Romanov dynasty in order over the years. Genealogical tree of the Romanov dynasty with photos and dates of reign

21.10.2019

In the Kremlin, in the Armory Chamber, two plain-looking sabers are kept. But, despite the unpresentable appearance, they are priceless relics of Russia. These sabers were the military weapons of Minin and Pozharsky. In 1612, Kuzma Minin, a merchant from Nizhny Novgorod, called on the Russian people to fight against the Polish invaders, and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky led the people's militia.

In the autumn of the same year, the Mother See was cleared of Polish lords. After that, the Zemsky Sobor met, which elected Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the throne. The Romanov family itself came from the family of Tsarina Anastasia (the first wife of Ivan the Terrible). The people loved her and revered her for her kindness and meekness. The formidable king himself loved her and was very worried after the death of his wife.

All this was the reason that the representatives of the Russian lands, who gathered at the Zemsky Sobor, made a choice in favor of a 16-year-old boy who was a descendant of Anastasia. This was announced to him in the Ipatiev Monastery in the city of Kostroma. Thus began the reign of the Romanov dynasty. It lasted 300 years and turned the Russian land into a huge and great power.

Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich (1613-1645)

Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (1645-1676)

Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich (1676-1682)

Triarchy and Princess Sofia Alekseevna (1682-1689)

Peter I the Great (1689-1725)

The tsar, and then the emperor Peter I, is considered a great reformer who turned the Muscovite kingdom into the Russian Empire. His merits include the defeat of the Swedes, access to the Baltic Sea, the construction of St. Petersburg, the rapid growth of the metallurgical industry. The state administration, the judiciary and the education system were transformed. In 1721, the Russian tsar began to be called the emperor, and the country the empire.
Read more in the article Peter I Romanov.

Empress Catherine I (1725-1727)

Emperor Peter II (1727-1730)

Empress Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740)

Ivan VI and the Brunswick family (1740-1741)

Empress Elizabeth (1741-1761)

Emperor Peter III (1761-1762)

Empress Catherine II the Great (1762-1796)

Emperor Paul I (1796-1801)

Emperor Alexander I (1801-1825)

Emperor Nicholas I (1825-1855)

Emperor Alexander II the Liberator (1855-1881)

Emperor Alexander III the Peacemaker (1881-1894)

Emperor Nicholas II (1894-1917)

Nicholas II became the last emperor of the Romanov dynasty. Under him, the Khodynka tragedy and Bloody Sunday took place. The Russo-Japanese War was extremely unsuccessful. At the same time, the economy Russian Empire rise was observed. At its peak, the First World War began, ending with a revolution and the abdication of the emperor from the throne. The renunciation manifesto was signed on March 2, 1917. Nicholas II abdicated in favor of his brother Mikhail, but he also renounced power.

Leonid Druzhnikov

Candidates

There were many contenders for the Russian throne. The two most unpopular candidates - the Polish prince Vladislav and the son of False Dmitry II - were "weeded out" immediately. The Swedish king's son Karl-Philip had more supporters, among them - the leader of the Zemstvo army, Prince Pozharsky. Why did the patriot of the Russian land opt for a foreign prince? Perhaps the antipathy of the “thin-born” Pozharsky to domestic applicants - the well-born boyars, who in the Time of Troubles more than once betrayed those to whom they swore allegiance, had an effect. He feared that the “boyar tsar” would sow the seeds of a new unrest in Russia, as happened during the short reign of Vasily Shuisky. Therefore, Prince Dmitry stood for the calling of the "Varangian", but most likely it was Pozharsky's "maneuver", since in the end only Russian applicants, noble princes, participated in the struggle for the royal throne. The head of the infamous "seven boyars" Fyodor Mstislavsky compromised himself by collaborating with the Poles, Ivan Vorotynsky renounced his claim to the throne, Vasily Golitsyn was in Polish captivity, the leaders of the militia Dmitry Trubetskoy and Dmitry Pozharsky did not differ in nobility. But the new king must unite the country split by the Time of Troubles. The question was: how to give preference to one family, so that a new round of boyar civil strife would not begin?

Mikhail Fedorovich did not pass the first round

The candidacy of the Romanovs as the main contenders did not arise by chance: Mikhail Romanov was the nephew of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich. Mikhail's father, Patriarch Filaret, was respected among the clergy and Cossacks. In favor of the candidacy of Mikhail Fedorovich, the boyar Fyodor Sheremetyev actively campaigned. He assured the obstinate boyars that Mikhail "is young and will be familiar to us." In other words, become their puppet. But the boyars did not allow themselves to be persuaded: in the preliminary vote, the candidacy of Mikhail Romanov did not get the required number of votes.

no-show

When Romanov was elected, an overlay arose: the Cathedral demanded the arrival of the young applicant in Moscow. The Romanov party could not allow this: an inexperienced, timid, inexperienced young man in intrigues would have made an unfavorable impression on the delegates of the Council. Sheremetyev and his supporters had to show miracles of eloquence, proving how dangerous the path from the Kostroma village of Domnino, where Mikhail was, to Moscow. Was it not then that the legend about the feat of Ivan Susanin, who saved the life of the future tsar, arose? After a heated debate, the Romanovs succeeded in persuading the Council to cancel the decision on Michael's arrival.

tightening

On February 7, 1613, the rather tired delegates announced a two-week break: “for a large strengthening, they postponed February from the 7th of February to the 21st.” Messengers were sent to the cities "to see through their thoughts in all sorts of people." The voice of the people, of course, is the voice of God, but isn't two weeks not enough to monitor the public opinion of a large country? It is not easy for a messenger to get to Siberia, for example, even in two months. Most likely, the boyars counted on the departure from Moscow of the most active supporters of Mikhail Romanov - the Cossacks. If the stanitsa get bored, they say, to sit idle in the city, they will disperse. The Cossacks really dispersed, so much so that the boyars did not seem a little ...

The role of Pozharsky

Let's return to Pozharsky and his lobbying for the Swedish candidate for the Russian throne. In the autumn of 1612, the militia captured a Swedish spy. Until January 1613, he languished in captivity, but shortly before the beginning of the Zemsky Sobor, Pozharsky freed the spy and sent him to Novgorod occupied by the Swedes with a letter to the commander Jacob Delagardie. In it, Pozharsky reports that both he himself and most of the noble boyars want to see Karl-Philip on the Russian throne. But, as subsequent events showed, Pozharsky misinformed the Swede. One of the first decisions of the Zemsky Sobor was that there should not be a foreigner on the Russian throne, the sovereign should be elected "from Moscow families, which God wills." Was Pozharsky really so naive that he did not know the mood of the majority? Of course not. Prince Dmitry deliberately fooled Delagardie with "universal support" for the candidacy of Charles Philip, in order to prevent Swedish interference in the election of the king. The Russians hardly repelled the Polish onslaught, and a campaign against Moscow by the Swedish army could also turn out to be fatal. Pozharsky's "cover operation" was successful: the Swedes did not move. That is why on February 20, Prince Dmitry, having safely forgotten about the Swedish prince, proposed to the Zemsky Sobor to choose a tsar from the Romanov family, and then he put his signature on the conciliar charter on the election of Mikhail Fedorovich. During the coronation of the new sovereign, it was Pozharsky who was given a high honor by Mikhail: the prince presented him with one of the symbols of power - the royal power. Modern political technologists can only envy such a competent PR move: the savior of the Fatherland hands the state to the new tsar. Beautiful. Looking ahead, we note that until his death (1642) Pozharsky faithfully served Mikhail Fedorovich, taking advantage of his unchanging location. It is unlikely that the tsar would have favored someone who wanted to see not him, but some Swedish prince on the throne of the Ruriks.

Cossacks

A special role in the selection of the king belongs to the Cossacks. An interesting story about this is contained in the Tale of the Zemsky Sobor of 1613. It turns out that on February 21 the boyars decided to choose the king by casting lots, but the hope for "maybe", in which any forgery is possible, seriously angered the Cossacks. Cossack orators smashed the boyar "tricks" to smithereens and solemnly proclaimed: "By God's will, in the reigning city of Moscow and all Russia, let there be a tsar, sovereign and grand duke Mikhailo Fedorovich!" This cry was immediately picked up by supporters of the Romanovs, and not only in the Cathedral, but also among the large crowd of people in the square. It was the Cossacks who cut the "Gordian knot", having achieved the election of Mikhail. The unknown author of the “Tale” (probably an eyewitness of what is happening) does not spare colors, describing the reaction of the boyars: “The Bolyar at that time was obsessed with fear and trembling trembling, and their faces were changing with blood, and no one could say anything.” Only Mikhail's uncle, Ivan Romanov, nicknamed Kasha, who for some reason did not want to see his nephew on the throne, tried to object: "Mikhailo Fedorovich is still young and not in full mind." To which the Cossack wits objected: “But you, Ivan Nikitich, are an old verst, in full mind ... you will be a strong potor to him.” Mikhail did not forget Uncle's assessment of his mental abilities and subsequently removed Ivan Kasha from all state affairs. The Cossack demarche came as a complete surprise to Dmitry Trubetskoy: “His face is black, and falling into an ailment, and lying for many days, without leaving his courtyard from the mountain, that the Cossacks exhausted the treasury and recognized them as flattering in words and deceit.” The prince can be understood: it was he, the leader of the Cossack militia, who counted on the support of his comrades-in-arms, generously endowed them with a "treasury" - and suddenly they were on the side of Mikhail. Perhaps the Romanov party paid more?

British recognition

On February 21 (March 3), 1613, the Zemsky Sobor made a historic decision: to elect Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the kingdom. The first country to recognize the new sovereign was England: in the same year, 1613, the embassy of John Metric arrived in Moscow. Thus began the history of the second and last royal dynasty of Russia. It is significant that throughout his reign, Mikhail Fedorovich showed a special attitude towards the British. So, Mikhail Fedorovich restored relations with the British "Moscow Company" after the Time of Troubles, and although he curtailed the freedom of action of English merchants, he nevertheless put them on preferential terms not only with other foreigners, but also with representatives of the Russian "big business".

For more than 300 years, the Romanov dynasty was in power in Russia. There are several versions of the origin of the Romanov family. According to one of them, the Romanovs come from Novgorod. The family tradition says that the origins of the family should be sought in Prussia, from where the ancestors of the Romanovs moved to Russia at the beginning of the XIV century. The first reliably established ancestor of the family was the Moscow boyar Ivan Kobyla.

The beginning of the ruling dynasty of the Romanovs was laid by the great-nephew of the wife of Ivan the Terrible, Mikhail Fedorovich. He was chosen to reign Zemsky Cathedral in 1613, after the suppression of the Moscow branch of the Rurikovich.

Since the 18th century, the Romanovs have ceased to call themselves tsars. On November 2, 1721, Peter I was declared Emperor of All Russia. He became the first emperor in the dynasty.

The reign of the dynasty ended in 1917, when Emperor Nicholas II abdicated as a result February Revolution from the throne. In July 1918, he was shot by the Bolsheviks along with his family (including five children) and close associates in Tobolsk.

Numerous descendants of the Romanovs now live abroad. However, none of them, from the point of view of the Russian law on succession to the throne, has the right to the Russian throne.

Below is a chronology of the reign of the Romanov family with the dating of the reign.

Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Reign: 1613-1645

He laid the foundation for a new dynasty, being elected at the age of 16 to reign by the Zemsky Sobor in 1613. Belonged to an ancient boyar family. He restored the functioning of the economy and trade in the country, which he inherited in a deplorable state after the Time of Troubles. Concluded "perpetual peace" with Sweden (1617). At the same time, he lost access to the Baltic Sea, but returned the vast Russian territories previously conquered by Sweden. He concluded an "eternal peace" with Poland (1618), while losing Smolensk and Seversk land. Attached land along the Yaik, Baikal, Yakutia, access to the Pacific Ocean.

Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov (Quiet). Reign: 1645-1676

He ascended the throne at the age of 16. He was a gentle, good-natured and very religious person. He continued the reform of the army started by his father. At the same time attracted a large number of foreign military specialists left idle after the end of the Thirty Years' War. Under him, Nikon's church reform was carried out, affecting the main church rites and books. Returned Smolensk and Seversk land. Annexed Ukraine to Russia (1654). Suppressed the uprising of Stepan Razin (1667-1671)

Fedor Alekseevich Romanov. Reign: 1676-1682

The short reign of the extremely painful king was marked by a war with Turkey and the Crimean Khanate and the further conclusion of the Treaty of Bakhchisarai (1681), according to which Turkey recognized Left-Bank Ukraine and Kyiv as Russia. A general census was carried out (1678). The fight against the Old Believers received a new round - Archpriest Avvakum was burned. He died at the age of twenty.

Peter I Alekseevich Romanov (the Great). Reigned: 1682-1725 (ruled independently from 1689)

The previous tsar (Fyodor Alekseevich) died without making an order regarding the succession to the throne. As a result, two tsars were crowned on the throne at the same time - the young brothers of Fyodor Alekseevich Ivan and Peter under their regency older sister Sofya Alekseevna (until 1689 - Sophia's regency, until 1696 - formal co-ordination with Ivan V). Since 1721, the first Emperor of All Russia.

He was an ardent supporter of the Western way of life. For all its ambiguity, it is recognized by both adherents and critics as the "Great Sovereign".

His bright reign was marked by the Azov campaigns (1695 and 1696) against the Turks, which resulted in the capture of the Azov fortress. The result of the campaigns was, among other things, the king's awareness of the need to reform the army. The old army was disbanded - the army began to be created according to a new model. From 1700 to 1721 - participation in the most difficult with Sweden, the result of which was the defeat of the hitherto invincible Charles XII and Russia's access to the Baltic Sea.

In 1722-1724, the largest foreign policy event of Peter the Great after the Northern War was the Caspian (Persian) campaign, which ended with the capture of Derbent, Baku and other cities by Russia.

During his reign, Peter founded St. Petersburg (1703), established the Senate (1711) and Colleges (1718), introduced the "Table of Ranks" (1722).

Catherine I. Years of reign: 1725-1727

The second wife of Peter I. A former maid named Marta Kruse, who was taken into captivity during the Great Northern War. Nationality not known. She was the mistress of Field Marshal Sheremetev. Later, Prince Menshikov took her to him. In 1703, Peter liked her, who made her his mistress, and later his wife. She was baptized into Orthodoxy, changing her name to Ekaterina Alekseevna Mikhailova.

Under her, the Supreme Privy Council was created (1726) and an alliance was concluded with Austria (1726).

Peter II Alekseevich Romanov. Years of government: 1727-1730

Grandson of Peter I, son of Tsarevich Alexei. The last representative of the Romanov family in a direct male line. He ascended the throne at the age of 11. He died at the age of 14 from smallpox. In fact, the administration of the state was carried out by the Supreme Privy Council. According to contemporaries, the young emperor was distinguished by waywardness and adored entertainment. It was entertainment, fun and hunting that the young emperor devoted all his time to. Under him, Menshikov was overthrown (1727), and the capital was returned to Moscow (1728).

Anna Ioannovna Romanova. Years of government: 1730-1740

Daughter of Ivan V, granddaughter of Alexei Mikhailovich. She was invited in 1730 to the Russian throne by the Supreme Privy Council, which she later successfully dissolved. Instead of the Supreme Council, a cabinet of ministers was created (1730). The capital was returned to St. Petersburg (1732). 1735-1739 were marked by the Russian-Turkish war, which ended with a peace treaty in Belgrade. Under the terms of the Russian treaty, Azov was ceded to Russia, but it was forbidden to have a fleet on the Black Sea. The years of her reign are characterized in literature as "the era of the dominance of the Germans at court", or as "Bironism" (by the name of her favorite).

Ivan VI Antonovich Romanov. Years of government: 1740-1741

Great-grandson of Ivan V. Was proclaimed emperor at the age of two months. The baby was proclaimed emperor under the regency of the Duke of Courland Biron, but two weeks later the guards removed the duke from power. The emperor's mother, Anna Leopoldovna, became the new regent. At the age of two he was overthrown. His short reign was subject to a law condemning the name - they were withdrawn from circulation, all his portraits were destroyed, all documents containing the name of the emperor were withdrawn (or destroyed). Until the age of 23, he spent in solitary confinement, where (already half-mad) he was stabbed to death by guards.

Elizabeth I Petrovna Romanova. Years of government: 1741-1761

Daughter of Peter I and Catherine I. With her, for the first time in Russia, death penalty. A university was opened in Moscow (1755). In 1756-1762. Russia took part in the largest military conflict of the XVIII century - seven years war. As a result of the hostilities, Russian troops captured the whole of East Prussia and even briefly took Berlin. However, the short death of the Empress and the coming to power of the pro-Prussian-minded Peter III nullified all military achievements - the conquered lands were returned to Prussia, and peace was concluded.

Peter III Fedorovich Romanov. Years of government: 1761-1762

Nephew of Elizabeth Petrovna, grandson of Peter I - son of his daughter Anna. Reigned 186 days. A lover of everything Prussian, he stopped the war with Sweden immediately after coming to power on extremely unfavorable terms for Russia. I spoke Russian with difficulty. During his reign, a manifesto "On the Liberty of the Nobility", an alliance of Prussia and Russia, a decree on freedom of religion (all -1762) was issued. He stopped the persecution of the Old Believers. He was overthrown by his wife and died a week later (according to the official version - from a fever).

Already during the reign of Catherine II, the leader of the peasant war, Emelyan Pugachev, in 1773, pretended to be the "miracle of the saved" Peter III.

Catherine II Alekseevna Romanova (the Great). Years of government: 1762-1796

Wife of Peter III. She enslaved the peasants to the maximum, expanding the powers of the nobility. Significantly expanded the territory of the Empire during the Russian-Turkish wars (1768-1774 and 1787-1791) and the partition of Poland (1772, 1793 and 1795). The reign was marked by the largest peasant uprising of Yemelyan Pugachev, who pretended to be Peter III (1773-1775). A provincial reform was carried out (1775).

Pavel I Petrovich Romanov: 1796-1801

Son of Catherine II and Peter III, 72nd Grand Master of the Order of Malta. He ascended the throne at the age of 42. Introduced compulsory succession to the throne only through the male line (1797). Significantly eased the situation of the peasants (decree on a three-day corvee, a ban on selling serfs without land (1797)). From foreign policy the war with France (1798-1799) and the Italian and Swiss campaigns of Suvorov (1799) are worthy of mention. Killed by the guards (not without the knowledge of Alexander's son) in his own bedroom (strangled). The official version is a stroke.

Alexander I Pavlovich Romanov. Years of government: 1801-1825

Son of Paul I. In the reign of Paul I, Russia defeated the French troops during Patriotic War 1812. The result of the war was a new European order, enshrined in the Congress of Vienna in 1814-1815. During numerous wars, he significantly expanded the territory of Russia - he annexed Eastern and Western Georgia, Mingrelia, Imeretia, Guria, Finland, Bessarabia, and most of Poland. He died suddenly in 1825 in Taganrog from a fever. For a long time there was a legend among the people that the emperor, tormented by conscience for the death of his father, did not die, but continued his life under the name of Elder Fyodor Kuzmich.

Nicholas I Pavlovich Romanov. Years of government: 1825-1855

The third son of Paul I. The beginning of the reign was marked by the Decembrist uprising of 1825. The "Code of Laws of the Russian Empire" (1833) was created, a monetary reform was carried out, and a reform in the state village. The Crimean War (1853-1856) was started, until the devastating end of which the emperor did not live. In addition, Russia participated in the Caucasian War (1817-1864), the Russian-Persian War (1826-1828), the Russian-Turkish War (1828-1829), the Crimean War (1853-1856).

Alexander II Nikolaevich Romanov (Liberator). Years of government: 1855-1881

The son of Nicholas I. During his reign, the Crimean War was ended by the Paris Peace Treaty, humiliating for Russia (1856). In 1861 it was abolished serfdom. Zemstvo and judicial reforms were carried out in 1864. Alaska was sold to the USA (1867). The financial system, education, city self-government, and the army were reformed. In 1870, the restrictive articles of the Peace of Paris were repealed. As a result Russian-Turkish war 1877–1878 returned to Russia Bessarabia, lost during Crimean War. He died as a result of a terrorist act committed by the People's Will.

Alexander III Alexandrovich Romanov (Tsar-Peacemaker). Years of government: 1881-1894

Son of Alexander II. During his reign, Russia did not wage a single war. His reign is characterized as conservative and counter-reform. A manifesto was adopted on the inviolability of autocracy, the Regulations on the strengthening of emergency protection (1881). He pursued an active policy of Russification of the outskirts of the empire. A military-political Franco-Russian alliance with France was concluded, which laid the foundation for the foreign policy of the two states until 1917. This union preceded the creation of the triple Entente.

Nicholas II Alexandrovich Romanov. Years of government: 1894-1917

Son of Alexander III. The last Emperor of All Russia. A difficult and ambiguous period for Russia, accompanied by serious upheavals for the empire. Russo-Japanese War(1904-1905) turned into a heavy defeat for the country and the almost complete destruction of the Russian fleet. The defeat in the war was followed by the First Russian Revolution of 1905-1907. In 1914 Russia joined the First world war(1914-1918). The emperor was not destined to live until the end of the war - in 1917 he abdicated as a result and, and in 1918 he was shot with his whole family by the Bolsheviks.

According to some sources, the Romanovs are not of Russian blood at all, but came from Prussia, according to the historian Veselovsky they are still Novgorodians. The first Romanov appeared as a result of the plexus of childbirth Koshkin-Zakharyin-Yuryev-Shuisky-Rurik in the guise of Mikhail Fedorovich, elected tsar of the Romanov dynasty. Romanovs, in different interpretations surnames and names, ruled until 1917.

The Romanov family: a story of life and death - a summary

The era of the Romanovs is a 304-year-old usurpation of power in the expanses of Russia by one boyar family that was born. By public classification feudal society 10 - 17 centuries, the boyars were called large landowners in Moscow Russia. IN 10th - 17th for centuries it was the upper stratum of the ruling class. According to the Danube-Bulgarian origin, "boyar" is translated as "noble". Their history is a time of unrest and an irreconcilable struggle with the kings for complete power.

Exactly 405 years ago, a dynasty of kings of this name appeared. 297 years ago, Peter the Great took the title of All-Russian Emperor. In order not to degenerate by blood, leapfrog began with its mixing along the male and female lines. After Catherine the First and Paul II, the branch of Mikhail Romanov sank into oblivion. But new branches sprang up, mixed with other bloodlines. Fyodor Nikitich, Patriarch of Russia Filaret, also bore the surname Romanov.

In 1913, the tercentenary of the Romanov dynasty was splendidly and solemnly celebrated.

The highest officials of Russia, invited from European countries, did not even suspect that a fire was already warming up under the house, which would burn the ashes of the last emperor and his family in just four years.

In the times under consideration, members of the imperial families did not have surnames. They were called crown princes, grand dukes, princesses. After the Great October Socialist Revolution, which critics of Russia call a terrible coup for the country, its Provisional Government decided that all members of this house should be called Romanovs.

More on the main reigning persons of the Russian state

16-year-old first king. Appointment, election of essentially inexperienced in politics or even young children, grandchildren during the transition of power is nothing new for Russia. Often this was practiced in order for the curators of minor rulers to solve their own tasks before they came of age. In this case, Mikhail the First razed the "Time of Troubles" to the ground, brought peace and brought the almost collapsed country together. Of his ten family offspring, also 16-year-old Tsarevich Alexei (1629 - 1675) succeeded Michael as king.

The first attempt on the Romanovs by relatives. Tsar Theodore the Third dies at the age of twenty. The tsar, who was in poor health (even barely survived the time of the coronation), meanwhile, turned out to be strong in politics, reforms, organization of the army and civil service.

The Romanov family - the story of life and death (photo)

In March 1917, under pressure from the masses, Nicholas II terminated his imperial powers in favor of his brother Mikhail. But he was even more cowardly, and refused the throne. And that meant only one thing: the end of the monarchy. At that time, there were 65 people in the Romanov dynasty. Men were shot by the Bolsheviks in a number of cities in the Middle Urals and in St. Petersburg. Forty-seven managed to escape into exile.

The emperor and his family were put on a train and sent to Siberian exile in August 1917. Where all those objectionable to the authorities were driven into severe frosts. The small city of Tobolsk was briefly identified as the place, but it soon became clear that Kolchak’s men could capture them there and use them for their own purposes. Therefore, the train was hastily returned to the Urals, to Yekaterinburg, where the Bolsheviks ruled.

Red terror in action

Members of the imperial family were secretly placed in the basement of a house. The shooting took place there. The emperor, members of his family, assistants were killed. Execution given legal basis in the form of a resolution of the Bolshevik Regional Council of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies.

In fact, without a court decision, and it was an illegal action.

A number of historians believe that the Yekaterinburg Bolsheviks received the sanction from Moscow, most likely from the weak-willed All-Russian headman Sverdlov, and maybe personally from Lenin. According to testimony, the people of Yekaterinburg rejected the court hearing because of the possible advance of Admiral Kolchak's troops to the Urals. And this is legally not a repression in retaliation for tsarism, but a murder.

Representative of the Investigative Committee Russian Federation Solovyov, who investigated (1993) the circumstances of the execution royal family, claimed that neither Sverdlov nor Lenin had anything to do with the execution. Even a fool would not have left such traces, especially the top leaders of the country.

The first known ancestor of the Romanovs was Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla. Until the beginning of the 16th century, the Romanovs were called the Koshkins, then the Zakharyins-Koshkins and the Zakharyins-Yuryevs.

Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina-Yuryeva was the first wife of Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible. The ancestor of the clan is the boyar Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin-Yuriev. From the house of the Romanovs reigned Alexei Mikhailovich, Fedor Alekseevich; during the early years of the tsars Ivan V and Peter I, their sister Sofya Alekseevna was the ruler. In 1721, Peter I was proclaimed emperor, and his wife Catherine I became the first Russian empress.

With the death of Peter II, the Romanov dynasty ended in a direct male generation. With the death of Elizabeth Petrovna, the Romanov dynasty ended in a direct female line. However, the surname Romanov was Peter III and his wife Catherine II, their son Paul I and his descendants.

In 1918, Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov and members of his family were shot in Yekaterinburg, other Romanovs were killed in 1918-1919, some emigrated.

https://ria.ru/history_infografika/20100303/211984454.html

It just so happened that our Motherland has an unusually rich and diverse history, a huge milestone in which we can confidently consider the dynasty of Russian emperors who bore the surname Romanovs. This rather ancient boyar family actually left a significant mark, because it was the Romanovs who ruled the country for three hundred years, until the Great October Revolution of 1917, after which their family was practically interrupted. The Romanov dynasty, whose genealogical tree we will definitely consider in detail and intently, has become a landmark, reflected in the cultural and economic aspects of the life of Russians.

The first Romanovs: a family tree with years of reign

According to the well-known tradition in the Romanov family, their ancestors arrived in Russia around the beginning of the fourteenth century from Prussia, but these are only rumors. One of the famous historians of the twentieth century, academician and archaeologist Stepan Borisovich Veselovsky believes that this family has its roots in Novgorod, but this information is also rather unreliable.

The first known ancestor of the Romanov dynasty, the family tree with a photo is worth considering in detail and thoroughly, was a boyar named Andrei Kobyla, who “walked” under the Prince of Moscow Simeon the Proud. His son, Fedor Koshka, gave the family the surname Koshkins, and already his grandchildren received a double surname - the Zakharyins-Koshkins.

At the beginning of the sixteenth century, it happened that the Zakharyin family rose significantly, and began to claim their rights to the Russian throne. The fact is that the notorious Ivan the Terrible married Anastasia Zakharyina, and when the Rurik family was finally left without offspring, their children began to aim for the throne and not in vain. However, the Romanov family tree as Russian rulers began a little later, when Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was elected to the throne, perhaps this is where our rather lengthy story should begin.

Magnificent Romanovs: the tree of the royal dynasty began with disgrace

The first tsar from the Romanov dynasty was born in 1596 in the family of a noble and rather wealthy boyar Fyodor Nikitich, who later took the rank and began to be nicknamed Patriarch Filaret. His wife was nee Shestakova, named Ksenia. The boy grew up strong, savvy, grasped everything on the fly, and to everything else, he was also practically the direct cousin-nephew of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, which made him the first contender for the throne, when the Rurik dynasty, due to degeneration, simply stopped. It is from this that the Romanov dynasty begins, the tree of which we consider through the prism of the past.

Sovereign Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, Tsar and Grand Duke all Russia(ruled from 1613 to 1645) was not elected by chance. The time was troubled, there was talk of an invitation to the nobility, the boyars and the kingdom of the English King James the First, but the Great Russian Cossacks became furious, fearing a lack of bread allowance, which they received. At the age of sixteen, Michael ascended the throne, but gradually his health deteriorated, he was constantly "mournful on his legs", and died a natural death at the age of forty-nine.

Following his father, his heir, the first and eldest son, ascended the throne. Alexey Mikhailovich, nicknamed the quietest(1645-1676), continuing the Romanov family, whose tree turned out to be branched and impressive. Two years before his father's death, he was "presented" to the people as an heir, and two years later, when he died, Michael took the scepter in his hands. During his reign, a lot happened, but the main merits are considered to be reunification with Ukraine, the return of Smolensk and the Northern Land to the state, as well as the final formation of the institution of serfdom. It is also worth mentioning that it was under Alexei that the well-known peasant revolt of Stenka Razin took place.

After Alexei the Quietest, a naturally weak man, fell ill and died, his blood brother took his place.Fedor III Alekseevich(reigned from 1676 to 1682), who from early childhood showed signs of scurvy, or as they said then, scurvy, either from a lack of vitamins, or from an unhealthy lifestyle. In fact, various families ruled the country at that time, and nothing good came of the king’s three marriages, he died at the age of twenty, without leaving a will on the account of succession to the throne.

After the death of Fedor, strife began, and the throne was given to the first brother in seniority. Ivan V(1682-1696), who was just fifteen years old. However, he was simply not able to manage such a huge power, because many believed that his ten-year-old brother Peter should take the throne. Therefore, both were appointed kings, and for the sake of order, their sister Sophia, who was smarter and more experienced, was assigned to them as a regent. By the age of thirty, Ivan had died, leaving his brother as the legitimate heir to the throne.

Thus, the family tree of the Romanovs gave history exactly five kings, after which Clio's anemone took a new turn, and a fresh turn brought a novelty, the kings began to be called emperors, and one of the the greatest people in world history.

Imperial tree of the Romanovs over the years of reign: scheme of the post-Petrine period

The first Emperor and Autocrat of the All-Russian in the history of the state, and in fact, also its last tsar, wasPeter I Alekseevich, who received his great merits and honorable deeds, the Great (the years of reign from 1672 until 1725). The boy received a rather poor education, which is why he had great respect for the sciences and learned people, hence the passion for a foreign lifestyle. He ascended the throne at the age of ten, but actually began to rule the country only after the death of his brother, as well as the conclusion of his sister in the Novodevichy Convent.

Peter's merits to the state and people are innumerable, and even a cursory review of them would take at least three pages of dense typewritten text, so it's worth doing it yourself. In terms of our interests, the Romanov family, whose tree with portraits should definitely be studied in more detail, continued, and the state became an Empire, strengthening all positions on the world stage by two hundred percent, if not more. However, a banal urolithiasis brought down the emperor, who seemed so indestructible.

After the death of Peter, power was taken by force by his second legal wife,Ekaterina I Alekseevna, whose real name is Marta Skavronskaya, and the years of her reign stretched from 1684 to 1727. In fact, the notorious Count Menshikov, as well as the Supreme Privy Council, created by the Empress, had real power at that time.

The riotous and unhealthy life of Catherine gave its terrible fruits, and after her, the grandson of Peter, who was born in his first marriage, was elevated to the throne,Peter II. He came to reign in the year 27 of the eighteenth century, when he was barely ten, and by the age of fourteen he was struck down by smallpox. The Privy Council continued to rule the country, and after it fell, the boyars Dolgorukovs.

After the untimely death of the young king, something had to be decided and she ascended the throneAnna Ivanovna(the years of the reign from 1693 to 1740), the disgraced daughter of Ivan V Alekseevich, the Duchess of Courland, widowed at the age of seventeen. A huge country was then ruled by her lover E.I. Biron.

Before her death, Anna Ionovna managed to write a will, according to him, the grandson of Ivan the Fifth, a baby, ascended the throneIvan VI, or simply John Antonovich, who managed to be emperor from 1740 to 1741. At first, the same Biron was engaged in state affairs for him, then his mother Anna Leopoldovna seized the initiative. Deprived of power, he spent his entire life in prison, where he would later be killed by the secret order of Catherine II.

Then the illegitimate daughter of Peter the Great came to power, Elizaveta Petrovna(reigned 1742-1762), who climbed the throne literally on the shoulders of the brave warriors of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. After her accession, the entire Brunswick family was arrested, and the favorites of the former empress were put to death.

The last empress was completely barren, therefore she left no heirs, and transferred her power to the son of her sister Anna Petrovna. That is, we can say that at that time it again turned out that there were only five emperors, of which only three had the opportunity to be called Romanovs by blood and origin. After the death of Elizabeth, there were no male followers at all, and the direct male line, one might say, was completely stopped.

Permanent Romanovs: the tree of the dynasty was reborn from the ashes

After Anna Petrovna was married to Karl Friedrich of Holstein-Gottorp, the Romanov family was to be cut short. However, he saved the dynastic treaty, according to which the son from this unionPeter III(1762), and the genus itself was now called Holstein-Gottorp-Romanovsky. He managed to sit on the throne for only 186 days and died under completely mysterious and unclear circumstances to this day, and even then without a coronation, and he was crowned after his death by Paul, as they say now, retroactively. It is remarkable that this unfortunate emperor left behind a whole heap of “False Peters”, which appeared here and there, like mushrooms after rain.

After the short reign of the previous sovereign, the real German princess Sophia Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst, better known as the Empress, made her way to power through an armed coup.Catherine II, Great (starting from 1762, and up to 1796), the wife of that same, unpopular and stupid Peter the Third. During her reign, Russia has become much more powerful, its influence on the world community has been significantly strengthened, but inside the country she has done a lot of work, reunited the lands, and so on. It was during her reign that the peasant war of Emelka Pugachev broke out and was suppressed with noticeable effort.

Emperor Pavel I, Catherine's unloved son from a hated man, ascended the throne after the death of his mother in the cold autumn of 1796, and ruled for exactly five years, without a few months. He carried out many reforms useful for the country and the people, as if in spite of his mother, and also interrupted a series of palace coups by abolishing the female inheritance of the throne, which from now on could be passed exclusively from father to son. He was killed in March 1801 by an officer in his own bedroom, not even having time to really wake up.

After the death of his father, his eldest son ascended the throneAlexander I(1801-1825), a liberal and a lover of the silence and charm of rural life, and also who was going to give the people a constitution, so that later he could lie on his laurels until the end of his days. At the age of forty-seven, all that he received in life as a whole was an epitaph from the great Pushkin himself: “I spent my whole life on the road, caught a cold and died in Taganrog.” It is remarkable that the first memorial museum in Russia was created in his honor, which existed for more than a hundred years, after which it was liquidated by the Bolsheviks. After his death, brother Konstantin was appointed to the throne, but he immediately refused, not wanting to take part in this pandemonium of disgrace and murder.

Thus, the third son of Paul ascended the throne -Nicholas I(reign from 1825 to 1855), the direct grandson of Catherine, who was born during her lifetime and memory. It was under him that the Decembrist uprising was suppressed, the Code of Laws of the Empire was finalized, new censorship laws were introduced, and many very serious military campaigns were won. It is believed according to the official version that he died of pneumonia, but it was rumored that the king himself laid hands on himself.

Conductor of large-scale reforms and great asceticAlexander II Nikolaevich, nicknamed the Liberator, came to power in 1855. In March 1881, Ignaty Grinevitsky, a Narodnaya Volya member, threw a bomb under the sovereign's feet. Shortly thereafter, he died from his injuries, which turned out to be incompatible with life.

After the death of his predecessor, his own, younger brother was anointed to the throneAlexander III Alexandrovich (from 1845 to 1894). During his time on the throne, the country did not enter into a single war, thanks to a uniquely correct policy, for which he received the legitimate nickname of the Tsar-Peacemaker.

The most honest and responsible of the Russian emperors died after the wreck of the tsar's train, when for several hours he held the roof in his hands, threatening to collapse on his relatives and friends.

An hour and a half after the death of his father, right in the Livadia Holy Cross Church, without waiting for a memorial service, the last emperor of the Russian Empire was anointed to the throne,Nicholas II Alexandrovich(1894-1917).

After the coup in the country, he abdicated, passing it to his half-brother Mikhail, as his mother wished, but nothing could be fixed, and both were executed by the Revolution, along with their descendants.

At this time, there are quite a few descendants of the imperial Romanov dynasty who could claim the throne. It is clear that there is no smell of purity of the family there, because the “brave new world” dictates its own rules. However, the fact remains, and if necessary, a new king can be found quite easily, and the Romanov tree in the scheme today looks quite branched.