Wind is a horizontal flow of air that has a number of specific characteristics: strength, direction and speed. It was to determine the speed of the winds that the Irish admiral, back in early XIX century developed a special table. The so-called Beaufort scale is still used today. What is a scale? How to use it correctly? And what does the Beaufort scale not allow you to determine?
What is wind?
The scientific definition of this concept is as follows: wind is an air flow that moves parallel to the earth's surface from an area of high to an area of low atmospheric pressure. This phenomenon is typical not only for our planet. So, the most powerful solar system winds blow on Neptune and Saturn. And the terrestrial winds, in comparison with them, may seem like a light and very pleasant breeze.
The wind has always played an important role in human life. He inspired ancient writers to create mythical stories, legends and fairy tales. It is thanks to the wind that a person has the opportunity to overcome significant distances by sea (with the help of sailboats) and by air (by means of balloons). The wind is also involved in the "building" of many earthly landscapes. So, it transfers millions of grains of sand from place to place, thereby forming unique eolian landforms: dunes, dunes and sandy ridges.
At the same time, winds can not only create, but also destroy. Their gradient fluctuations can provoke a loss of control over the aircraft. A strong wind significantly expands the scale of forest fires, and on large reservoirs it gives rise to huge waves that destroy houses and claim the lives of people. That is why it is so important to study and measure the wind.
Basic wind parameters
It is customary to distinguish four main wind parameters: strength, speed, direction and duration. All of them are measured by special devices. The strength and speed of the wind is determined using the so-called anemometer, the direction - with the help of a weather vane.
Based on the duration parameter, meteorologists distinguish squalls, breezes, storms, hurricanes, typhoons and other types of winds. The direction of the wind is determined by the side of the horizon from which it blows. For convenience, they are abbreviated with the following Latin letters:
- N (northern).
- S (southern).
- W (western).
- E (eastern).
- C (calm).
Finally, wind speed is measured at a height of 10 meters using anemometers or special radars. Moreover, the duration of such measurements in different countries world is not the same. For example, at American meteorological stations, the average speed of air flows for 1 minute is taken into account, in India - for 3 minutes, and in many European countries- in 10 minutes. The classic instrument for presenting data on wind speed and strength is the so-called Beaufort scale. How and when did she appear?
Who is Francis Beaufort?
Francis Beaufort (1774-1857) - Irish sailor, military admiral and cartographer. He was born in the small town of An-Waw in Ireland. After graduating from school, the 12-year-old boy continued his studies under the guidance of the famous professor Usher. During this period, he first showed an extraordinary ability to study the "marine sciences". As a teenager, he joined the East India Company and took an active part in filming the Java Sea.
It should be noted that Francis Beaufort grew up as a rather bold and courageous guy. So, during the wreck of the ship in 1789, the young man showed great dedication. Having lost all his food and personal belongings, he managed to save the team's valuable tools. In 1794, Beaufort took part in a naval battle against the French and heroically towed a ship hit by enemy fire.
Development of the wind scale
Francis Beaufort was extremely industrious. Every day he woke up at five o'clock in the morning and immediately set to work. Beaufort was a significant authority among the military and sailors. However, he gained worldwide fame thanks to his unique development. While still a midshipman, the inquisitive young man kept a daily diary of observations of the weather. Later, all these observations helped him to draw up a special scale of winds. In 1838, she was officially approved by the British Admiralty.
In honor of the famous scientist and cartographer, one of the seas, an island in Antarctica, a river and a cape in northern Canada are named. And Francis Beaufort became famous for creating a polyalphabetic military cipher, also named after him.
Beaufort scale and its features
The scale represents the earliest classification of winds according to their strength and speed. It was developed on the basis of meteorological observations in the open sea. Initially, the classic Beaufort wind scale is a twelve-point scale. It was only in the middle of the 20th century that it was expanded to 17 levels in order to distinguish between hurricane-force winds.
Wind strength on the Beaufort scale is determined by two criteria:
- According to its impact on various ground objects and objects.
- According to the degree of excitement of the open sea.
It is important to note that the Beaufort scale does not allow determining the duration and direction of air flows. It contains a detailed classification of winds according to their strength and speed.
Beaufort scale: table for sushi
Below is a table with detailed description wind effects on ground objects and objects. The scale, developed by the Irish scientist F. Beaufort, consists of twelve levels (points).
wind force (in points) | Wind speed | The effect of wind on objects |
| 0 | 0-0,2 | Complete calm. Smoke rises vertically |
| 1 | 0,3-1,5 | The smoke deviates slightly to the side, but the weathercocks remain motionless |
| 2 | 1,6-3,3 | The leaves on the trees begin to rustle, the wind is felt on the skin of the face |
| 3 | 3,4-5,4 | Flags flutter, leaves and small branches sway on trees |
| 4 | 5,5-7,9 | The wind raises dust and small debris from the ground |
| 5 | 8,0-10,7 | The wind can be "felt" with your hands. The thin trunks of small trees sway. |
| 6 | 10,8-13,8 | Large branches sway, wires “buzz” |
| 7 | 13,9-17,1 | Tree trunks sway |
| 8 | 17,2-20,7 | Tree branches break. Going against the wind becomes very difficult |
| 9 | 20,8-24,4 | Wind destroys awnings and roofs of buildings |
| 10 | 24,5-28,4 | Significant destruction, the wind can pull trees out of the ground |
| 11 | 28,5-32,6 | Large destruction over large areas |
| 12 | over 32.6 | Huge damage to houses and buildings. Wind destroys vegetation |
Beaufort table of sea conditions
In oceanography, there is such a thing as the state of the sea. It includes the height, frequency and strength of sea waves. Below is the Beaufort scale (table), which will help determine the strength and speed of the wind, based on these signs.
wind force (in points) | Wind speed | The effect of wind on the sea |
| 0 | 0-1 | The surface of the water mirror is perfectly flat and smooth |
| 1 | 1-3 | A small wave appears on the surface of the water, ripples |
| 2 | 4-6 | Short waves appear up to 30 cm in height |
| 3 | 7-10 | The waves are short but distinct, with foam and "lambs" |
| 4 | 11-16 | Elongated waves appear up to 1.5 m in height |
| 5 | 17-21 | The waves are long with ubiquitous "lambs" |
| 6 | 22-27 | Large waves are formed with splashes and foamy crests |
| 7 | 28-33 | Large waves up to 5 m high, foam falls in strips |
| 8 | 34-40 | High and long waves with powerful spray (up to 7.5 m) |
| 9 | 41-47 | High (up to ten meters) waves are formed, the crests of which overturn and scatter with spray |
| 10 | 48-55 | Very high waves that capsize with a strong crash. The entire surface of the sea is covered with white foam |
| 11 | 56-63 | The entire water surface is covered with long whitish flakes of foam. Visibility is severely limited |
| 12 | over 64 | Hurricane. Visibility of objects is very poor. The air is saturated with spray and foam |
Thus, thanks to the Beaufort scale, people can observe the wind and evaluate its strength. This makes it possible to make the most accurate weather forecasts.
Leading specialist of the Phobos Center Evgeny Tishkovets told REN TV that at the time of the crash of the Boeing-737 in Rostov-on-Don, the weather conditions were critical for landing the aircraft.
"Western-southwest wind, 12-14 m/s, in gusts up to 17 m/s. As for the actual weather, all of the above is not dangerous phenomenon weather that restricts or prohibits takeoff or landing aircraft. At least - such as Boeing. It remains to understand with what course he went. The fact is that in Rostov-on-Don the direction of the runway is northeast-southwest. You need to understand what limitations he had. If we draw an analogy with our domestic types aircraft, then a side wind of 10, a maximum of 17 m/s is critical for the Tu-154, for example. Anything above this will disallow landing.", - explained Tishkovets.
An eyewitness to the Boeing crash told REN TV about what the plane had seen coming in to land. According to the man, at that moment he was sitting in the car, which.
Let's remind, Boeing-737-800 of FlyDubai airline crashed today at 3:50 Moscow time. According to preliminary data, the plane caught fire while still in the air. This is confirmed by the frames,. They show how a bright object falls to the ground, after which a powerful explosion is heard.
Before the crash, the liner circled over the airport for about two hours. There were 55 passengers and 7 crew members on board, all of them died.
The Boeing-737-800 is one of the latest models in the 737th line of the most widely used passenger aircraft in the history of civil aviation. The Boeing-737 is so widely used that 1,200 aircraft of this family are in the air at the same time, and one 737 takes off or lands every 5 seconds. Over the entire history of operation, more than 170 liners of this type have been lost, almost 4,000 people have died in accidents.
In Russia, four such aircraft were lost, and all the crashes occurred during landing. The first disaster occurred in Perm in September 2008. Then 88 people died, among the victims of the crash were Hero of Russia Colonel-General Gennady Troshev, First Vice-President of the All-Russian Sambo Federation Vladimir Pogodin. The second incident in Kaliningrad in October of the same 2008 was without casualties - during landing, the crew forgot to release the landing gear. There were 144 people on board, all of them survived. The disaster on November 17, 2013 in Kazan claimed the lives of 50 people. Boeing-737 crashed while entering the second circle. Everyone on board died, including the son of Tatarstan President Rustam Minnikhanov and the head of the local FSB Alexander Antonov.
Many people ask the question: at what wind speed do planes not fly? Indeed, there are certain speed limits. Compared to the speed of an aircraft, which reaches 250 m/s, even strong wind at a speed of 20 m / s will not interfere with the aircraft during flight. However, a crosswind can interfere with an airliner when it is moving at a slower speed, namely at the time of takeoff or landing. Therefore, under such conditions, planes do not take off. Air currents affect the speed of the aircraft, the direction of movement, as well as the length of the roll and takeoff run. In the atmosphere, these streams are present at all altitudes. This movement of air in relation to a flying airliner is a portable movement. If a strong wind is blowing, the direction of movement of the airliner in relation to the ground does not coincide with the longitudinal axis of the aircraft. Strong air currents can blow the plane off course.
Airliners always land and take off against the direction of the wind. In the case of takeoff or landing with a tailwind, the length of the takeoff run and run increases significantly. When taking off or landing, an airliner penetrates the lower atmosphere so quickly that the pilot does not have time to respond to a change in the wind. If he does not know about a sharp increase or, conversely, a weakening of air flows in the lower layers of the atmosphere, this is fraught with a plane crash.
During takeoff, when an airliner is gaining altitude, it enters a zone of strong headwind. As the aircraft climbs, the lift force of the aircraft increases. Moreover, the increase occurs faster than the pilot can control it. The flight path in this case may be higher than the calculated one. If there is a sharp increase in wind, this can cause the airliner to fall into a supercritical angle of attack. This can lead to airflow stall and collision with the ground.
Generally, the allowable maximum wind power is determined for each aircraft individually, depending on the specifics of its specific characteristics and technical capabilities. Sets the maximum wind speed at which takeoff or landing can be made, by the manufacturer of the airliner. More precisely, the manufacturer sets two maximum speeds: passing and lateral. Tail speed for most modern airliners is the same. During takeoff and landing, the tail speed must not exceed 5 m/s. As for the lateral speed, it is different for each airliner:
- for TU-154 aircraft - 17 m/s;
- for AN-24 - 12 m/s;
- for TU-134 - 20 m/s.
On average, airliners are set to the maximum lateral speed 17 m/s. At higher speeds, the vast majority of aircraft do not take off. If there is a sharp increase in wind speed in the arrivals area, the speed of which exceeds the permissible values, the planes do not land at this airport, but make an emergency landing on another runway, where conditions allow the airliner to land safely.
Answering the question in what wind the planes do not fly, it can be said with confidence that at a speed of more than 20 m / s, if the wind blows perpendicular to the runway, takeoff cannot be carried out. Such a strong wind is associated with the passage of powerful cyclones. Below you can watch a video of landing an aircraft in a strong crosswind to see how difficult it is to do even for a professional experienced pilot with a long experience. Of particular danger in this case is the gusty wind in the lower layers of the atmosphere. It can begin to blow at the most inopportune moment, forming a large roll, which poses a great danger to the aircraft.
Crosswind is dangerous because it requires the pilot to take certain actions that are very difficult to perform. In aviation, there is such a thing as a "drift angle". This term refers to the amount of angle an airliner deviates from a given direction due to the wind. The stronger the wind, the larger this angle. Accordingly, the more effort the pilot needs to make to turn the airliner to this angle in reverse side. As long as the aircraft is in flight, even such a strong wind does not cause any problems. But as soon as the plane makes contact with the surface of the runway, the airliner acquires traction and begins to move in a direction parallel to its axis. At this moment, the pilot must abruptly change the direction of the aircraft, which is very difficult.
As for the problem of a strong tailwind, it is easily solved by changing the operating threshold of the runway. However, not every airport has such an opportunity. For example, Sochi and Gelendzhik are deprived of such an opportunity. If a strong wind blows towards the sea, landing can be carried out, but taking off under such conditions is unsafe. That is, landing an aircraft in strong winds is possible, but not in all cases.
Runway condition
Even if the wind speed allows you to take off or land, it is still taken into account whole line factors that may affect the final decision. In particular, in addition to weather conditions, visibility, the condition of the runway is taken into account. If it is covered with ice, landing or takeoff cannot be carried out. In aviation, there is such a term as "traction coefficient". If this value is below 0.3, the runway is not suitable for landing or takeoff and needs to be cleaned. If the decrease in friction coefficient was due to heavy snowfall, in which cleaning is not possible, the entire airport is closed until the weather improves. Such a break in work can last several hours.
How is the decision to take off made?
This decision must be made by the aircraft commander. To do this, first of all, he must familiarize himself with the meteorological data on the air hubs of departure, landing and alternate airports. For this, METAR and TAF forecasts are used. The first forecast is issued for all airports every half hour. The second is given every 3-6 hours. Such forecasts reflect all relevant information that may influence the decision to take off or cancel a flight. In particular, such forecasts contain data on wind speed and its changes.
To make a decision, all flights are conditionally divided into 2-hour and longer ones. If the flight lasts less than two hours, it is enough for the actual weather to be acceptable (above the minimum) for takeoff. If the flight is longer, the TAF forecast must be additionally taken into account. If the weather conditions at the destination do not allow landing, in some cases, the decision to take off may be positive. For example, if the weather conditions at the destination are below the minimum, however, there are two airfields in the immediate vicinity with optimal weather conditions. But a positive decision is almost never made in these cases, given the danger of such a flight.
In contact with
”- an unpleasant fact, but sometimes it takes place. And with all the indignation of passengers and the desire to fly away, there are certain conditions when a decision is made to take off or not to take off.Interestingly, the idea of "non-flying weather" for passengers and pilots can sometimes be very different. What is “heavy fog” for a passenger may turn out to be “a veil over which a bright sun shines” for a pilot. And in the same way, what is “normal weather” for the passenger, for the pilot “the inability to land the plane at the destination due to strong crosswinds and icing on the runway.”
"Non-flying weather" is not just a natural phenomenon like a downpour, heavy snowfall or fog.
This term refers to several factors, such as:
Technical parameters of the aircraft,
Technical equipment and condition of a particular airport,
pilot training,
direct weather conditions.
The technical parameters of an aircraft are data set by the manufacturer, under which it is possible safe operation aircraft. That is, for example, if the airport is well equipped and can handle flights in heavy fog, and a particular aircraft is not equipped with sufficiently modern navigation devices for landing in very low visibility conditions, then the flight cannot be operated. Since a 100% successful landing cannot be guaranteed, and this poses a threat to passengers and crew. Roughly speaking, the aircraft on instruments may "not see" the runway.
Maldives Airport is a single runway on an island in the open ocean.
Runway at Hulule Airport, Maldives
There are airfields equipped with the latest technical innovations, and they can receive flights in conditions of almost zero visibility. And there are airports where the minimum visibility should be, for example, 600 or 800m. And even if the aircraft is equipped with last word equipment, in conditions of poor visibility to this airport, the flight cannot be operated.
When performing any flight, of course, the professional training of pilots is taken into account. It is not enough that the aircraft be "the latest model with all the technical innovations." It would be nice if the pilots knew how to use these same innovations and had supporting documents. Then, "and we will fly away into the fog, and we will sit down in the rain."
Well, the most interesting - weather.
By weather conditions, we passengers, as a rule, mean heavy rain or snowfall, strong wind, hail, lightning, fog.
For pilots, three factors are decisive:
- runway condition,
- visibility,
- wind.
Runway condition- this is both the state of the strip itself, and the consequences of weather conditions on this strip, such as icing or heavy snowfall, which can negate all the work of cleaning the strip. Under such conditions, takeoff and landing may be impossible.
Visibility is affected fog, rain, snow, dust, smoke, in general, everything that lowers this very visibility. And it is not so important what exactly caused the poor visibility. The main thing is how well the runway is visible in specific conditions.
Here it is still necessary to clarify such a moment as the height of the decision, or, as they say, the point of no return - this is the height to which, when descending, the pilot can still go around. That is, before this altitude, the pilot must decide whether he can land or is forced to climb again.
wind is very important factor , influencing the decision "to take off or not to take off". Side wind can be a danger, because to compensate for it you have to turn the plane a little into the wind. And when landing, at the moment of adhesion to the runway, the aircraft must be sharply turned around and directed along the axis of the landing line, which can be difficult to do.
The direction of the wind is also of great importance. Planes take off and land against the wind. This reduces the takeoff and run distance, that is, it allows you to take off earlier during takeoff or reduce the speed of the aircraft faster during landing.
But there are airports where it is impossible to change the direction of takeoff / landing due to geographical features. For example, on one side of the runway the sea, on the other - the mountains. If the wind blows towards the sea, then it is possible to land (towards the mountains), but it is no longer possible to take off (a tailwind does not make it possible to quickly get off the ground). Therefore, it is sometimes not clear to passengers why some planes fly (that is, they land), while others do not (that is, they do not take off).
There is one more nuance in the question “to fly or not to fly”. All flights are conditionally divided into 2 categories: flight duration up to 2 hours and more than 2 hours. In the first case (for short distances), pilots are allowed to rely on the actual weather and ignore the forecast. In the second option (long distances), they are guided, first of all, by the forecast, and only then they look at the actual weather at the airfield.
The final decision on takeoff and landing is always made by the aircraft commander.
And if he decides not to fly, trust me, it's for your own good.
Don't blame the airline, or the pilots, or the airport, but thank everyone for your life.
Travel safely!
And have a good rest!
The horizontal movement of air above the Earth's surface is called wind. The wind always blows from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure.
Wind characterized by speed, strength and direction.
Wind speed and strength
Wind speed measured in meters per second or points (one point is approximately equal to 2 m/s). The speed depends on the baric gradient: the greater the baric gradient, the higher the wind speed.
The force of the wind depends on the speed (Table 1). The greater the difference between adjacent areas of the earth's surface, the stronger the wind.
Table 1. Wind strength near the earth's surface on the Beaufort scale (on standard height 10m above open flat ground)|
Beaufort points |
Verbal definition of wind strength |
Wind speed, m/s |
wind action |
|
|
Calm. Smoke rises vertically |
Mirror-smooth sea |
|||
|
The direction of the wind is noticeable but the smoke is carried, but not by the weather vane |
Ripples, no foam on the ridges |
|||
|
The movement of the wind is felt on the face, the leaves rustle, the weather vane is set in motion |
Short waves, crests do not tip over and appear glassy |
|||
|
Leaves and thin branches of trees are constantly swaying, the wind is waving the top flags |
Short, well defined waves. Combs, tipping over, form a vitreous foam, occasionally small white lambs are formed |
|||
|
Moderate |
The wind raises dust and pieces of paper, sets in motion the thin branches of trees. |
The waves are elongated, white lambs are visible in many places |
||
|
Thin tree trunks sway, waves with crests appear on the water |
Well developed in length, but not very large waves, white lambs are visible everywhere (splashes form in some cases) |
|||
|
Thick tree branches sway, telegraph wires hum |
Large waves begin to form. White foamy ridges take up significant space (probable splashing) |
|||
|
Tree trunks sway, it's hard to go against the wind |
Waves pile up, crests break, foam falls in stripes in the wind |
|||
|
Very strong |
The wind breaks the branches of trees, it is very difficult to go against the wind |
Moderately high long waves. On the edges of the ridges, spray begins to take off. Stripes of foam lie in rows in the direction of the wind |
||
|
Minor damage; the wind rips off the smoke caps and roof tiles |
high waves. Foam in wide dense stripes lays down in the wind. The crests of the waves begin to capsize and crumble into spray that impair visibility. |
|
Heavy storm |
Significant destruction of buildings, trees uprooted. Rarely on land |
Very high waves with long downward curved crests. The resulting foam is blown by the wind in large flakes in the form of thick white stripes. The surface of the sea is white with foam. The strong roar of the waves is like blows. Visibility is poor |
||
|
Violent storm |
Large destruction over a large area. Very rare on land |
Exceptionally high waves. Small to medium sized boats are sometimes out of sight. The sea is all covered with long white flakes of foam, spreading downwind. The edges of the waves are everywhere blown into foam. Visibility is poor |
||
|
32.7 and more |
The air is filled with foam and spray. The sea is all covered with strips of foam. Very poor visibility |
Beaufort scale- a conditional scale for visual assessment of the strength (speed) of the wind in points according to its effect on ground objects or on waves at sea. It was developed by the English admiral F. Beaufort in 1806 and at first was used only by him. In 1874, the Standing Committee of the First Meteorological Congress adopted the Beaufort scale for use in International synoptic practice. In subsequent years, the scale has changed and refined. The Beaufort scale is widely used in marine navigation.
Direction of the wind
Direction of the wind is determined by the side of the horizon from which it blows, for example, the wind blowing from the south is south. The direction of the wind depends on the pressure distribution and on the deflecting effect of the Earth's rotation.
On the climate map, the prevailing winds are shown by arrows (Fig. 1). The winds observed near the earth's surface are very diverse.
You already know that the surface of land and water heats up in different ways. On a summer day, the land surface heats up more. From heating, the air above the land expands and becomes lighter. Over the pond at this time the air is colder and therefore heavier. If the reservoir is relatively large, on a quiet hot summer day on the shore you can feel a light breeze blowing from the water, above which it is higher than above land. Such a light breeze is called daytime. breeze(from the French brise - light wind) (Fig. 2, a). The night breeze (Fig. 2, b), on the contrary, blows from the land, since the water cools much more slowly and the air above it is warmer. Breezes can also occur at the edge of the forest. The scheme of breezes is shown in fig. 3.
Rice. 1. Scheme of distribution of prevailing winds on the globe
Local winds can occur not only on the coast, but also in the mountains.
Föhn- a warm and dry wind blowing from the mountains to the valley.
Bora- gusty, cold and strong wind that appears when cold air rolls over low ridges to the warm sea.
Monsoon
If the breeze changes direction twice a day - day and night, then seasonal winds - monsoons— change their direction twice a year (Fig. 4). In summer, the land warms up quickly, and the air pressure over its surface hits. At this time, cooler air begins to move to land. In winter, the opposite is true, so the monsoon blows from land to sea. With the change of the winter monsoon to the summer monsoon, dry, slightly cloudy weather changes to rainy.
The action of monsoons is strongly manifested in the eastern parts of the continents, where they are adjacent to vast expanses of oceans, so such winds often bring heavy rainfall to the continents.
The uneven nature of the circulation of the atmosphere in different areas the globe determines the differences in the causes and nature of the monsoons. As a result, extratropical and tropical monsoons are distinguished.
Rice. 2. Breeze: a - daytime; b - night
Rice. Fig. 3. Scheme of breezes: a - in the afternoon; b - at night
Rice. 4. Monsoons: a - in summer; b - in winter
extratropical monsoons - monsoons of temperate and polar latitudes. They are formed as a result of seasonal fluctuations in pressure over the sea and land. The most typical zone of their distribution is the Far East, Northeast China, Korea, and to a lesser extent Japan and the northeastern coast of Eurasia.
tropical monsoons - monsoons of tropical latitudes. They are due to seasonal differences in the heating and cooling of the Northern and Southern hemispheres. As a result, pressure zones shift seasonally relative to the equator to the hemisphere in which it is summer at a given time. Tropical monsoons are most typical and persistent in the northern part of the basin indian ocean. This is largely facilitated by the seasonal change in the atmospheric pressure regime over the Asian continent. The fundamental features of the climate of this region are associated with the South Asian monsoons.
The formation of tropical monsoons in other regions of the globe is less characteristic when one of them, the winter or summer monsoon, is more clearly expressed. Such monsoons are observed in Tropical Africa, in northern Australia and in the equatorial regions of South America.
Earth's constant winds - trade winds and westerly winds- depend on the position of atmospheric pressure belts. Since low pressure prevails in the equatorial belt, and near 30 ° N. sh. and yu. sh. - high, near the surface of the Earth throughout the year the winds blow from the thirtieth latitudes to the equator. These are trade winds. Under the influence of the rotation of the Earth around its axis, the trade winds deviate in the Northern Hemisphere to the west and blow from the northeast to the southwest, and in the Southern they are directed from the southeast to the northwest.
From the high pressure belts (25-30°N and S), the winds blow not only towards the equator, but also towards the poles, since at 65°N. sh. and yu. sh. low pressure prevails. However, due to the rotation of the Earth, they gradually deviate to the east and create air currents moving from west to east. Therefore, westerly winds prevail in temperate latitudes.
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