Who first invented the birthing bed. Interesting facts from the history of beds

What is the bed made of? Its main components are frame and mattress. How comfortable and comfortable the bed is depends on the mattress.

The mattress, in turn, consists of several elements:

• Fabric cover
• Filler
• spring block

How firm and resilient your sleeping place will be depends on type of springs and material from which they are made. In the history of mattresses, many ways have been tried to make it more elastic, but the use of springs turned out to be the most effective. The rule is this: the more springs are contained in one square centimeter, the more elastic the mattress.

The quality of the frame is determined by the materials and location. The most high-quality and durable frames are made of solid wood or metal. The most durable and strong can be considered frames made of softwood or hardwood.

Typical bed set:

• Back
• Side panels
• frame
• legs

The design of the head of the bed can vary, it can be: soft or wrought iron, wood or leather. The shape of the headboard, the angle of inclination may vary, it can be solid or consisting of several elements. When choosing a headboard, consider its comfort and safety.

At present, it is impossible to imagine a children's room without a crib or cradle, which today are integral attributes of a nursery and, as a rule, are acquired by parents even before the birth of a child. However, this order of things simply did not exist a couple of centuries ago.
The baby, as a rule, young mothers laid the baubles next to them or fenced off some space of the room for these purposes (most often with a curtain). In the latter case, the curtain was intended to, by saying modern language, provide the baby with a "personal space" for sleep. Children's bedding until the seventeenth century remained a luxury that only the most privileged persons could afford.

First childrencribs- These are cradles or cradles. A cradle, or a cradle, is usually the name of a hanging crib; it swayed, fixed under the ceiling. Light unsteady (body), a cradle woven from pine shingles, hung on bird-cherry shackles to the eyelet and had a step for swinging. An ochep is a flexible pole attached to a ceiling mat. According to the legends of some indigenous peoples of Siberia, the gods lowered the first man from heaven in a cradle swinging on a golden chain. And each new little man seemed to "descend from the sky" in his cradle, suspended from the ceiling. Sometimes a children's bed - a cradle - was a kind of "hoop", hung around the corners on ropes. The cradle could swing not only on ropes, but also with the help of a stand.

Floor cradle "Roly-Vstanka"
And in the folk life of the city, there was another form of cradle - a floor cradle, which swayed according to the principle of "vanka-vstanki".

In the old days in Russian peasant families, when the child was out of infancy, he was transferred from the cradle to sleep in the bed where the parents or older brothers and sisters of the baby slept.
The first beds for newborns were made, of course, from wood, and their manufacture was of a handicraft character. The first cribs for newborns also had some functionality. For example, many samples that have survived to this day are endowed with a special functional stand, which involves rocking the crib from side to side. Such cradles were most often made from different types of wood, they were produced, as they say, at home.

As soon as the baby grew up a little and learned to sit down on his own, he was immediately deprived of a cozy place in his own cradle for safety reasons and shifted to small sizes a crib, which was also made of wood and kept under the base of a large parent bed. Later, for the greatest convenience of storage, such cribs began to be made on special wooden wheels, which made it possible to move the crib for the newborn under the parent's large bed or to another place with less problems.
In the eighteenth century in European countries, handicraft carpentry of newborn beds became a profitable business and gained mass popularity. Such beds were not cheap - all reliable historical sources agree on this, so not many parents could afford to have such a luxury in their own home. Many functional developments in relation to cradles are also associated with the eighteenth century, the totality of which, by the beginning or middle of the next, nineteenth century, made it possible to come close to the creation of those prototype models of modern cribs for newborns, to which we, modern inhabitants, have long been accustomed.

However, while the process of making cribs remained the work of single craftsmen, the prices for this piece of children's furniture remained very high, and, consequently, cribs were considered a luxury accessible only to the elite. It is not surprising that in many families, cribs for newborns were passed down, as they say, from father to son, and had the status of a kind of family heirloom. As a rule, cribs were used as a sleeping place for many toddlers in turn: as soon as the child grew out of the crib, a newborn took his place.

By the beginning of the twentieth century, there was a surge in the popularity of cots for newborns. This is due, first of all, to the development of industry and the placement of cribs on the production line. In the twentieth century, the concepts of “children's room”, “baby crib”, “crib for newborns”, and so on, so familiar to the modern understanding, became famous. Appearance and functional refinements of cribs for newborns have undergone a significant evolution, but in the twentieth century, as well as in the twenty-first, the main qualities of a crib were and are considered to be their strength and comfort.

Currently, the production of cribs for newborns is subject to fairly strict safety standards, which are updated year by year, keeping pace with the development of the most massive baby crib industry. The latest developments in the production of modern baby beds are subject to mandatory testing for durability and safety for babies. But, despite this, today's parents, like hundreds of years ago, should carefully monitor the safety and comfort of the baby, even in the most modern bed for newborns.

Etymology

According to one version, the word "bed" comes from the word "shelter". According to Vasmer, the word comes from Ancient Greek κράββατος, Middle Greek κραββάτι(ο)ν, Modern Greek κρεββάτι. In modern Greek - κρεβάτι, pronounced [krevati].

Bed design

The bed usually has four legs (except for specific models), with the help of which its frame is raised above the floor, backs (front and back) and a mattress. The frame, supports, and headboards can be made of metal, wood, and, less commonly, other materials.

This design of the bed allows you to temporarily place or store things under it (for example, a suitcase with things) and hang things on the back.

More complex structure the bed includes vertical posts and even in some cases roofing. This addition, combined with the curtains that cover it, separates the space of the room from the space where the bed itself is located. An additional function of such a compartment may be protection from insects.

The history of the bed

The bed has been known since ancient egypt. Before the widespread use of the bed, people slept on chests, benches, and beds.

Beds in ancient times were arranged under a roof, a roof. On four pillars, which were called plows, a roof was installed. Two beams were inserted into the plow. Bridge boards were installed on the beams. The bars and bridge boards made up the frame, which was called the bed. The machine was fastened with iron ties. Large boards were installed in the plows - dungeons, that is, the backs of the bed in the head and legs. On the tops of the plows, four bars with domes were installed; on these bars arranged sky, or ceiling (ceiling). The sky was made of damask. Curtains descended from the tops of the beams; also made of damask with fringes. At the feet and heads of the bed the curtains were called dungeons.

The beds were decorated with carvings, the fabrics of the sky and the torture chambers were embroidered, decorated with tassels, lace. Stands, blocks, steps, which were called bed blocks, or stepping blocks, were substituted for the bed.

In 1662, Alexei Mikhailovich sent a bed worth 2,800 rubles as a gift to the Shah of Persia. It was probably the most expensive bed in the 17th century - the boyar's annual income did not exceed 700 rubles a year. This bed was purchased in 1659 from the German Ivan Fansweden.

Types of beds

The bed allows some variations, among which the most famous are:

• Folding sofa (sofa bed)
• Folding chair (chair-bed)
• Cot
• Bed with water mattress
• Bed in the form of cars or carriages

Standard sizes

Modern manufacturing conventions have led to a limitation in the number standard sizes commercial bedding for mattresses and box springs. They depend on the country of manufacture.

Mattress dimensions (width × length)

	USA	Australia	Great Britain	Europe
Singles / Two	99×190 cm 38×75"	92×190 cm 36×75"		90×200 cm 35×79"
Double / Full	138×190 cm 53×75"			140×200 cm 55×79"
Royal (Queen; UK King)	153×203 cm 60×80"		153×198 cm 60×78"	160×200 cm 63×79"
Super Royal (King; UK Super King)	193×203 cm 76×80"	184×203 cm 72×80"	184×198 cm 72×78"	180×200 cm 71×79"

Bed in art

Beds are devoted to numerous works of literature, painting and sculpture.

• Sergei Yesenin wrote about the bed: "Our life is a sheet and a bed."

Literature

• I. Osinovskaya. Poetics of things: bed // Osinovskaya I. A. Irony and Eros. Poetics of the figurative field. - M., 2007, p. 155-168
• Ivan Zabelin " home life Russian tsars in the 16th and 17th centuries. Publishing house Transitkniga. Moscow. 2005. pp. 202-212 ISBN 5-9578-2773-8

Notes

Links

• How to choose the right bed (Russian). Archived from the original on February 8, 2012. Retrieved August 2, 2009.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

Synonyms:

See what "Bed" is in other dictionaries:

- (2) 1. Bed: Since the night from the evening, dress me, speech, with a black papolomy on yew beds. 23. [And he (Izyaslav) under the shields on the bloody grass was tattered with Lithuanian swords. And with a desire to the bed, and rivers: Your team, prince, the birds of the kryla passed, and ... Dictionary-reference book "The Tale of Igor's Campaign"

BED, beds, wives. (Greek krabbatos). A piece of home furnishings used for sleeping and is a long frame on four legs with two backs, on which a bed is laid. Iron bed. Double bed. Baby bed… Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

Beds [Greek krabbatos]. A piece of home furnishings used for sleeping and is a long frame on four legs with two backs, on which a bed is laid. Double bed. Children's bed. Lie down on the bed. To read,… … Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

See bed... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under. ed. N. Abramova, M .: Russian dictionaries, 1999. bed bed, bed; bunk; furniture, machine tool, hat, shkontsy, beds, sexodrome, trahodrome, sex mill, bed, ... ... Synonym dictionary Technical translator's guide

BED- A bed seen in a dream portends that soon you will have to go on a long trip far from home. An iron bed with armored mesh means failure household appliances and its urgent repair or replacement, which will require considerable … Dream Interpretation Melnikov

Bed- furniture intended for for sleep. The first mention in Russia in the Word about Igor's regiment. The prototype of K. in Russia was a wide bunks, located under the ceiling between the stove and the opposite wall, as well as wide benches and chests. In the reign ... ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

Bed. Borrowed from Greek, where we find krabbatio. Rapprochement with shelter in folk etymology is incorrect.

Bed. An ancient borrowing from the Greek (Byzantine) language. The Greeks called their bed for sleeping "Krabbata" (in a different pronunciation for the time "Kravvati"). This word passed from them to the Russians back in Kiev times.

bed f., dial. cow, Kaluga, Ukrainian bed, blr. kravats, other Russian. bed (SPI, Afan. Nikit. 16). From the Middle Greek. κραββάτι(ο)ν, New Greek κρεββάτι, Greek. κράββατος (70 interpreters); see Vasmer, Gr.-sl. this. 101 et seq.; Bernecker 1, 625. Brandt (RFV 22, 142) suggests folk etymology. rapprochement with blood. Tsslav. the medium is unbelievable (contrary to Shakhmatov, Lit. yaz. 235). Phonetically impossible through tour. käräwät (contrary to Mi. TEl. 2, 109).

Bed. Other Russian Loans. from the Middle Greek. lang., where krabbati(o)n"bed, bed" - the same root as hornbeam, Greek grabion"wood of a certain species of oak." Bed literally - "a bed of oak."

Date added: 2014-11-30

Why is the bed called "bed"?

This word comes from the Greek language, "Crabbation" - this is how the name sounded in ancient Greek lodge,
on which people slept or rested. In Russian, this word was combined with the original Slavic "shelter",
This is how the word "bed" came about. The more precise word "bed" from "lay down, lay down" is now considered obsolete.

Pleasure is not for everyone

Familiar to everyone and such a necessary bed was once not available to everyone.
The bed became an indicator of the development of material culture and appeared at a certain stage of civilization.
Primitive people knew only a bed of skins or moss. The first primitive bed looked like a big trough and the whole family slept in it,
several people. With the development of civilization, separate places for sleeping appeared, but at first they were the privilege of the rulers - for example,
the tombs have preserved for us the flat beds of the pharaohs.

When you decide which bed to choose in the store, try to turn on your imagination and delve into the depths of time.
It turns out that the Greeks and Romans slept on the prototype of the modern frame bed, which are in furniture stores.

The frame was usually bronze or wood and decorated with ivory and precious metals.
Role " orthopedic mattress» performed hay, leaves or bags filled with cotton or wool.
But the poor still spread skins or their simple things for sleeping.

European style

IN medieval Europe wide, up to 4 meters wide beds were, according to ancient custom, multi-seat, the whole family slept there.
The hosts invited the welcome guest as a sign of respect to share the bed with them. Only noble people still slept in a private bed.
But the climate of Europe, not as mild as in Greece, made its own adjustments to the culture of sleep. In dank houses, it was possible to warm up only at a red-hot hearth or in a warm bed.
Sleeping on a damp floor did not add health. Therefore, in the Middle Ages, beds were raised to a platform, to which several steps led.
The canopy of the bed appeared in Europe for the same reason: it was very cold, and people came up with the idea of ​​supplying the bed with a roof from which thick curtains descended.
And once again seeing cozy beds with a canopy in a film about knights, one involuntarily thinks: romantic, but cold!

Bed rebirth

The Renaissance era erected a separate bed almost into a royal dignity. The bed began to symbolize well-being and a happy marital union.
The owners of the beds emphasized this in every possible way: they decorated their beds with gold, intricately painted with paints, inlaid headboards with precious materials. The first bedroom sets appear and the assembly of the bedroom is already necessary.
Certainly expensive curtains and bedspreads needed to be changed every day.
All this emphasized the status of the owners. The nobles considered it an honor to be present at the awakening of the king and stood near the bed in rank,
depending on personal merit or the whim of the sovereign, the closer to the royal box, the more prestigious.
In the Baroque era, that is, in the 17th and 18th centuries, it became customary to receive visitors without getting out of bed.
Louis 14 gave audiences, reclining on his luxurious bed.
The bed was a piece of goods, a work of art, new models of beds with various novelties came into fashion like dresses:
then a canopy appeared, then they came up with putting curtains on a hoop, then lush sultans appeared in the decoration.

How about us?

In Russia, sleep was honored and revered, pious people always rested after dinner.
Foreign beds for sovereigns were transported by sea through the ports of Arkhangelsk.
Until the middle of the 19th century, ordinary people and sometimes even merchants slept in a simple way, on stoves, on shelves or on benches.
Merchants even slept on a merchant scale. Their beds were of unusual height and were considered the highest. The bed, as in many eras, was an indicator of prosperity.
On the best beds German-made stacked lush downy featherbeds. You can't just lie on a bed like this. The merchants went to bed only by placing a ladder or a chair.
City residents put feather beds or mattresses on the bed, covered the bed with a bedspread or quilted blanket. Embroidered or lace valances come into fashion, as well as a pyramid of pillows, with a touching little pillow on top.

Is sleeping bad?