Protective function of house carving. house carving

House carvinǵ - a method of decorating the exterior of a house by carving on the outer wooden elements various figures and ornaments.

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Art. Gear 36. Wood processing. house carving

Woodcarving. Lesson 2 (geometric)

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Elements of house carving

The wide distribution of house carving in Russia is explained by the primordial traditions of wooden architecture. Almost all overhead and protruding elements of the facade of the house were decorated with carvings: platband, cornice, towels, rotten boards, balusters, porch pillars, roofs.

Types of house carving

Almost all types of wooden carving have found application in house carving:

• slotted
• consignment note
• embossed
• sculptural

The predominant use of one or another type of carving in various regions of Russia was determined by deep-rooted traditions.

The origins of house carving. Symbolism

The origins of house carving are rooted in antiquity. V Ancient Russia it was primarily used to attract powerful light forces in order to protect a person’s house, his clan, economy from the invasion of evil and dark principles. Then there was a whole system of both symbols and signs protecting the space of a peasant house. The most striking part of the dwelling has always been - cornices, architraves, porch. carved ornament- a set of the most stable symbols, signs - the so-called "reified" myth. These symbols, in the deep past, carried a magical-incantatory protective function, which B. A. Rybakov called "reified conspiracies" that arose in the bowels of Slavic paganism and transferred through the centuries to our days.

The porch, platbands, cornices, and chapels were decorated with house carvings. Simple geometric motifs - repeating rows of triangles, semicircles, chasses with tassels framing the "vaults" - gable roof gables of houses. These are the oldest Slavic symbols rain, heavenly moisture, on which fertility depended, and hence the life of the farmer. The celestial sphere is associated with ideas about the Sun, which gives heat and light. The signs of the Sun are solar symbols, denoting the daytime path of the star. Particularly important and interesting was the figurative world of window frames. The windows themselves in the idea of ​​the house are the boundary zone between the world inside the dwelling and another, natural, often unknown, surrounding the house from all sides. The upper part of the casing meant the heavenly world, symbols of the Sun were depicted on it. On the vaulted mantels there were zoomorphic symbols (snakes with vegetative curved bodies, majestic birds with raised wings and magnificent tails), phytomorphic (stems, sprouts, flowers) and consecrated with solar crosses and rosettes.

The name of this type of carving speaks for itself: house carving is intended for the exterior decoration of a dwelling and its interior decoration.

By the nature and technique of execution, house carving is heterogeneous and can be embossed, slotted and volumetric. Since we talked about these types of threads and the technique of their execution in the previous sections, we will focus on the elements that can be used in house carving.

Silent (because the background didn't cut through) relief carving decorated pediments, platbands. Most often they embodied floral ornaments, in which the leaves form garlands, twist in spirals, interspersed with rosettes, flowers. Often in
plant motifs inserted images of mermaids, lions, etc.

Secrets between the lines

Is it possible to determine the chemical composition of the steel that is supposed to be used for the tool at home?

There is a way, of course. It is quite simple, but its result can only be approximate. Test the sparks that the material gives on the grinding wheel. The analysis is carried out in a darkened room. Carbon steel throws off a white beam of sparks with stars (the more there are, the higher the carbon content in steel); chrome - slightly noticeable yellow; tungsten - very noticeable red; P18 steel - a short bunch of dark red sparks without stars.

Slotted house carving belongs to the middle of the 19th century. She decorated the pediments, frames of windows and doors, balconies and stair railings.
An example of a three-dimensional house carving is an okhlupen, which is an image of the head and upper body of a large animal, such as a deer, or a bird. They were cut from the rhizome and installed on the ridge of the roof or on the bow of the ship.
Ornament in house carving can be attributed to the main ways of decorating a house and household items. It is a pattern in which, in accordance with a given rhythm, pictorial elements alternate. Ornaments can be floral, geometric, and a variety of wickerwork can also be included here.
At the same time, the elements underlying the ornament are stylized into decorative forms that are easy to perceive and quite simple in execution.

Ornament solves several problems at once:

1) decorates an object;
2) orients the object in space (denotes its left and right sides, top,
bottom);
3) represents the surface in the form of an open fragment (for example, a mesh
ornament) or limits it along the edge by making a border or border.

Secrets between the lines

How to make a knife-jamb yourself?

For this, a piece of a hacksaw blade made of high-speed steel is suitable.
First, the teeth are ground on the grinding wheel, then the blade is sharpened at an angle of 40–45 °. Sharpening is possible both right and left, bilateral is considered optimal. Such a knife-jamb does not require heat treatment. Since holes are made with difficulty in this steel, a primitive handle is made: the corresponding place is smeared with BF-2 glue, wrapped in rubber and tightly wrapped with twine.
Openwork ornament usually consists of slotted rosettes, which in house carving play the role of overhead elements, for example, in valances.
Arabesque- a complex ornament consisting of intricately intertwined geometric and floral motifs.
beads- a simple ornament of balls and all kinds of oblong elements.
Hedwig- an ornament consisting of rings in which rosettes are enclosed.
Wreath- an ornament that looks like a floral motif tied with ribbons.
Volute- a kind of decoration, consisting of spiral curls. In house carving, it often adorns brackets.
geometric ornament represents a strip, which consists of rhythmically organized elements (circles, corners, zigzags, etc.). This includes sockets, stars, borders. A geometric ornament in which the lines intertwine at right angles is called a meander, and an ornament that fills the entire space with a small pattern is called a mesh. Most often, a geometric ornament is realized in contour, geometric and slotted carving.
Heraldic called ornament, which presents weapons, symbols, signs, emblems, etc.
Garland- decor, shaped like a wave, which is formed by leaves, flowers, ribbons, etc.
Gaudron- a special kind of ornament, built from rhythmically repeating semi-ovals and oblong convex elements, which are called fillets and flutes.
Town ornament- these are jagged strips superimposed on each other, like steps.

Secrets between the lines

Is it possible to make a spoon cutter yourself?

Often masters do just that. Tool steel is selected, a straight blade is made from it, which is processed with locksmith tools, like an ordinary knife. The length of the blade is determined by the radius and angle of the arc of the bend. The blade is heated and given the desired shape. Further operations are typical: the knife is heated, slowly cooled, hardened.
The tourniquet in its structure resembles a twisted belt.

animal ornament- a stylized image of animals, birds and fantastic creatures, which is cut out by combining different techniques, which makes it more expressive.
Cartouche- a vignette, which is a plane, in shape resembles a scroll with wrapping edges, in the center of which there is an inscription, number, monogram, etc.
ribbon ornament- these are all kinds of straight and curvilinear ornaments that decorate the surface of an object, edging it. Border represents a narrow strip of openwork ornament.
Lunette- a semicircular plane, made in any carving technique.
Network- this is an ornament of intertwining stripes, ribbons, stems and other things, is one of the oldest ways to decorate objects and homes.
palmette- a kind of floral ornament that has a fan-shaped shape. It completes the carved decor, used in the form of a strip on the frieze.
Floral ornament consists of stylized floristic forms (flowers, fruits, leaves, etc.), which, intertwined, form a strip. This ornament is found in all types of house carving.

Secrets between the lines

Is there a difference between sharpening and resharpening a tool?

sharpening is the removal of a thin layer of metal over the entire chamfer. It is resorted to with monotonous (uniform) blunting of the tool. When regrinding, a thicker layer of metal is removed. This method is used for emergency wear and preparation of a new tool.
solar signs- stylized symbolic images (dating back to the era of paganism) of deities, such as the sun. Similar images are often found on the pediments, the porch.

Some of the presented ornaments are shown in Fig. 95.

Rice. 95. Ornaments used in house carving: a - geometric; b - vegetable; c – zoomorphic; g - tape; d - openwork; e - town; g - braided line; h - palmette; and - a wreath; k - beads; l - letter; m - goron; n - tourniquet; o - arabesque

house carving designed to accentuate such structural elements of the building (Fig. 96), as a pediment, shutters, balcony, ridge, porch, etc.

Rice. 96. Basic structural elements buildings decorated with house carvings:
1 - porch; 2 - pilaster; 3 - shutters; 4 - sheathing; 5 - casing; 6 - bracket (console); 7 - prichelina brush; 8 - balcony; 9 - prichelina (left); 10 - frieze; 11 - towel brush; 12 - dormer window; 13 - cornice; 14 - slope (hip) 15 - skate

External decoration of the house is started after all construction and Finishing work, and the wooden house passed the stage of settlement, which lasts about 2 years.
The most interesting and intricately trying to decorate the facade of the house. On its pediment, an attic can be placed with a balcony decorated with a carved fence, or windows, the frames of which are decorated with inserts, platbands, and overhead rosettes.
Prichelins, cornices, valances and friezes are usually made using the technique slotted thread, thanks to the techniques of which all openwork designs look very light. Particular attention is paid to the decoration of windows. At the same time, platbands not only create decor, but also perform a purely utilitarian function, masking the gaps between the wall and the window frame. All types of carving are used in the decoration of platbands.
The porch is also given special importance, so for a good owner it is not just a canopy over the steps, but a canopy with a bracket decorated with elegant carvings. The porch is decorated with carved columns or openwork fencing.
A house decorated with carvings compares favorably with ordinary buildings. In this case, the master must withstand general style design and keep your own. In addition to a variety of carving techniques, other finishing methods can be used, for example
toning, coloring, which allow you to see the texture and appreciate the beauty of the tree.
House carving involves the decoration and interior decoration of the dwelling, which includes furniture, dishes. All of them must be done in the same style. The master can apply here all kinds of techniques that he owns: contour, geometric,
slotted, openwork, relief, sculptural carving.

Secrets between the lines

What should be considered when sharpening a tool?

Sharpening requirements: it is necessary to maintain the sharpening angle and the shape of the blade; the chamfer should be even, without bulging, sharpness - without burrs; bluing of the tool is unacceptable. You need to learn how to sharpen a tool on pieces of metal.

house carving- this is a way to decorate a home by carving on wooden structures various ornaments, patterns or shapes. The traditions of such decoration are rooted in the deep past - scientists believe that carving originated among the ancient Slavs around the 10th-11th century. Masters decorated all the protruding elements of housing - balusters, porch, wind boards, roofing, cornices and architraves. Woodwork was carried out with the simplest tools, protective runes were applied to the boards, scaring away evil spirits and inviting well-being into the house, images of the gods and the surrounding nature, symbols of rain and sun. Runes and symbols served as amulets, protecting the house space.

With the introduction of Christianity in Russia, their magical and incantatory function was lost, and house carvings began to be used exclusively for decorative purposes. But even today, ancient symbols and runes are visible in ornaments and patterns - rows of triangles and semicircles, symbolizing rain and heavenly moisture, images of animals and trees, fields and forests. Carving can be used to decorate wooden houses and designs, give them a decorative and complete appearance returning to the traditions of the ancestors.

The procedure for performing work with house carving

In the past, craftsmen had to make decorative elements manually, which was associated with high labor costs and the process dragged on for several months. Today overlays are created on a modern machine with a numerical program management and cuts are made with a laser. This technology has serious advantages: planks and overlays are identical, and cutting wood pores are sealed from high temperature and slightly charred (additional protection from moisture). In addition, now there is no need to wait for manufacturing for several months - for the manufacture of platbands in wooden house classic size takes 2-3 days depending on the complexity of the work.

The technology for creating house wood carving is as follows:

1. Create a sketch. The client chooses the patterns he likes and orders an individual ornament, taking into account the existing architectural ensemble on the site. Experienced designers help the customer to make a choice and select the necessary elements.

2. Drawing up a contract indicating clear terms for manufacturing and installation, prices for work and material, and other nuances of cooperation.

3. Production of elements according to sketches on a CNC machine.

4. Delivery of material to the customer's site.

5. Treatment with antiseptics and fire retardants, installation of planks in the intended place.

If you have any questions or are ready to buy platbands at an affordable price in Moscow, please contact the art studio "Reznoye Delo". We will quickly and efficiently make them from wood, moisture-resistant plywood or MDF, after which we will install them at home in compliance with necessary technologies installation.