into the house and
tells her:
Well! I didn't know what would come of it
You irritate.
What he says to her, we understand only when we know the meaning of now
firmly forgotten archaism irritation - "excitement".
Let's look at individual proposals.
Famusov. 1) “Everyone managed beyond their years”; 2) “We take the tramps, and into the house and
by tickets"; 3) “The deceased was a respectable chamberlain, With a key, and his son was able to
leave"; 4) "To work for you, to settle you";
Repetilov. 5) “Taken under guardianship by decree!”; 6) "Other everything is gil"; 7) “With his wife and
he went into reversi with him.
These expressions become intelligible only when we take into account
the real meaning of the words that form them.
In modern language, these phrases can be translated something like this:
1) “Everyone has become smart beyond their years”; 2) “We take tramps as
teachers and tutors, and as visiting teachers (coming
teachers were paid "by tickets",
T.
e.
by notes,
certifying visit)"; 3) “The dead man was deserving
the highest respect of the chamberlain at the royal court (with the key
- with a golden key on his uniform as a sign of chamberlain rank) and
managed to make his son also a chamberlain”; 4) “To hard labor you, to
settlement"; 5) “My estate, by royal decree, was taken under
state supervision”; 6) “Everything else is nonsense, nonsense (cf.
slob of the same root)"; 7) "I played cards with his wife and with him"
(reverse - card game).
As mentioned above, historicisms are words denoting disappeared
realities. Based on the fact that the play was written in the 19th century, it is natural that we
we find in it the following historisms:
Assessor civil rank of the eighth class, as well as a person with this rank.
11
English club (club) in Russia since the time of Catherine the Second in English
a famous aristocratic club in Moscow was called a clob
the leading clubs of the 16th century in England
The maid of honor is the title of court lady attached to the empress
Zug tsug teams of horses in single file or one after the other
Dance master dance teacher.
And these are far from all the historicisms that can be found in the work.
A.S. Griboyedov.
Most of the outdated vocabulary of the comedy "Woe from Wit" is
archaisms. Archaisms are divided into several groups. Let's consider in more detail
each group.
1. Semantic archaisms are "words preserved in modern
language, however, used in a sense that is obsolete and
unusual for a modern native speaker". It can also be noted that
that semantic archaisms are polysemantic words, which are obsolete
one or more values.
The number of archaisms of this group in the literature of the 19th century is very large. In my own way
sound and structure, these words, at first glance, are familiar and understandable to us, but
if you look closely, they will be "far" from us. For example, the word
commission (“what a commission, creator, to be a father to an adult daughter ...”).
The dictionary gives the following interpretations of the word "commission":
1) a group of persons, or a body from a group of persons with special powers in
some institution;
2) an order executed for a certain remuneration;
3) (obsolete) troublesome, difficult business.
The word has many meanings, the first two meanings are modern, but the hero
comedy Famusov uses this word precisely in the 3rd sense, which
is marked obsolete.
12
Here are just a few examples of words in this group:
"... be a military man, be a civilian ...", "... Zagoretsky took the place
Skalozuba", "Oh! Potion, spoiled girl…”, “..what an opportunity!”, “…who would
I didn’t get carried away by them ..”, “... we find where we don’t mark ...”
Statsky in 1 meaning "the same as civilian"
Engaged in 1 meaning "occupied"
Potion in the 4th meaning "evil, caustic person"
Opportunity in the 2nd meaning "rare, unexpected case"
Not involved in 1 sign. "didn't stretch, didn't drag"
We mark in 4 numbers. "observe, guess"
2. Lexical archaisms. This group includes words that are obsolete
entirely and moved into the passive layer, and in modern Russian
used with another non-derivative form.
Such archaisms in comedy are the following words:
"...now she was sleeping ..." in 1 meaning, fell asleep; "...loud kisses..."
(obsolete and ironic) kissing; "... low worshiper" flatterer; "... how not to please
native ... "," ... they didn’t care about your upbringing .. " in 1 meaning
promote; "... time is not hot ..." in the 2nd meaning, has not come; "…not
you never complain ... "in the 3rd sense you do not accept.
In dictionaries, we find these words marked "obsolete". This allows
to conclude that these words are archaisms. Another sign
the fact that these words are gone from our active vocabulary is that we do not
we use words with such bases, that is, there was a complete replacement of some
words by others that we do not currently use.
3. Lexical derivational archaisms. To this group we include
words in which separate word-forming elements are outdated, but with
most often the root remains unchanged. Griboyedov can distinguish
13
word-building archaisms of three parts of speech: noun,
verbs and adverbs.
Nouns.
"... today I'm sick, I won't take off the straps ..." in modern language
used with another prefix according to (bandage); ... we take tramps ..."
there is no such form in the modern language either, the word is used without
rates.
"... and troubles cannot be overcome by slowness ..." we use this word with
prefix pro;
"... to please the daughter of such a person ..." in modern language with this
suffix is not used;
"... and there are uniforms ..." the word difference is commonly used. During
throughout the 19th century, the verbal noun was widely used with
suffix to a;
"...night robber, duelist..." modern form of "duelist".
Verbs.
"... deceived honors and nobility ..."; "... as a person who has grown up ..."; "...
we ascended, bowed ... "" the circle of bases, combined with the prefix vz in
the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century was wider than in the modern language ... but at the end of the 19th
the beginning of the 20th century, verbs with this prefix reduced their use "
"...how to compare, but look..."; "... I will raise everyone ..." in
modern language, verbs with the prefix po have been preserved in a certain
quantity. Now the verbs previously used with this prefix, we
use without it.
"... he promised to visit the priest..."; "...do not be angry, look..." both
verbs are formed from the infinitive using the postfix xia, this is an indicator
reflexivity of the verb, which is confirmed by the context and semantics.
Adverbs.
14
"... ready to ride again ..." "again" there was a replacement of the prefix
syz on the prefix with. In modern language, words with such a prefix can be
found in some dialects.
"hurriedly" hastily. In modern language, the word is used with
the suffix willow is derived from the adjective hasty. And here is the word
especially (especially) on the contrary, in the 19th century it was used with the suffix willow, but in
in modern language, this suffix has been lost and now this adverb is in Fr.
When asserting that a certain word is not used in modern
language, we used data from modern dictionaries.
4. Lexicophonetic archaisms. It should be noted that these are words
which, in the process of the historical development of the language, the sound
form.
"In comedy, there are a number of accentological archaisms that give
material that makes it possible to judge the living language of that time ... ". These are the words
whose accent is different from the modern one. Such archaisms in comedy
lots of.
"…not forever and ever…"; "... under the stars"; "....historian and geographer"; "….and
dances and singing"; "... judges always, everything"; ".... to drive you away" and
other.
Words rumatism ("... all rumatism and headaches ..."),
prihmacher
(hairdresser) are clearly borrowed. From the given pronunciation and spelling
we can conclude that these words have not yet taken shape in Russian 19
century, and these words are adapted to the speech of a Russian person by
simplification of the sound composition.
In the eighth word, we see a phenomenon when before the initial [o] did not develop
sound [in], it will probably happen later. We are now using the form
"eighth". But in dialects you can often find the form "eighth,
eighteen."
15
The words of the anti-stream, frunt, currently have a slightly different
phonetic composition of the root: contradiction, front.
The word clob is borrowed, and therefore in "Woe from Wit" we meet two
variant spelling of this word: klobklub. preserved in modern language
and approved the second option.
5. Morphological archaisms are words that are obsolete
grammatical form. This group should consider the following
parts of speech: noun, adjective, pronoun and
service parts of speech.
"... carried for the report" the form of the word report is explained by the declension of this
the words. In the 19th century there was a specialization of the form in y. given word
is a remnant of the ancient declension in th, here the form of the genitive
case, unit numbers, husband kind.
"... even a child was taken to bow..." "the word of a child in the late 18th early 19th century
usually inclined in the singular close to the Church Slavonic model with
variant forms of the instrumental case ... In live use at 19
century, forms without extensions were possible. From colloquial speech, these forms
penetrated into writing.
".... after three days turned gray ..." this form of the word day was
common. "In the second half of the 19th century, the form of days is known in
stylized speech. At the same time, the form of days was variant according to
relation to the main form on i.
adjectives in comparative degree: "...the older, the worse...", "...
more in number…”, “stunned louder than any trumpets”, “from the gentlemen away”
formed in two ways:
1. Through the suffixes eysh, aysh
2. Through the suffixes ee, e
The following part of speech is a pronoun:
16
"...for others, it's like a celebration ...". In modern language it is used
"other" form. Both of these forms are used in the text of the comedy.
Consider the service parts of speech:
Prepositions.
“I’ve been thinking about myself…”, “about yours, about upbringing” in the modern language
we use the preposition o. But these prepositions can be called synonymous.
Unions.
"But that's the trouble!" in the dictionary are used with the litter colloquial.
Conclusion
There are two similar groups of words in Russian vocabulary - archaisms and historicisms. Their
proximity lies in the fact that in the modern language there are practically no
are used, although for another hundred hundred years they used them no less than
than other words. Both archaisms and historicisms call words obsolete.
It is known that archaisms give the flavor of antiquity. Without them it was impossible
to reliably convey the speech of people who lived several hundred years ago.
In addition, archaisms often have a sublime, solemn connotation,
which will not be superfluous in poetic language, but completely unnecessary in
the language of official documents and often redundant in journalism. However
less, in modern publications, especially technical ones,
you can often see something like "this computer appeared in
sale ... "," ... therefore, we can say that ... ".
Often archaisms are used in a completely different sense - for example, they write:
"the rating was hard on", meaning that the rating was low, although
the meaning of the word impartial is independent, impartial. And all
because practically no one has the habit of looking into the dictionary in case
the occurrence of doubts.
17
Of course, it is absolutely impossible to discard archaisms, however, to decorate speech with them
you need to be very careful - as we can see, there are enough pitfalls here.
Obsolete words as a category of vocabulary have their own specific features,
presented in dictionaries of obsolete words. They can be found not only
interpretation of an incomprehensible word encountered in the lesson being studied
literature a work of art, but also to expand their knowledge of
bygone eras, learn a lot of interesting and entertaining information on
history and culture.
In conclusion, I would like to note that, by studying archaisms, we can
enrich both passive and active stock, improve language culture,
to add a “zest” to oral and written speech, to make it even more
more expressively and take advantage of the wealth that our fathers have saved for us
and grandfathers. It should not be forgotten that archaisms are a linguistic treasury -
the richest heritage that we have no right to lose, as we have lost
already a lot. In comedy A.S. Griboyedov, we meet with such words,
which are historicisms and archaisms for us modern
readers, but at the time of writing the analyzed work by the author
weren't like that. For A.S. Griboyedov, these were the usual words of his active
vocabulary, everyday use.
References:
1. Rogozhnikova R.P., Karskaya T.S.: Dictionary of obsolete Russian words
language. According to the works of Russian writers of the XVIIIXX centuries. Bustard, 2010
2. Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu.: Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, 4e
revised edition, Moscow, 2008.
3. Griboyedov, Alexander Sergeevich: Woe from Wit: a comedy in 4 acts,
Moscow, 1996
4. http://www.yaklass.ru/p/russkyyazik/10klass/leksikafrazeologiia
leksikografiia10519/passivnaialeksikaarkhaizmyiistorizmy10682/re
18aA
IA
A:
AA
a list of officials of all state institutions
[Repetilov:] Everyone went out to know
Everyone is important these days.
Looking at the address calendar.
English club (historical)
- a society of metropolitan aristocrats in Russia,
constantly gathering for conversation and entertainment in a
this room. He was famous for dinners and a card game, in many respects determined
public opinion. The number of members was limited, new members
adopted on the basis of recommendations after a secret ballot.
[Chatsky:] Then think, member of the English club,
I'll sacrifice whole days there to rumor
About the mind of Molchalin, about the soul of Skalozub.
As quarrels (historical)
army. The transition from class IX to VIII, especially for non-nobles, was considered
the most difficult. Until 1845, this rank was associated with receiving
hereditary nobility.
Rootless warmed and introduced into my family,
He gave the rank of assessor and took him to the secretaries;
Transferred to Moscow through my assistance;
And if it wasn't for me, you would smoke in Tver.
B:
Bar chewy (arch.)
cotton fabric of rare weaving.
What an esharp cousin gave me!
Oh! yes, bare!
- collegiate assessor - rank VIII class, equal to the captain in
- made from barege - woolen, silk or
eA
eA
20
oA
eA
uA
oA
- title of nobility below the count; title holder
- in the favor of an influential person, under the patronage
- paper currency; receipt presented in
Bar n (historical)
barony - the lowest degree of titled nobility.
[Repetilov:] I served as a civilian then.
Baron von Klotz to ministers methyl,
And I - To him as a son-in-law
Barin (historical) - boyar, lord, man of the highest class; nobleman
Ah! master! (Lisa)
Bill t(historical)
gentleman's office to pay money.
[Famusov:] We take tramps both to the house and by tickets.
Blezhen - happy, prosperous.
Blessed is he who believes, he is warm in the world!” Chatsky;
V:
In the next tea (historical)
influential persons. I. A. Krylov has the name of the fable: "Elephant in the case."
Then not what it is now
The nobleman in the case, all the more,
Not like the other, and drank and ate differently.
Vetreniki (arch.) - a place open to the wind from all sides
Let go, windmills yourself,
Come to your senses, you old people ... (Liza)
Suddenly a row (arch.)
Were you to laugh; how is he?
He got up, recovered, wanted to bow,
He fell suddenly in a row - on purpose ...
Fancy (arch.) - excessive pretentiousness in the performance of something [original.
about the elaborate pattern]. Speak without frills
. And in St. Petersburg and in Moscow,
Who is the enemy of written faces, frills, curly words ...
D:
aa
D evening
She is pleased that she found out everything at night,
There are no reproachful witnesses in the eyes,
Just like yesterday, when I fainted,
Here Chatsky was...
Court (historical) - the monarch and persons close to him.
... I ate on gold; one hundred people at your service;
- another time, again, again, a second time.
(d viche)
(arch.) – recently. shortly before the conversation.
aa
21
eA
- a room for courtyard girls in landowner, lordly
- excitement, excitement, confusion (obsolete military
Then not what it is now
Under the Empress, he served Catherine.
D vicya (arch.)
houses.
[Khlestova:] After all, the Lord created such a tribe!
Damn real; in girlish she;
Do you call?
To prolong - to continue something, to delay
Prolonging disputes is not my desire. (Chatsky)
F:
Yellow House (arch.) - in the old days the name of houses for the mentally ill; walls
these houses were usually painted in yellow.
[Zagoretsky:] ... How can I not know? exemplary case came out;
His uncle hid him in the mad ones;
They seized me, into a yellow house, and put me on a chain.
AND:
aa
Irritation (arch.)
term).
[puffer:] Well! I didn't know what would come of it
You irritate. Rushed in...
TO:
Carriage (arch.) - a closed passenger wagon with springs.
Get out of Moscow! I don't go here anymore!
I'm running, I won't look back, I'll go looking around the world,
Where there is a corner for the offended feeling ...
Carriage for me, carriage!
uA
K rtag (historical)
day) - a reception day at court.
At the courthouse he happened to step in;
He fell, so much so that he almost hit the back of his head;
The old man groaned, his voice hoarse;
He was granted the highest smile ...
L:
Casket - decreased. caress casket, skillfully made, decorated box for
storage of jewelry; box, chest.
Oh, the human race! fell into oblivion
That everyone himself must climb there,
In that chest, where neither stand nor sit. (Famusov)
M:
eA
M ntor (arch.)
son of Odysseus, in the Homeric poem "The Odyssey").
[Chatsky:] Our mentor, remember his cap, robe,
- educator, mentor (by the name of the educator Telemachus,
- an old word (from French. cour - courtyard and German. Tag -
22
aa
aa
- big fan.
– 1. Rare. unusual case.
Index finger, all signs of learning
How our timid minds disturbed...
Rumor (arch.) - Rumors, news, talk in society about something. "... Sin is not a problem,
word of mouth is not good." Lisa's words
H:
Reluctant (arch.) - a person who does not want to do something, anything
do "Natasha - mother, I doze off at the balls,
Before them, a mortal reluctant ... "
O:
Ok ziya (arch.)
[Famusov:] What an opportunity!
Molchalin, you, brother?
[Molchalin:] Yas.
Opah lo(arch.)
[Chatsky:] Spray with water. - Look:
Breathing became freer.
Blow what?
[Lisa:] Here's a fan.
P:
Pud (arch.) - an old measure of weight, equal to about 16.4 kg.
Then not what it is now
Under the Empress, he served Catherine.
And in those days, everything is important! forty pounds ...
Sexton (historical) is an informal designation of a clergyman,
who is also called "paramonar"
Read not like a sexton, but with feeling, with a good arrangement” Famusov;
WITH:
Sir (historical) - a polite form of addressing the interlocutor,
used in the Russian Empire.
T:
eA
Tup th (arch.)
hair.
Then not what it is now
Under the Empress, he served Catherine.
And in those days, everything is important! forty pounds ...
Bow, do not nod dumbly.
C:
Zug (historical) - a rich exit in which horses are harnessed in jib.
... Maxim Petrovich: he is not on silver,
I ate on gold; one hundred people at your service;
- old men's hairstyle; bunch gathered at the back of the head
23
Cap (arch.) - women's and children's headdress
All in orders; ezzhalto forever train;
A century at the court, but at what court!
H:
Cap ceA
When the Creator delivers us
From their hats! bonnets! and studs! and pins!
And bookstores and biscuit shops! (Famusov)
Chin (arch.) - the degree of official position established during
court, civil and military service.
“Like everyone in Moscow, your father is like this: he would like a son-in-law with stars, but with
ranks "Lisa;
I AM:
Jacob netz (historical)
freethinking.
Listen, so his little finger
Smarter than everyone, and even Prince Peter!
I think he's just a Jacobin
Your Chatsky!..
IA
a person suspected of political
24
Knight at the crossroads. Painting by Viktor Vasnetsov. 1882 Wikimedia Commons
ALABUSH (ALABYSH). Cake. Peren. A punch, a slap in the face, a slap. He gave him a tyapush each, added alabush each. Yes, I added alabysh to the f[opu]. Decrease Alabushek. On the other he planted alabushki.
ARABITIC. Arab. Yes, and scored a lot of pearls, / Yes, and more than that, he scored Arabian copper. / Which was Arabian copper, / It never busel and rusted.
BASA. 1. Beauty, beauty. 2. Decoration. This is not for the sake of the bass - for the sake of the fortress.
BASS. 1. Dress up, dress up. 2. To flaunt, to show off, to show off with youth, an article, smart clothes. 3. Engage others in conversation, rhetoric, amuse with tales. To pinch, to rage, and they are three years old, / For every day, yes, dresses are interchangeable.
BAYAT. Tell fables, fiction; speak, chat. The riotous windmills didn’t blow on me there, / Good folks there wouldn’t babble about me.
BOGORYAZHENAYA, GODDESSED. Bride. I would have known to myself and to the God-bearer ... to the goddess.Blessed. Groom. It can be seen that I will be divinely married here.
GOD. Godmother. Yes, it’s not Dyukov here, but I’m a mother, / And Dyukov’s here, but I’m a god.
BROTHER. A large metal or wooden vessel, usually with a spout, for beer or mash. They poured the brother green wine.
BRATCHINA. Alcoholic drink made from honey. Bratchina would drink honey.
BURZOMETSKY. Pagan (about a spear, sword). Yes, Dobrynya did not have a colored dress, / Yes, there was no sword and Burzometsky.
BYLICA. Real case, really. And Noah boasted like a bylicia, / And Noah fasted with you and a fable.
VECESSITY. Keeping, generic knowledge, observance of the law of the ancestors, the norms adopted in the team; later - politeness, the ability to pay honor, to show polite (cultural) treatment, good breeding. I would be glad to spawn you, child ... / I would be beautiful in Osip the Beautiful, / I would have you with a scrawny gait / In that Churilu in Plenkovich, / I would be in valor in Dobrynushka Nikitich.
LEAD. News, message, invitation. She sent a message to the king and Politovsky, / That the king and Politovsky would run over.
WINE GREEN. Probably moonshine infused with herbs. Drinking green wine.
WHITE. Wide open. Ilya stood out and on frisky legs, / Put on a dressing gown ruffled.
OUT (SIT). 1. The amount of food a person can eat at one meal for breakfast, lunch, or dinner. He eats a sack and bread to the point. 2. Food, food. Oh you, wolf's full, bear's howl!
FUCK OUT. Cross out what is written. He came to that sulfur pebble, / He screwed up the old signature, / He wrote a new signature.
ELM. Cudgel. Vasily grabbed his scarlet elm.
PLAY. Make loud, disorderly cries, croak (about crows, rooks, jackdaws). Ay gray raven, after all, in a vranian way.
GRIDNYA. 1. The room where the prince and the squad held receptions and solemn ceremonies. 2. The upper chambers of noble persons. They went to the affectionate prince to Vladimir, / Yes, they went to the grill and to the dining rooms.
BED. A board, a crossbar where clothes were folded or hung. He took off the one-row and put it on the garden bed, / And he put the green morocco boots under the bench.
GUZNO. Ischial part of the body. No length of service will be a heroic de lie under the guzzle now under a woman's team.
DO LOVE. Satisfying, to full satisfaction. They ate to their fill, drank dolubi.
PRE-YULESHNY. Former, ancient, ancient. Get-tko you tribute to yourself outputs / And for the old for the year, and for the current one, / Yes, and for all of you for the times and for the past.
DOSYUL. In the past, in the old days. My father-parent had a dosyul / There was a gluttonous cow.
FIREWOOD. Presents. And the prince fell in love with this firewood.
FUCK. Collapse, fall, collapse. The old nonce has a horse, right, ёbryutilsa.
SACRIFICE. Speak, broadcast. Sacrifice the horse with the tongue of man.
ZHIZLETS. Lizard. Ilya screamed in a loud voice. / At the bogatyr’s horse, fell on his knees, / A zhizhlets jumped out from under the strman of the gaffs. / Go, zhizhlets, but on your own, / Catch, zhizhlets, and sturgeon-fish.
ZHUKOVINE. Ring with stone, signet or carved insert. Peppers are thin, everything is feminine, / Where have you been, and know that place.
CLOSED. Choking, suffocating when drinking any liquid. If you want to spit, you will succumb.
FLUSH. Fly high or jump high. Yes, oh, you, Vasilyushko Buslaevich! / You are a young child, do not flutter.
RESIDENCE. Iron., bran. A villager, the same as a redneck. For smerd-from sits and for the settlement.
ZNAMECHKO. Label, sign. — And oh, Mother Dobrynina! / What badge did Dobrynya have? / - The badge was on the little heads. / She felt the badge.
ZNDYOBKA. Birthmark, mole. And my sweetheart has a child / There was, after all, a birthmark, / But there was a rib on the head.
FISH TOOTH. Usually walrus tusk, also a name for carved bone and mother-of-pearl. In the hut there is not a simple bed, but ivory, / Ivory bones, fish teeth.
TOYS. Songs or melodies. My husband used to play toys.
KALIKA. 1. Pilgrim, wanderer. 2. A poor wanderer who sings spiritual verses, who is under the auspices of the church and is numbered among the people of the church. The wanderers got their name from the Greek word "kaʹligi" - this is the name of the shoes made of leather, tightened with a belt, which they wore. How does the transitional Kalika come.
KOS-CHAPTER. Scull. Says the scythe-head of a human.
CAT. 1. Sandy or rocky shoal. 2. Low-lying seashore at the foot of the mountain. A cat would have grown, but now the sea is here.
MUCH. Dumpy, strong (about oak). And yon tore raw oak and cracked oak.
COOL. An old trade measure of loose bodies (about nine pounds). He eats a sack and bread by the way. / He drinks a bucket of wine at a time.
BATERED. Handsome, handsome. Walked de walked already bathing well done.
LELKI. Breasts. With his right hand he beat on the lelks, / And with his left foot he shoved me in the throat.
LOW. Middle of summer, hot time; summer long day. White snowballs fell out of time, / They fell in the low water of a warm summer.
BRIDGE. Wooden floor in the hut. And he sat down on a bench, / He drowned his eyes in the oak bridge.
MUGAZENNY (MUGAZEYA). Score. Yes, she brought him to the mugazine barns, / Somewhere overseas goods are stored.
SMOKING. Obtain, cook in some quantity by distillation (smoking). And yon smoked beer and called guests.
UNPLACED. Uncastrated (about pets). Far away there are mares who are not driven, / Far away are colts who are not laid.
SHUT UP. desecrate, desecrate; convert to Catholicism. Orthodox faith cover all.
REGULAR CHURCH. The building of the church, built on a vow in one day. I'll build that ordinary church.
ON SOMETIMES. Recently; the day before yesterday, the third day. They sometimes spent the night, as we know, / And how Yena called him to the prince's bedroom.
PABEDE. Meal time between breakfast and lunch. On the other day he went from morning to pabedya.
Blight. Death. In old age, my soul is ruin.
PELKI. Breast. And I can see by the dumplings that you are a women's regiment.
GRIND. To get the better of someone, to surpass someone. He overshot Churila's son Plenkovich.
FEATHERS. Women's breasts. He wants to plait his white breasts, / And he sees by the feathers that the female sex.
POCKY. bent over; crooked, bent. And Wordy sits on seven oaks, / It's in the eighth birch for a curse.
FIREWOOD REMOVED. Bogatyr. There were twelve people - woodcutters of the smart ones.
POSHCHAPKA. Panache. Yes, Duke and Stepanovich are sitting here, / He boasted of his valiant pinch.
SIGN. omen, hallmark by which one can recognize someone, smth. He hung up one gilded tassel, / Not for the sake of beauty, bass, pleasing, / For the sake of a heroic recognition.
ROSSTAN (ROSSTAN). The place where the roads diverge; crossroads, fork in the road. Well done come to the wide growths.
RUMBLE. 1. Divide, cut, cut (about food). Ruining bread, cake or roast. He does not eat, does not drink, does not eat, / He does not destroy his white swan.2. Violate. And do not break the great commandments.
SKIMER (SKIMER-THE BEAST, SKIMON-THE BEAST). The epithet of a monster, a strong, angry dog, a wolf. And henceforth a dog runs, a fierce skimmer-beast.
FLYING. Southern. The gate to the side is not blocked.
TEMLYAK. A loop of a belt or ribbon on the handle of a sword, saber, checker, worn on the hand when using a weapon. And he took out a sharp saber from the scabbard, / Yes, from that heroic lanyard.
TRUN (TRUN, TRUNIE). Rag, rags, rags, rags, cast-offs. And the gunya on the Kalika of Sorochinskaya, / And the drone on the Kalika of Tripet.
DARK. Ten thousand. Each king and prince / Strength has three darknesses, three thousand each.
PLEASING. Beauty. Beauty, after all, and all servility / As good as Dobrynushka Mikititsa.
CUTE. A place in the heat, strong heat. Yes, Dobrynya sat down on the stove, / He began to play the harp.
TRUNKS. Tubular snouts of mythical monsters resembling tentacles; thrown out to capture the enemy. And the snake's trunks began to hug. He and the trunk is throwing something like a snake.
CHOBOTS.Instead of: Chebots. Boots. In some white stockings and without a shoe.
SHALYGA. Club, stick, whip, whip. Immediately the guys took the road shalygi and went out.
FLY, WIDTH. 1. Towel. She embroiders different widths. 2. Rank, row. They became one width.
SHAP. A dandy, a dandy, smart and combed for show. But there’s no such thing as courage / Against the bold Aleshenka Popovich, / With an act, gait, a pinch / Against Plenkov’s Churilka.
BUTTOCK. Cheek. And they cut off her [pike] and the right buttock.
YASAK. Sign for alarm; signal in general; conditional, not understandable to everyone, or even a foreign language. He neighed [burushko] with a horse here with a sack.
Obsolete words are a special group of words that, for one reason or another, are not used in modern speech. They are divided into two categories - historicisms and archaisms. Both of these groups are similar to each other, but still have several significant differences.
historicisms
These include words denoting special things, positions, phenomena that ceased to exist in modern world but have taken place before. An example of such words is boyar, governor, petitioner, estate. They do not have synonyms in the modern language, and you can find out their meaning only from the explanatory dictionary. Basically, such obsolete words refer to the description of life, culture, economy, hierarchy, military and political relations of ancient times.
So, for example, a petition is: 1) a bow with a forehead touching the ground; or 2) a written request. Stolnik - a courtier who is one degree lower than a boyar, usually serving at a boyar or royal table.
Most of all, outdated historicism words are found among the names associated with military themes, as well as those related to household items and clothing: chain mail, visor, redoubt, squeaker, valley, prosak, armyak, seed coat, camisole.
Here are some examples of sentences containing obsolete words. Petitioners came to the tsar and complained about the governor, and said that they were taking their estates away from them, and then giving them away; the nobles, stewards and boyar children also complained that the governors were taking away their palace villages. Cossacks with archers came to the tsar, carried petitions , asked for bread and money wages.
At present, one of the numerous groups of historicisms are those that arose during the formation of the USSR: food detachment, Budyonnovets, educational program, kombed, NEP, deprived, Nepman, Makhnovist, surplus appraisal.
Archaisms
Obsolete languages are divided into another large group - archaisms. They, in fact, are a subgroup of historicisms - they also include words that are out of use. But their main difference is that they can be replaced by synonyms, which are common and used today words. Here are the cheeks, the right hand, the loins, the verses, the tightness, the ramen. Accordingly, their modern counterparts are cheeks, right hand, lower back, poetry, sadness, shoulders.
There are several basic differences between archaism and its synonym. They may differ:
a) lexical meaning(belly - life, guest - merchant);
b) grammatical design (at the ball - at the ball, perform - perform);
c) (fisherman - fisherman, friendship - friendship);
In order to correctly use archaism in a sentence and avoid confusion, use an explanatory dictionary or a dictionary of obsolete words.
And here are examples of sentences containing archaisms: “In Moscow, there lived okolnichi, boyars, clerks, whom Bolotnikov threatened to turn into commoners or kill, and put nameless people in their place; there were also industrialists and wealthy merchants, courts, money, whose shops “Everything was given to the poor.”
In this passage, the following words are archaisms: commoner, yard (in the meaning of the economy), shop (commercial enterprise), nameless. It is easy to see that there are also historicisms here: okolnichiy, boyar.
Obsolete words perfectly convey the characteristic historicity, make the literary text colorful and bright. But for correct and appropriate use, you must always check with the explanatory dictionary so that flowery phrases do not eventually turn into nonsense.
Contemporaries of A. S. Pushkin, reading his works, perceived all the details of the text. And we, the readers of the 21st century, are already missing a lot, not understanding, we guess approximately. Indeed, what is a frock coat, a tavern, a tavern, a dressing gown? Who are the coachman, yard boy, excellency? In each story of the Pushkin cycle there are incomprehensible, obscure words in their meaning. But they all denote some objects, phenomena, concepts, positions, titles of a past life. These words have fallen out of modern use. Therefore, their specific meaning to the modern reader remains unclear, incomprehensible. This explains the choice of the topic of my research, devoted to obsolete words that have left the modern language in Belkin's Tales.
The life of a language is clearly manifested in the constant changes in the composition of words and their meanings. And in the fate of individual words, the very history of the people and the state is imprinted. The vocabulary of the Russian language retains many words that are little used in live speech, but known to us from classical literary works, history textbooks and stories about the past.
Obsolete words can be divided into two groups: 1) historicisms; 2) archaisms.
Historicisms (from the Greek historia - a story about past events) are words denoting the names of such objects and phenomena that ceased to exist as a result of the development of society. Many words that refer to objects of bygone life, old culture, things and phenomena associated with the economy of the past, old social and political relations have become historicisms. So, there are many historicisms among the words related to military topics: chain mail, pischal, visor, redoubt. Historicisms are many words denoting ranks, estates, positions, professions of old Russia: tsar, boyar, stableman, lackey, steward, zemstvo, serf, landowner, constable, ofenya, horseman, tinker, sawyer, lamplighter, barge hauler; phenomena of patriarchal life: corvée, dues, cuts, purchases; types of production activities: manufactory, horse racing; types of technologies that have disappeared: tinning, mead making.
Archaisms (from the Greek archaios - ancient) are words that have become obsolete due to their replacement with new ones, for example: cheeks - cheeks, loins - lower back, right hand - right hand, tuga - sadness, verses - poems, ramen - shoulders. All of them have synonyms in modern Russian.
Archaisms can differ from the modern synonymous word in different ways: a different lexical meaning (guest - merchant, stomach - life), a different grammatical design (perform - perform, at a ball - at a ball), a different morphemic composition (friendship - friendship, fisherman - fisherman ), other phonetic features (Gishpan - Spanish, mirror - mirror). Some words become obsolete entirely, but have modern synonyms: in order - in order, destruction - death, harm, hope - hope and firmly believe. Archaisms and historicisms are used in fiction to recreate the historical situation in the country, to transfer the national and cultural traditions of the Russian people.
DICTIONARY OF OBSOLETE WORDS
From the publisher
Corvee is free forced labor of a dependent peasant, “Ivan Petrovich was forced to abolish corvée and establish a gentleman who works very hard with his own equipment on the farm. moderate quitrent"
Quit - the annual collection of money and products from serfs by landowners.
The housekeeper is a servant in the landowner's house, who was entrusted with the keys to “he entrusted the management of the village to his old housekeeper, who acquired his storage of food supplies. confidence in the art of storytelling. »
Second major - military rank of the 8th class in 1741-1797. “His late father, second Major Pyotr Ivanovich Belkin, was married to a girl, Pelageya Gavrilovna, from the Trafilin family. »
"Shot"
A banker is a player who holds the bank in card games. “The officer went out, saying that he was ready to answer for the insult, as Mr. banker would like”
“The game went on for a few more minutes; but feeling that the owner was
Vacancy - an unoccupied position; position. not up to the game, we fell behind one by one and dispersed to our apartments, talking about an imminent vacancy. »
Galloon - a golden braid or silver (ribbon), which was sewn on “Silvio got up and took out a red hat with a golden tassel from cardboard, with uniforms. galloon"
"Throw the Bank" (spec.). - reception of a card game. “For a long time he refused, because he almost never played; Finally, he ordered the cards to be brought in, poured out fifty chervonets on the table, and sat down to throw them. »
Hussar - a soldier from light cavalry units, wearing the uniform of the Hungarian "Once he served in the hussars, and even happily"
A footman is a servant under the masters, as well as in a restaurant, a hotel, etc. “The footman brought me into the count's office, and he himself went to report on me. »
Arena - a platform or a special building for training horses and The life of an army officer is known. In the morning, teaching, arena; lunch at horseback riding lessons. regimental commander or in a Jewish tavern; in the evening punch and cards.
Punter - in gambling card games: playing against the bank, i.e. “If the punter happened to miscalculate, then he immediately paid them extra by making big bets; one who pontes in a gambling card game. dostalnoe, or wrote down too much. »
Lieutenant - an officer rank above the rank of second lieutenant and below Unter - officer - the rank of junior command staff in the tsarist army of the captain. Russia, in some modern foreign armies; the person who bears this title.
This (this, this) places. - this, this, this. "With this word, he hurried out"
Excellency - the title of princes and counts (from the locality. Yours, him, her, them) “-Oh,” I remarked, “in this case, I bet that your Excellency will not get into the map and twenty steps away: the pistol requires daily exercise .
Frock coat and frock coat - long men's double-breasted waist-length clothing with a turn-down "walking forever on foot, in a worn black frock coat"
or stand-up collar.
Chervonets is the common name for foreign gold coins in the pre-Petrine “For a long time he refused, because he almost never played; finally ordered
Russia. hand the cards, poured fifty chervonets on the table and sat down to throw. »
Shandal - candlestick “The officer, inflamed with wine, play and laughter of his comrades, considered himself severely offended and, furiously grabbing a copper shandal from the table, let it into Silvio, who barely managed to deviate from the blow. »
Eterist - in the second half of the 18th-early 19th century: a member of the secret Greek “It is said that Silvius, during the indignation of Alexander Ypsilant, a revolutionary organization that fought for the liberation of the country from led a detachment of etherists and was killed in a battle under Turkish oppression. Skulyans. »
"Blizzard"
Boston is a card game. “Neighbors used to come to him every minute to eat, drink, play five kopecks in Boston with his wife”
Verst - an old Russian measure “The coachman decided to go by the river, which should have shortened our path of length equal to 1.06 km. ". three versts. »
Red tape - delaying a case or solving some issue. “What was holding him back? Timidity, inseparable from true love, pride or coquetry of cunning red tape?
The maid is a maid under the mistress. “Three men and a maid supported the bride and were busy only
The police captain is the chief of police in the county. “After dinner, the land surveyor Schmitt, in mustaches and spurs, and the son of the police captain, appeared. »
Kibitka is a covered road wagon. “I turned around, left the church without any obstacle, threw myself into the wagon and shouted: “Let's go!”
Cornet is the lowest officer rank. "The first to whom he appeared, a retired forty-year-old cornet Dravin, readily agreed"
The porch is a covered area in front of the entrance to the church. “The church was open, there were several sleighs behind the fence; people were walking along the porch. »
Signet - a home seal on a ring or keychain. “Having sealed both letters with a Tula seal, which depicted
Signet - a small seal on a ring, keychain with initials or two flaming hearts with a decent inscription, she (Maria Gavrilovna)
some other sign. Used to seal letters threw herself on the bed just before dawn and dozed off. »
sealing wax or wax and served as an indication of the sender.
Ensign - the most junior officer rank. "The subject chosen by her was a poor army ensign who was on leave in his village."
Lancer - in the armies of some countries, a soldier, an officer of light cavalry, “a boy of about sixteen, who recently entered the lancers. »
armed with a spear, a saber.
Shlafor - a dressing gown. “The old people woke up and went into the living room. , Praskovya Petrovna in a cotton dressing gown. »
Grand solitaire - laying out a deck of cards according to certain rules. "The old lady was once sitting alone in the living room, laying out grand solitaire"
A cap is a headdress of a pointed shape, which in the old days of a man "Gavrila Gavrilovich in a cap and a flannelette jacket"
worn at home and often worn at night. ; sleeping cap.
"Undertaker"
Cupid is the god of love in ancient mythology, depicted as a winged one. “There was a signboard above the gate depicting a portly boy with a bow and arrows. Cupid with an overturned torch in his hand. »
To evangelize - to notify with a bell ringing about a church service. “No one noticed it, the guests continued the thread, and they were already announcing the vespers when they got up from the table.
Treads - boots with a wide top. ". the bones of the legs thrashed about in large boots like pestles in mortars. »
Brigadier - in the Russian army of the 18th century. : military rank 5th class (according to the Table of “Tryukhina, the brigadier and sergeant Kurilkin vaguely introduced themselves in ranks); the person holding this rank. his imagination."
Budochnik - a policeman who carried guard duty in the booth. “Of the Russian officials there was one watchman”
Vespers- church service among Christians, performed in the afternoon. ". the guests continued to drink, and they already announced the gospel for Vespers.
Gaer - in folk games, a public jester, clowning and making faces in “Is the undertaker a gaer a Christmas one?”.
Christmas time;
A hryvnia is a coin worth ten kopecks. “The undertaker gave him a dime for vodka for that, dressed hastily, took a cab and drove to Razgulay. »
Drogi - a wagon for transporting the dead. "The last belongings of the undertaker Adrian Prokhorov were heaped on the funeral dross"
Kaftan - an old men's long-brimmed top "I will not describe any of the Russian caftan of Adrian Prokhorov"
Kiot, kivot, kiot (from Greek - box, ark) - a special decorated locker “Soon, order was established; kivot with images, cupboard with
(often folding) or glazed shelf for icons. dishes, a table, a sofa and a bed occupied certain corners in the back room for them.
Mantle - wide long clothes in the form of a cloak" "in the kitchen and living room the owner's products fit: coffins of all colors and sizes, as well as cupboards with mourning ribbons, mantles and torches. »
To evangelize - stop, stop evangelizing. “You feasted with a German all day, came back drunk, collapsed in bed, and slept until this hour, as they announced the Annunciation for mass.”
A contractor is a person who undertakes under a contract to perform a specific job. “But Tryukhina was dying on Razgulay, and Prokhorov was afraid that her heir, despite his promise, would not be too lazy to send for him to such a distance and would not bargain with the nearest contractor. »
Rest - 1. Sleep, fall asleep; "You deigned to rest, and we did not want to wake you."
2. Translated. Rest.
Svetlitsa - bright living room; front room in the house; small “The girls went to their room. ".
bright room at the top of the house.
An ax - an old edged weapon - a large ax with a semicircular blade, on “Yurko again began to pace around her with an ax and in armor with a long sackcloth handle. »
Sermyaga - coarse homespun undyed cloth: a caftan from this cloth. “Yurko again began to pace around her with an ax and in homespun armor. »
Chukhonets - this is how Finns and Estonians were called until 1917. “Of the Russian officials there was one watchman, Yurko the Chukhonian, who knew how
Acquire the special favor of the owner.
"Station Master"
The altar is the main elevated eastern part of the church, fenced off “He hastily entered the church: the priest was leaving the altar. »
iconostasis.
Altar - in ancient times among many peoples: a place where sacrifices were burned and in front of which rituals related to sacrifice were performed. Used figuratively and in comparison.
Banknote - a paper banknote issued in Russia from 1769 to ". he took them out and unrolled several five and ten ruble
1849 , in the official language, before the introduction of credit notes; one ruble of crumpled banknotes"
silver was equal to 3 1/3 rubles in banknotes.
The Prodigal Son is a gospel parable about the recalcitrant prodigal son, who “They portrayed the story of the prodigal son. »
left home, squandered his share of the inheritance, after wandering he returned with repentance to his father's house and was forgiven.
High nobility - according to the Table of Ranks, the title of civil ranks with "Early in the morning he came to his front room and asked to report to him eighth to sixth grade, as well as officers from captain to colonel and high nobility"
“Taking off his wet, shaggy hat, letting go of his shawl and pulling off his overcoat,
The visiting hussar of the higher cavalry appeared to be a young, slender hussar with a black mustache.
Drozhki - a light two-seater four-wheeled open carriage on short "Suddenly a smart droshky rushed in front of him"
drags instead of springs.
Deacon - a clergyman in the Orthodox Church; church reader, “the deacon put out the candles. »
acolyte; also taught literacy.
Assessor - an elected representative in court to work in any “Yes, there are few travelers: unless the assessor wraps up, but that is not up to another institution. the dead. »
A tavern is a drinking establishment of one of the lowest ranks for sale, and “It used to be that he came from a tavern, and we followed him. »
drinking alcoholic beverages.
Cap - a headdress of a pointed or oval shape. "The old man in the cap and dressing gown lets the young man go"
Footman - servant in the house, restaurant, hotel.
Obluchok - the front of the cart, sleigh, wagon; seat for the coachman in the antechamber. The servant jumped up on the box. »
The porch is a covered area in front of the entrance to the church. “Approaching the church, he saw that the people were already dispersing, but Dunya was not there.
Not in the fence, not on the porch. »
Cross-country - a carriage with horses that are replaced at post stations. "I rode on relays"
Podorozhnaya - a document that gave the right to use post horses; “In five minutes - the bell!. and the courier throws him a travel certificate. his travel table. »
Rest - 1. Sleep, fall asleep; “A military lackey, cleaning a boot on a block, announced that the master
2. Translated. Rest. rests and that before eleven o'clock does not receive anyone. »
The postmaster is the manager of the post office. “The caretaker asked the Postmaster S*** for a vacation for two months”
Runs - per-versal fare on post horses. ". paid runs for two horses. »
The captain is a senior officer rank in the cavalry “Soon he learned that captain Minsky was in St. Petersburg and lives in
Demuth tavern. »
Skufya, skufeika - 1. A single-colored (black, lilac, Minsky came to you in a dressing gown, in a red skufya. “What do you need purple, etc.) hat of Orthodox priests, monks. 2. Is the round necessary?” he asked.
cap, skullcap, yarmulke, headdress.
The overseer is the head of an institution. “The weather is unbearable, the road is bad, the stubborn coachman does not carry horses - and the caretaker is to blame. »
Frock coat (sertuk) - long men's double-breasted clothing with a standing "and his long green frock coat with three medals"
collar
Taurus - a young bull "the cook kills a well-fed calf"
A tavern is a hotel with a restaurant. “Soon he learned that Captain Minsky was in St. Petersburg and lives in
Demuth tavern. »
Non-commissioned officer - the rank of junior command staff in the tsarist army of Russia. “I stopped in the Izmailovsky regiment, in the house of a retired non-commissioned officer. »
Courier - in the old army: military or government courier for "In five minutes - a bell!. and the courier throws him to deliver important mostly secret documents. his travel table. »
The kingdom of heaven is a rhetorical wish to the deceased of a happy fate in “It happened (the kingdom of heaven to him!), Comes from a tavern, and we are behind afterlife. him: “Grandpa, grandpa! nuts! - and he gives us nuts. »
Chin - assigned to civil servants and military rank according to the Table “I was in a small rank, rode on relays and paid runs on ranks, associated with the provision of certain class rights and for two horses. »
benefits.
Dressing gown "rka and walked" for - a dressing gown. "The old man in the cap and dressing gown lets the young man go"
SHLAFROK or dressing gown m. German. bathrobe, sleeping clothes. Most often, it serves as home clothes for nobles.
SHLAFROK - originally a "sleeping garment" (from German), and then the same as a dressing gown. Although they didn’t go out into the street and visit in dressing gowns, they could look very smart, sewn for show.
The coachman is a coachman, a driver on postal, pit horses. “The weather is unbearable, the road is bad, + stubborn horses are not driven -
it's the caretaker's fault. »
"Young lady-peasant"
Blancmange - milk jelly with almonds and sugar. “Well, we left the table. and we sat for about three hours, and the dinner was glorious: a blancmange cake, blue and striped. »
Burners are a Russian folk game in which the one in front caught others “So we left the table and went into the garden to play burners, and the participants who ran away from him alternately in pairs. the young gentleman here also appeared. »
Dvornya - a servant at the manor's house, courtyard; courtyard people (unlike "Ivan Petrovich Berestov went for a walk on horseback, for every peasant who lived in the village and was engaged in agriculture). case, taking with him a pair of three greyhounds, a groom and several
Yard - belonging to the household, belonging to the household. yard boys with rattles. »
Drozhki - a light two-seater four-wheeled open carriage on short "Muromsky asked Berestov for a droshky, for he admitted that he was using drogues instead of springs. from a bruise, not a bull, he is able to drive home in the evening. »
Jockey - rider at the races; servant on horseback. "His grooms were dressed as jockeys."
Zoil is a captious, unkind, unfair critic; vicious “He was furious and called his Zoil a bear and a provincial. »
detractor.
Valet - the master's house servant, lackey. "That's right," answered Alex.
I am the young gentleman's valet. »
Kitayka is a dense fabric, originally silk, made in China, “(Lisa) sent to buy at the market a thick linen, then blue cotton, made in Russia for sundresses and men's Chinese and copper buttons”
shirts. , usually blue, rarely red. Used in peasant life
Knixen and Knix - adopted in the bourgeois-noble environment for girls and “Unfortunately, instead of Liza, old Miss Jackson came out, whitewashed, the girls bowed with a squat as a sign of gratitude, greetings; tightened, with downcast eyes and with a small knix. »
curtsy.
Livery - uniforms for footmen, porters, coachmen, decorated with "Old Berestov climbed the porch with the help of two livery galloons and sewing. footmen of Murom. »
Livery - 1. App. to the livery, which was the livery. 2. Dressed in livery.
Madame - name married woman, attached to the surname; “Her playfulness and minute-by-minute pranks delighted her father and brought her to mistress. It was usually used in relation to a Frenchwoman, and the desperation of her Madame Miss Jackson was used. »
- and to a Russian woman from privileged strata.
Miss is an unmarried woman in England. Her playfulness and minute-by-minute orders delighted her father and drove her Madame Miss Jackson to despair.
The confidante is about a woman who enjoyed special trust and “There she changed clothes, absently answering questions with the impatient favor of someone; favorite, lover. confidante, and came into the drawing-room."
Antimony - make up, draw with antimony, that is, popular from the ancients “Lisa, his swarthy Lisa, was whitened up to her ears, antimonied more than time with a cosmetic product based on antimony, Miss Jackson herself. »
giving it a special sheen.
Okolotok - 1. Surrounding area, surrounding villages. 2. A resident of the district, “He built a house according to his own plan, got himself a lawful neighborhood, the surrounding area. factory, arranged income and began to consider himself the smartest person
3. District of the city, subordinated to the district warden. all around"
4. Medical station (usually at a military unit).
Board of Trustees - an institution in Russia that was in charge of guardianship affairs, ". the first of the landlords of his province guessed to mortgage educational homes, some credit transactions related to the estate to the Board of Trustees "
pledges of estates, etc.
Plis - cotton velvet. In a noble environment, it was used for “On weekdays he walks in a plush jacket, on holidays he put on a home suit, merchants and rich peasants sewed an elegant coat from homemade cloth from him”
Poltina - a silver coin equal to 50 kopecks, half a ruble. Minted with "Trofim, passing in front of Nastya, gave her small colorful bast shoes
1707 and received from her a half as a reward. »
Polushka - from the 15th century a half-money silver coin (i.e. ¼ “I will sell and squander, and I won’t leave you a penny.”
pennies); the last silver coins were put into circulation in
Frock coat - long men's double-breasted clothing with a standing collar "On weekdays he walks in a plush jacket, on holidays he puts on a frock coat made of homemade cloth"
A clerk is an official who manages a table. “The neighbors said in agreement that he would never make the right head clerk. »
Stremyanny is a groom servant who takes care of his riding horse “Ivan Petrovich Berestov went for a ride on horseback, for every master, as well as a servant who accompanies the master during the hunt. case, taking with him a pair of three greyhounds, a stirrup, and several yard boys with rattles. »
Tartinki - a thin slice of bread, buttered; small sandwich. “The table has been set, breakfast is ready, and Miss Jackson. cut into thin slices. »
Figma - a wide frame made of whalebone, wicker or wire, "sleeves sticking out like Madame de Pompadour's tanja"
worn under a skirt to add splendor; skirt on such a frame.
A courtier is a nobleman at the royal court, a courtier. “The dawn was shining in the east, and the golden rows of clouds seemed to be waiting for the sun, as courtiers are waiting for the sovereign. »
Chekmen - men's clothing caucasian type - cloth semi-caftan in the waist with gatherings at the back. ". he saw his neighbor, proudly sitting on horseback, in a chekmen lined with fox fur, ”
IV. Conclusion
The "Dictionary of obsolete words" contains 108 dictionary entries, both historicisms and archaisms. It contains those words that are not currently used or are used extremely rarely in the living literary language, as well as words that are used today, but have a different meaning, unlike the one we put into it.
The dictionary entry reveals the meaning of obsolete words; examples from the stories of the Pushkin cycle show how they functioned in speech. The created dictionary, which includes both historicisms and archaisms, will help to overcome the barrier between the reader and the text, erected by obsolete words sometimes incomprehensible or misunderstood by the reader, to perceive the text of Belkin's Tale thoughtfully and meaningfully. Some dictionary entries are accompanied by drawings that make it possible to realistically imagine objects called by one word or another.
The remarkable poet, outstanding translator V. A. Zhukovsky wrote: “The word is not our arbitrary invention: every word that gets a place in the lexicon of the language is an event in the field of thought.”
This work will become an assistant in reading, studying, comprehending the Pushkin cycle of Belkin's Tales, broadening the reader's horizons, helping to arouse interest in the history of words, it can be used in literature lessons.
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