Single and common definitions are examples. Separation of definitions and applications

15.10.2019

1. Separate and separate in writing commas single and common agreed definitions, if they refer to a personal pronoun.

For example:

Tired of a long speech, I closed my eyes and yawned(M. Lermontov)

And he, rebellious, asks for storms, as if there is peace in storms!(M. Lermontov)

But you jumped, irresistible, and a flock of ships sinks(A.S. Pushkin)

(Isolation in these cases does not depend on where the definition is - before or after the personal pronoun).

Note: Adjectives and participles are not isolated if they are part of a compound predicate (in this case they can be put in the instrumental case).

For example:

We hit the road refreshed and refreshed.(i.e. we left refreshed and refreshed)

He[Pavel] went home sad, tired(i.e. went sad, tired) (M. Gorky)

2. Separate and separate in writing commas common agreed definitions if they come after the noun they define.

For example:

Wind-blown fire spread rapidly(L. Tolstoy)

Wisps of smoke curled in the night air, full of moisture and freshness of the sea.(M. Gorky).

(Compare:

The wind-blown fire spread rapidly; Wisps of smoke curled in the night air full of moisture and freshness of the sea.- there is no separation, since the definitions are before the nouns being defined).

3. Two or more single agreed-upon definitions are separated after the word being defined, especially if there is already a definition before it.

For example:

The theater was besieged by the young sea, violent, assertive(N. Ostrovsky)

The sun, magnificent and bright, rose over the sea(M. Gorky)

Note: Sometimes definitions are so closely related to the noun that the latter without them does not express the desired meaning.

For example:

In the forest of Ephraim, the atmosphere was suffocating, dense, saturated with the smells of pine needles, moss and rotting leaves.

Here is the word atmosphere acquires semantic completeness only in combination with definitions, and therefore they cannot be separated from it, isolated; the important thing is not that Ephraim was “waited for by the atmosphere”, but that this atmosphere was “suffocating”, “thick”, etc.

Here, the common definition is very closely related to the word being defined and therefore is not isolated.

4. Single and common agreed definitions before the word being defined are isolated only when they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, concessive or temporary). These definitions often refer to proper names.

For example:

Attracted by the light, butterflies flew in and circled around the lantern

Tired from the day's march, Semyonov soon fell asleep.

Growing up in poverty and hunger, Paul was hostile to those who, in his understanding, were rich.(N. Ostrovsky)

Such definitions can usually (but not always) be replaced by a turnover with the word being.

5. Inconsistent definitions, expressed by indirect cases of nouns with prepositions, are isolated if they are given greater independence, i.e. when they complement, clarify the idea of an already known person or object; this is usually the case when they refer to a personal pronoun or proper name.

For example:

In a white dress, with braids not untwisted over her shoulders, she quietly approached the table.(M. Gorky)

Prokofich, in a black tailcoat and white gloves, set the table with seven cutlery with special solemnity.

Compare: A girl in a white downy shawl and a zigey jacket entered the carriage.

Inconsistent definitions expressed by indirect cases of nouns, in addition, are usually isolated:

a) when they follow isolated definitions expressed by adjectives or participles.

For example:

In place of Maxim, they took a Vyatka soldier from the shore, bony, with a small head and red eyes.(M. Gorky)

b) when they stand ahead of these definitions.

For example:

The poor guest, with a torn coat and scratched to the point of blood, soon found a safe corner(A.S. Pushkin)

Note: Inconsistent definitions expressed as comparative degree adjectives with dependent words.

For example:

A short beard, slightly darker than the hair, slightly shaded the lips and chin(A. K. Tolstoy)

Applications and their isolation

Applications are consistent and inconsistent.

I. 1. If a single agreed application and the noun it defines are common nouns, then between them is written hyphen.

For example:

The bird-song again stirred in its chest and waved its eagle wing

From the regiment, our thanks to you for the brave son(A. Tvardovsky)

Hyphen it is also written in the case when the common noun is after the proper name and closely merges with it in meaning.

For example:

Behind the empty outskirts, behind the Donets River, the peace of the field will tremble and split

Vasilisa and Lukerya said they saw Dubrovsky and Arkhip the blacksmith a few minutes before the fire.(A.S. Pushkin)

But: The Don River flows into the Sea of Azov

The coachman Anton and the blacksmith Arkhip disappeared to no one knows where.(A.S. Pushkin)

Note: No hyphen:

1) If the first noun is a common address (comrade, citizen etc.).

For example:

Listen, comrade descendants, an agitator, a bawler-leader

2) If the application before the word being defined is close in meaning to the agreed definition expressed by a single-root quality adjective.

For example:

An old peasant with a laborer walked in the evening through the woods(cf. old farmer)

Lived in a hut poor shoemaker(cf. poor shoemaker)

If such an application is after the word being defined, then a hyphen is put.

For example:

The peasant-old man walked ...

a poor shoemaker lived ...

2. Inconsistent appendices (names of newspapers, magazines and works of art, enterprises, etc.) are enclosed in quotation marks.

For example:

read the newspaper "Komsomolskaya Pravda"

listen to the opera "Boris Godunov"

work at the Krasnoye Sormovo plant

II. 1. Separated and separated in writing by commas:

a) single and common applications related to the personal pronoun.

For example:

We gunners were busy near the guns(L. Tolstoy)

I, an old hunter, spent the night in the forest more than once

Geologist, he traveled all over Siberia

b) common applications related to the word being defined - a common noun.

For example:

Fighter, blond boy, quietly touches the accordion(A. Tvardovsky)

Only the feeder does not sleep, the silent northern old man

Intelligent animals, beavers hibernate intelligently

c) single and common applications, standing after the noun being defined - a proper name.

For example:

Next to Kudryash, Kulagin, a local tradesman and "self-taught mechanic", performs in the play.. But: Next to Kudryash, a local tradesman and "self-taught mechanic" Kuligin performs in the play; Zhukhrai, the sailor, talked to us more than once.

Following Deev, he went to the sleigh and boots.
Nick, railway worker

Notes:

1. Single isolated applications, similar to the applications given above, should be distinguished from non-isolated applications that stand after a proper name, closely merge with it in meaning and designate its permanent, as it were, an integral feature, name.

For example:

Averka-tailor

Arkhip blacksmith

dumas father

dumas son

2. A common application in front of a proper name is isolated when it has an additional connotation of causality (in this case, it can be replaced by a turnover with the word being).

for example :

An evil legislator of the theater, a fickle admirer of charming actresses, an honorary citizen of the backstage, Onegin flew to the theater(A.S. Pushkin). But I began to peer and recognized my old acquaintance Kazbich(M. Lermontov)

A separate application instead of a comma can be separated by a dash:

a) if it not only defines the word, but also clarifies its content.

For example:

An interesting sports competition was scheduled for the end of August(namely?) - cross country running

The study of plant organs must begin with their elemental organ.– cells

Topolev- a tall, bony old man with a grey-green mustache- didn't say a word all night

b) if the application needs to be distinguished from homogeneous members.

For example:

At the apartment of Kaleria Alexandrovna ... Elizaveta Alekseevna gathered- Volodya's mother, his sister Lyudmila and aunt Marusya with two girls

3. Separate, separate commas applications joined by unions that is, or(meaning i.e), words even, for example, in particular, by nickname, by name, including etc.

For example:

My father showed me a wooden chest, that is, a box wide at the top and narrow at the bottom.(Aksakov)

Many from the last ball pout at me, especially the dragoon captain(M. Lermontov)

I went hunting with Starostin's son and another peasant named Egor.(I.S. Turgenev)

For two hundred sazhens, the Yaik was divided into two branches, or channels(Aksakov)

Most of these applications have a clarifying value. Some are distinctive.

Note: As a clarifying application, a proper name, standing after a common noun, can also act.

For example:

Pushkin was especially indebted to his grandmother, Marya Alekseevna Gannibal

Pushkin's childhood friend was his sister, Olga Sergeevna

4. Applications joined by union as, stand out commas if have a causality value; if the union as is equal in value to the expression as, the commas are not included.

For example:

As a true artist, Pushkin did not need to choose poetic subjects for his works, but for him all subjects were equally filled with poetry.(V. Belinsky)

Compare: Krylov wrote very remarkable comedies, but his fame as a fabulist could not but overshadow his fame as a comedian.(V. Belinsky)

5.2.7.4 Separation of circumstances

I. Isolation of circumstances expressed by gerunds.

1. Separate and separate commas:

a) participial phrases (i.e., participles with words dependent on them).

For example:

Holding the jug above her head, the Georgian woman went down a narrow path to the shore. Sometimes she glided between the stones, laughing at her awkwardness.(M. Lermontov)

The boat, leaning to the right, then to the left, jumped on the waves

b) single gerunds.

For example:

Having made a noise, the river calmed down, again lay down on the banks

The steppe turned brown and smoked, drying up

2. Single gerunds and participles connected by a non-repeating connecting or divisive union are not separated from each other by a comma.

For example:

Swaying and sparkling, moving shelves(M. Lermontov)

The wind, whistling in the ears and dousing with coolness, instantly filled the sail(A. Serafimovich)

Studying in the reading room or working at home, he skillfully used every minute

Notes:

1. Do not separate and, therefore, are not separated by commas:

a) gerunds that have turned into adverbs (reluctantly, silently, slowly, without looking, groaning, lying, joking, sneaking etc.), and adverbial phraseological units (sleeve- "carelessly" headlong- "very fast", roll up your sleeves- “friendly, stubbornly”, etc.).

For example:

Carrier rowing standing(K. Paustovsky)

And day and night through the snowy desert I rush to you headlong

Let's roll up our sleeves. But: Father rolled up his sleeves and washed his hands thoroughly.

b) a participle or participle turnover associated with another circumstance similar to it - not a participle.

For example:

Everyone usually approached the door of the study, whispering and tiptoeing.(L. Tolstoy)

Stopping Vlasova, with one breath and not expecting answers, he showered her with fluid and dry phrases.(M. Gorky)

2. The participle and the participle turn away za p i t o y from a previous union.

For example:

Batteries jump and rattle in copper formation, and, smoking, as before a fight, the wicks burn(M. Lermontov)

Tonya wanted to express her surprise, but, not wanting to embarrass the already uncomfortable guy, she pretended not to notice a striking change in his appearance.(N. Ostrovsky)

An exception is the use of the adverbial turnover after the union a, when the adverbial turnover cannot be separated from this union.

For example:

Read the conditions of the problem carefully, and after reading them, proceed to solve it.(you can’t say: “Read ..., but proceed ...”)

When contrasted, a comma is placed.

For example:

Do not immediately start solving the problem, but, after reading the conditions, think over the sequence of its solution(the adverbial turnover can be separated from the union a: Do not start right away ... but think over ...)

II. Separation of circumstances expressed by nouns.

1. The circumstances of the assignment, expressed by nouns with prepositions, are isolated in spite of, in spite of.

For example:

Despite the difference in character and the seeming severity of Artem, the brothers loved each other deeply.(N. Ostrovsky)

The next morning, despite the begging of the hosts, Darya Alexandrovna got ready to go(L. Tolstoy)

The day was a hot, bright, radiant day, despite the falling rains.

Regardless of the weather, we decided to go back to the sea

2. Separation of other circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions is not mandatory. Separation depends on the intentions and goals of the author, as well as the prevalence or non-proliferation of circumstances and their place in the sentence. More common circumstances are isolated more often than less common ones; circumstances at the beginning or middle of a sentence (before the predicate) are isolated more often than those at the end of the sentence.

For example:

Field crops, for lack of water for irrigation, were poor. But: Ticket sales have been discontinued due to lack of seats.

The circumstance isolated in this way is close in meaning to the subordinate clause: In the coastal region, due to the long autumn and late spring, bird migration is also delayed..

Compare: I am writing to you from a village where I stopped by due to sad circumstances.(A.S. Pushkin)

The most common separation occurs:

1) circumstances reasons with prepositions due to, according to, in view of, due to or with prepositional combinations due to, by chance, due to lack of, due to and etc.;

2) circumstances of the condition with prepositional combinations in the presence, in the absence, provided and etc.;

3) the circumstances of the assignment with a pretext contrary.

For example:

I went by postal, and he, due to heavy luggage, could not follow me.(M. Lermontov)

Races on yachts, in the presence of favorable weather, will take place next Sunday

Our stop in the bay, contrary to the expectations of many, dragged on

1. Single and common agreed definitions are isolated and separated in writing by commas if they refer to a personal pronoun, for example:

1) Tired of a long speech I closed my eyes and fell asleep. (L); 2) And he, rebellious, asks for storms, as if there is peace in storms. (L); 3) But you jumped irresistible and a flock of sinking ships. (P.)

Note. From isolated agreed definitions expressed by adjectives and participles, it is necessary to distinguish adjectives and participles that are part of a compound nominal predicate, for example: 1) He came especially excited and cheerful. (L. T.); 2) He went home sad and tired. (M. G.) In these cases, adjectives and participles can be put in the instrumental case, for example: He came especially excited and cheerful.

2. Common agreed-upon definitions are isolated and separated in writing by commas if they are after the noun being defined: 1) The officer riding on horseback pulled the reins, stopped for a second and turned to the right. (Cupr.); 2) Streams of smoke curled in the night air, full of moisture and freshness of the sea. (M. G.) (Compare: 1) The riding officer pulled on the reins, stopped for a second and turned to the right. 2) Streams of smoke curled in the night air full of moisture and freshness of the sea - there is no isolation, since definitions are before the nouns being defined.)

3. Single agreed definitions are isolated if there are two or more of them and they come after the noun being defined, especially if there is already a definition before it: 1) The circle was a field, lifeless, dull. (Boon.); 2) The sun, magnificent and bright, rose over the sea. (M. G.)

Sometimes definitions are so closely connected with the noun that the latter without them does not express the desired meaning, for example: In the forest of Ephraim, the atmosphere was waiting suffocating, dense, saturated with the smells of needles, moss and rotting leaves. (Ch.) The word atmosphere acquires the necessary meaning only in combination with definitions, and therefore they cannot be isolated from it: it is important not that Ephraim was “waited by the atmosphere”, but that this atmosphere was “suffocating”, “thick” etc. Cf. one more example: His [leader's] face had a rather pleasant, but picaresque expression (P.), where the definitions are also closely related to the word being defined and therefore are not isolated.

4. Agreed definitions that precede the noun being defined are isolated if they have an additional adverbial value (causal, concessive or temporary). These definitions often refer to proper names: 1) Attracted by the light, butterflies flew in and circled around the lantern. (Ax.); 2) Tired from the day's march, Semyonov soon fell asleep. (Kor.); 3) Still transparent, the forests seem to turn green with fluff. (P.); 4) Not cooled by the heat, the July night shone. (Tyutch.)

5. Inconsistent definitions, expressed by indirect cases of nouns with prepositions, are isolated if they are given greater independence, that is, when they complement, clarify the idea of an already known person or object; this usually happens if they refer to their own name or personal pronoun: 1) Prince Andrei, in a raincoat, riding a black horse, stood behind the crowd and looked at Alpatych. (L. T.); 2) Today she, in a new blue hood, was especially young and impressively beautiful. (M. G.); 3) An elegant officer, in a cap with gold oak leaves shouted something to the captain. (A. N. T.) Cf .: The engineer with a thunderous voice, in tortoiseshell glasses, was most dissatisfied with the delay. (paust.)

Inconsistent definitions expressed by indirect cases of nouns, in addition, are usually isolated: a) when they follow isolated definitions expressed by adjectives and participles: A boy, shorn, in a gray blouse, served Laptev tea without a saucer. (Ch.); b) when they stand in front of these definitions and are connected with them by coordinating unions: The poor guest, with a torn hem and scratched to the blood, soon found a safe corner. (P.)

Standalone application: example. Standalone application: sample sentences. Offers with standalone applications

Questions regarding isolated applications are quite common in exam tasks for the USE and GIA, and many examinees are unable to answer them correctly. How to learn to find an application in a sentence and correctly identify it?

What is an application?

An application should be understood as a definition that is expressed using a noun and is consistent with the word being defined. The application may refer to absolutely different qualities objects, provide information about the profession, nationality, age and many other features of a person or object.

There are isolated applications and non-isolated ones. The first should be studied more carefully, as for the second, here we can talk about proper names that are combined with common nouns, as well as cases when common nouns are followed by proper names.

Standalone application: example and analysis

Common applications that are expressed by a common noun with dependent words and which themselves belong to a common noun can be isolated. Such applications are most often located after the word being defined and very rarely before it. For example: "Father was joking more, a man with gray whiskers."

In this case, the application "a man with gray whiskers" refers to a common noun, so it is separated by a comma. Structures can also be separated next type: "The engineer spoke, he is one of the developers of this engine, Igor Sikorsky."

Single Application

An uncommon application can be isolated if it is behind a common noun, and if this noun is attached to itself whole line additional explanatory words. They come across in speech much less often, so it is much easier to find separate applications with examples.

Even more rarely, such an application can be isolated, but this is possible if it is located with a single noun, and is used to enhance the semantic role of another application, preventing merging with defined words, for example: “Father, disabled, fed and clothed from an early age , and himself."

Applications with hyphens

A stand-alone common application, examples of which can be found in in large numbers reference literature, can be attached to a common noun with a hyphen: heroine mother, teen boys, etc. Sometimes hyphenation becomes possible when there is a definition that explains common sense sentence, it can refer to the whole sentence or only to one word.

Hyphenization is possible after proper names (very often this happens when specifying geographical names), for example: Moskva-river. There are cases when a hyphen is placed after a proper name, this is possible when the application together with the name are able to form a single semantic core, for example: Ivan Tsarevich.

When can't hyphens be used when using apps?

There are cases when the application is used without a hyphen, for example, when it is equated in its lexical meaning with an adjective. A different principle is also used if, when combining two common nouns, one of them has the meaning of a generic concept, and the other - of a specific one (with the exception of terms).

If the appendix or the noun being defined is itself written with a hyphen, no additional separation is needed here. Next to the noun being defined, two non-common applications can stand at once, in this case they will also not be isolated.

Offers with stand-alone applications: examples

Those applications that relate to a proper name can be separated from both sides if they are located after the word being defined. For example: "This morning Kataev, the driver of the first bus, was talking about yesterday's incident." If an application comes before a proper name and has an additional adverbial lexical meaning, it will also stand apart: "Confident in himself, Maxim remained so even in the most difficult situations."

A separate application, an example of which may look like the proper name of a person or animal, takes place in a sentence if it has an explanatory character or is used to clarify common noun: "Masha's dog, Rosalind, did not like strangers and constantly tried to protect her mistress from them." Quite often, double punctuation is possible here, everything will depend on whether the sentence has an explanatory connotation of meaning or not.

Application + unions

A stand-alone application, examples of sentences with which quite often stupefy inexperienced native speakers, in fact, does not pose any particular difficulty. So, it can join with the help of the union “like” and combinations such as “by last name”, “by nickname”, etc. For example: “Katya, as a smart girl, wanted to get the perfect groom.”

If the union has the lexical meaning "as something", then the turnover that will be joined with the help of it cannot be considered an application, much less separated from all others by commas. Also, applications that have the union “as” are not isolated if they characterize an object from only one side. A standalone application, an example of which can be found in the sentence "He never got used to her as an actress", will not be separated by commas.

Application + pronoun

A separate agreed application, examples of which are sometimes difficult to understand, are always distinguished by commas next to the pronoun. In these cases, it is possible various options isolation. They will directly depend on the intonation with which it was pronounced, as well as on the presence of pauses after pronouns.

A comma may not be placed in those sentences where the demonstrative particle, together with the pronoun, is behind the noun, but before the application. The spelling in this case is controversial, now the largest linguists involved in the study of the issue are trying to come to any consensus.

Difficult cases

Even if you know what a standalone application is (sample sentences with it don't scare you), be prepared for the fact that various kinds of exceptions will appear. For example, an application may refer to a word that is not in the sentence at all, but is implied by the context.

Most often this happens when there is no pronoun in the sentence, it is usually suggested either by the personal forms of the predicate, or by other available means. For example: “Always, bitch, I don’t drink, but for such an occasion I’ll definitely drink.” Using the form of the verb, you can guess that the pronoun "I" is missing in the sentence.

Dash instead of comma when separating

In some cases, a separate application, examples of sentences with which you need to study in preparation for the Unified State Exam, can be highlighted in the letter not with commas, but with a dash. Most often this happens when any word can be inserted before the application without changing the general meaning of the sentence.

Also, a dash is placed before an application located at the end of a sentence, provided that the nature of the application is explained with the help of a punctuation mark. A dash may be used to isolate applications of an explanatory nature. For example: "Some kind of boring picture - the creation of a sad artist - hung a hole in the wallpaper."

A dash is placed as a punctuation mark if a comma is located after a separate application. For example: "With the help of special diving equipment - scuba gear, anyone can dive into the depths of the ocean and take a closer look at the inhabitants of the seabed."

A separate application, an example of which looks like this: “Leading specialists - heads of departments spoke at the meeting,” in this case expresses the concretizing meaning of the word being defined, which has a more general meaning, from which it is impossible to conclude who it is.

Sentences with stand-alone applications, examples of which might look like this: " main man department - Tatyana Petrovna, said that we will not go anywhere today, ”are constructed so that the application is in front of the word being defined. The dash in this case plays the role of a tool for isolating the application.

A dash can be used if the application is combined with a homogeneous member of the sentence, specifying its meaning. For example: “Father, mother, their daughter Katya, two friends, grandchildren met at dinner.” This sentence, complicated by a separate application, examples of which are very conservative, does not have a second dash.

Also, a dash can be used to separate homogeneous applications that are located before the word being defined from each other. For example, "The author of hundreds of books, scripts, stories and fables - Alexei Petrovich decided to suddenly change his activity, and became interested in skydiving and diving."

Also, a dash can be used in constructions of the following type: "Pushkin - Bezrukov was great." In this case, the application is not isolated, but plays the role of a clarifying element with the subject. From the sentence it becomes clear that the role of the famous poet was played by an equally famous actor.

Conclusion

A stand-alone application, an example of which can help you understand difficult question in the exam, really is not too difficult to comprehend. If necessary, any student can use reference materials on the Russian language to make sure that he really understands what an application is and how to correctly highlight it inside any structure.

Chapter 30. Syntax. Separate members of the sentence

§one. Isolation. General concept

Isolation- a way of semantic highlighting or clarification. Only minor members of the sentence are separated. Usually, isolations allow you to present information in more detail and draw attention to it. Compared with ordinary, non-separate members, the isolation proposals have greater independence.

Separations are different. Separate definitions, circumstances and additions differ. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:

Separate definition: The boy, who fell asleep in an uncomfortable position right on the suitcase, shuddered.
An isolated circumstance: Sasha was sitting on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and dangling his legs.
Standalone addition: I heard nothing but the ticking of an alarm clock.

Most often, definitions and circumstances are isolated. Separate members of the proposal stand out in oral speech intonation, and in writing - punctuation.

§2. Separate definitions

Separate definitions are divided into:

The child who fell asleep in my arms suddenly woke up.

(agreed isolated definition, expressed by participial turnover)

Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.

(inconsistent isolated definition)

Agreed Definition

The agreed stand-alone definition is expressed as:

participial turnover: The child, who was sleeping in my arms, woke up.
two or more adjectives or participles: The child, full and satisfied, quickly fell asleep.

A single agreed definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:

He, full, quickly fell asleep.

Inconsistent definition

An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed by nominal phrases and refers to pronouns or proper names. Examples:

How did you, with your mind, not understand her intention?

Olga, in wedding dress was extraordinarily good.

An inconsistent isolated definition is possible both in the position after and in the position before the word being defined.
If the inconsistent definition refers to the word being defined, expressed by a common noun, then it is isolated only in the position after it:

The guy in the baseball cap kept looking around.

Definition structure

The structure of the definition can be different. Differ:

single definition: excited girl;
two or three single definitions: girl, excited and happy;
a common definition expressed by the phrase: a girl, excited by the news received, ...

1. Single definitions are isolated regardless of the position relative to the word being defined, only if the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun:

She was agitated and could not sleep.

(single isolated definition after the defined word expressed by the pronoun)

Excited, she could not sleep.

(single isolated definition before the defined word, expressed by the pronoun)

2. Two or three single definitions are isolated if they come after the word being defined, expressed by the noun:

The girl, excited and happy, could not fall asleep for a long time.

If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then isolation is also possible in the position before the defined member:

Excited and happy, she could not sleep for a long time.

(separation of several single definitions before the defined word - pronoun)

3. A common definition, expressed by a phrase, is isolated if it refers to the word being defined, expressed by a noun, and stands after it:

The girl, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.

(a separate definition, expressed by participial turnover, is after the defined word, expressed by a noun)

If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then the common definition can be in a position both after and before the word being defined:

Excited by the news she received, she could not sleep for a long time.

She, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.

Separate definitions with an additional adverbial value

The definitions that precede the word being defined are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings.
These can be both common and single definitions, standing directly before the noun being defined, if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessive, etc.). In such cases, the attributive turnover is easily replaced by the subordinate clause of the reason with the union because, a subordinate clause of a condition with a union if, a clause assignment with a union although.
To check for the presence of a circumstantial meaning, you can use the replacement of the attributive phrase with a phrase with the word being: if such a replacement is possible, then the definition is isolated. For example:

Seriously ill, her mother could not go to work.

(added value causes)

Even when she was ill, her mother went to work.

(additional concession value)

Thus, various factors are important for isolation:

1) by what part of speech the defined word is expressed,
2) what is the structure of the definition,
3) how the definition is expressed,
4) whether it expresses additional adverbial meanings.

§3. Standalone Applications

Appendix is a special kind of attribute expressed by a noun in the same case as the noun or pronoun it defines: dragonfly jumper, beauty girl. The application can be:

1) single: Bear, fidget, tortured everyone;

2) common: Mishka, a terrible fidget, tortured everyone.

The application, both single and common, is isolated if it refers to the word being defined, expressed by the pronoun, regardless of the position: both before and after the word being defined:

He is a great doctor and helped me a lot.

Great doctor, he helped me a lot.

A common application is isolated if it comes after the defined word expressed by a noun:

My brother, an excellent doctor, treats our entire family.

A single non-spread application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words:

He saw his son, the baby, and immediately began to smile.

Any application stands apart if it stands after its own name:

Mishka, the neighbor's son, is a desperate tomboy.

An application expressed by a proper name is separated if it serves to clarify or clarify:

And the neighbor's son, Mishka, a desperate tomboy, set a fire in the attic.

The application is isolated in a position before the word being defined - a proper name, if an additional adverbial meaning is expressed at the same time.

An architect from God, Gaudi, could not conceive an ordinary cathedral.

(why? for what reason?)

Application with union as is isolated if the connotation of the cause is expressed:

On the first day, as a beginner, everything turned out worse for me than for others.

Single applications after the word being defined, which are not distinguished by intonation during pronunciation, are not isolated, because merge with it:

In the darkness of the entrance, I did not recognize Mishka-neighbor.

Separate applications can be punctuated not with a comma, but with a dash, which is placed if the application is especially emphasized in the voice and is highlighted with a pause.

Soon New Year- the favorite holiday of the children.

§4. Standalone add-ons

The additions expressed by nouns with prepositions are separated: except for, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with. They are passed inclusion-exclusion or substitution values. For example:

Nobody but Ivan knew the answer to the teacher's question.

"USE-navigator": effective online preparation

§5. Separate circumstances

Isolate themselves circumstances, expressed:

single: Having eaten, the child fell asleep.
as part of participle turns: After discussing the results of the work, we parted ways.

2) circumstances with a pretext in spite of:

Despite the rain, the children ran away for a walk.

3) comparative turnovers with unions: as, as if, exactly, as if, what, than, than and others similar:

Clouds, like cotton wool, floated low and slowly above the earth.

§6. Isolation of comparative turnovers

Comparative turnovers are separated:

1) with unions: as, like, exactly, as if, what, how, than etc., if they matter:

comparison: The rain poured, as if from a sieve.
Similarities: Her teeth were like pearls.

2) with union like:

Masha, like everyone else, prepared well for the exam.

Comparative turnovers are not isolated, if:

1. are phraseological in nature:

Stuck like a bath leaf. The rain poured like a bucket.

2. the circumstances of the course of action matter (comparative turnover answers the question as?, often it can be replaced by an adverb or a noun in Etc.:

We are going around in circles.

(We walk(as?) like in a circle. You can replace the noun. in T.p.: circle ´ gom)

3) turnover with union as expresses the meaning "as":

It's not about qualifications: I don't like him as a person.

4) turnover from as is part of a compound nominal predicate or is closely related to the predicate in meaning:

The garden was like a forest.

He wrote about feelings as something very important to him.

§7. Separate clarifying members of the sentence

Refinement members refer to the word being qualified and answers the same question, for example: where exactly? when exactly? Who exactly? which one? etc. Most often, the clarification is conveyed by isolated circumstances of place and time, but there may be other cases. Clarifying members can refer to the addition, definition or main members of the sentence. Clarifying members are isolated, standing out in speech intonation, and in writing - with commas, brackets or dashes. Example:

We stayed up late into the night.

Below, in the valley that stretched out before us, the stream rustled.

The qualifying member usually comes after the qualifying member. They are tonally connected.

Clarifying members can be introduced into a complicated sentence:

1) with the help of unions: that is, namely:

I'm getting ready for USE task C1, that is, to the composition.

2) also words: especially, even, in particular, especially For example:

Everywhere, especially in the living room, was clean and beautiful.

test of strength

Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.

Separate definition: examples. Sentences with separate definitions: examples

If people did not decorate their speech with additional definitions or explanatory circumstances, it would be uninteresting and dull. The entire population of the planet would speak in a business or official style, there would be no art books, and fairy-tale heroes would not expect children before going to bed.

What colorizes speech is precisely the isolated definition contained in it. Examples can be found both in simple colloquial speech and in fiction.

Definition concept

The definition is part of the sentence and describes the attribute of the subject. It answers the questions “what-th, -th, -th?”, Defining the object or “whose, th, th?”, indicating its belonging to someone.

Most often, the function of definition is performed by adjectives, for example:

good (what?) heart;
gold (what?) nugget;
bright (what?) Appearance;
old (what?) friends.

In addition to adjectives, definitions in a sentence can be pronouns denoting that an object belongs to a person:

the boy took (whose?) his briefcase;
mother irons (whose?) her blouse;
my brother sent home (whose?) my friends;
father watered (whose?) my tree.

In a sentence, a definition is underlined by a wavy line and always refers to the subject expressed by the noun or other part of speech. This part of the sentence may consist of one word or be combined with other words dependent on it. In this case, these are sentences with isolated definitions. Examples:

"Joyful, she reported the news." In this sentence, a single adjective is isolated.
"The garden, overgrown with weeds, was in a deplorable state." A separate definition is participial turnover.

“Satisfied with the success of her son, mother secretly wiped her tears of joy.” Here, the adjective with dependent words is a separate definition.

The examples in the sentence show that different parts of speech can be a definition of the quality of an object or its belonging.

Separate definitions

Separate definitions are those that give Additional information about an object or clarifying its belonging to any person. The meaning of the sentence will not change if a separate definition is removed from the text. Examples:

“Mother carried the child, who fell asleep on the floor, into his crib” - “Mother transferred the child to his crib.”

“Excited by the first performance, the girl closed her eyes before going on stage” - “The girl closed her eyes before going on stage.”

As you can see, sentences with isolated definitions, examples of which are given above, sound more interesting, since the additional explanation conveys the state of the object.

Separate definitions can be consistent and inconsistent.

Agreed Definitions

Definitions that agree with the word, the quality of which is determined in case, gender and number, are called agreed. In the offer they can be presented:

adjective - a yellow leaf (what?) fell from a tree;

pronoun - (whose?) My dog fell off the leash;

numerals - give him (what?) A second chance;

communion - in the front garden (what?) green grass was visible.

The same properties in relation to the defined word have a separate definition. Examples:

"Shortly (what?), his speech made an impression on everyone." The participle "said" is in the feminine, singular, nominative case, as is the word "speech", which it defines.

“We went out into the street (what?), still wet from the rain.” The adjective "wet" is in the same number, gender and case as the word "street" it defines.

“People (what?), Joyful from the upcoming meeting with the actors, went to the theater.” Since the word being defined is in plural and the nominative case, then the definition agrees with it in this.

A separate agreed definition (examples have shown this) can stand both before the word being defined, and after it, or in the middle of a sentence.

Inconsistent definition

When a definition does not change in gender and number according to the main word, it is inconsistent. They are associated with the word being defined in 2 ways:

Adjacency is a combination of stable word forms or an invariable part of speech. For example: "He likes eggs (what?) Soft-boiled."

Control is the setting of a definition in a case, which is required by the word being defined. Often they indicate a sign by material, purpose or location of an object. For example: "the girl sat on a chair (what?) Made of wood."

Several parts of speech can express an inconsistent isolated definition. Examples:

A noun in the instrumental or prepositional case with the prepositions "with" or "in". Nouns can be either single or with dependent words - Asya met Olya after the exam (which one?), In chalk, but satisfied with her grade. (“in mele” is an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in the prepositional case).

A verb in an indefinite form that answers the question "what?", "what to do?", "what to do?". In Natasha's life there was one great joy (what?) - to give birth to a child.

Comparative degree of an adjective with dependent words. From a distance we spotted a friend in a dress (what?) brighter than she usually wears.

Each isolated definition, examples confirm this, may differ in its structure.

Structure of definitions

In terms of their structure, definitions can consist of:

from a separate word, for example, a delighted grandfather;

adjective or participle with dependent words - grandfather, delighted with the news;

from several separate definitions - grandfather, delighted with the news.

Separation of definitions depends on which word they refer to and where exactly they are located. Most often they are distinguished by intonation and commas, less often by a dash (for example, the biggest luck (what?) is to hit the jackpot in the lottery).

Separation of the sacrament

The most popular isolated definition, examples of which are most common, is a single participle (participial turnover). Commas with this type of definition are placed if it comes after the word that defines.

§one. Isolation. General concept

Separations are different. Separate definitions, circumstances and additions differ. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:

Separate definition: The boy, who fell asleep in an uncomfortable position right on the suitcase, shuddered.
An isolated circumstance: Sasha was sitting on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and dangling his legs.
Standalone addition: I heard nothing but the ticking of an alarm clock.

Most often, definitions and circumstances are isolated. Separate members of the sentence stand out in speech intonation, and in writing - punctuation.

§2. Separate definitions

Separate definitions are divided into:

agreed
inconsistent

The child who fell asleep in my arms suddenly woke up.

(agreed isolated definition, expressed by participial turnover)

Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.

(inconsistent isolated definition)

Agreed Definition

The agreed stand-alone definition is expressed as:

participial turnover: The child, who was sleeping in my arms, woke up.
two or more adjectives or participles: The child, full and satisfied, quickly fell asleep.

Note:

A single agreed definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:

He, full, quickly fell asleep.

Inconsistent definition

An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed by nominal phrases and refers to pronouns or proper names. Examples:

How did you, with your mind, not understand her intention?

Olga, in her wedding dress, was extraordinarily pretty.

The guy in the baseball cap kept looking around.

Definition structure

The structure of the definition can be different. Differ:

single definition: excited girl;
two or three single definitions: girl, excited and happy;
a common definition expressed by the phrase: a girl, excited by the news received, ...

1. Single definitions are isolated regardless of the position relative to the word being defined, only if the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun:

She was agitated and could not sleep.

(single isolated definition after the defined word expressed by the pronoun)

Excited, she could not sleep.

(single isolated definition before the defined word, expressed by the pronoun)

2. Two or three single definitions are isolated if they come after the word being defined, expressed by the noun:

The girl, excited and happy, could not fall asleep for a long time.

If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then isolation is also possible in the position before the defined member:

Excited and happy, she could not sleep for a long time.

(separation of several single definitions before the defined word - pronoun)

3. A common definition, expressed by a phrase, is isolated if it refers to the word being defined, expressed by a noun, and stands after it:

The girl, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.

(a separate definition, expressed by participial turnover, is after the defined word, expressed by a noun)

If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then the common definition can be in a position both after and before the word being defined:

Excited by the news she received, she could not sleep for a long time.

She, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.

Separate definitions with an additional adverbial value

Seriously ill, her mother could not go to work.

(additional reason value)

Even when she was ill, her mother went to work.

(additional concession value)

Thus, various factors are important for isolation:

1) by what part of speech the defined word is expressed,
2) what is the structure of the definition,
3) how the definition is expressed,
4) whether it expresses additional adverbial meanings.

§3. Standalone Applications

Appendix- this is a special kind of attribute expressed by a noun in the same case as the noun or pronoun that it defines: dragonfly jumper, beauty girl. The application can be:

1) single: Bear, fidget, tortured everyone;

2) common: Mishka, a terrible fidget, tortured everyone.

The application, both single and common, is isolated if it refers to the word being defined, expressed by the pronoun, regardless of the position: both before and after the word being defined:

He is a great doctor and helped me a lot.

Great doctor, he helped me a lot.

A common application is isolated if it comes after the defined word expressed by a noun:

My brother, an excellent doctor, treats our entire family.

A single non-spread application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words:

He saw his son, the baby, and immediately began to smile.

Any application stands apart if it stands after its own name:

Mishka, the neighbor's son, is a desperate tomboy.

An application expressed by a proper name is separated if it serves to clarify or clarify:

And the neighbor's son, Mishka, a desperate tomboy, set a fire in the attic.

The application is isolated in a position before the word being defined - a proper name, if an additional adverbial meaning is expressed at the same time.

An architect from God, Gaudi, could not conceive an ordinary cathedral.

(why? for what reason?)

Application with union as is isolated if the connotation of the cause is expressed:

On the first day, as a beginner, everything turned out worse for me than for others.

Note:

Single applications after the word being defined, which are not distinguished by intonation during pronunciation, are not isolated, because merge with it:

In the darkness of the entrance, I did not recognize Mishka-neighbor.

Note:

Separate applications can be punctuated not with a comma, but with a dash, which is placed if the application is especially emphasized in the voice and is highlighted with a pause.

Soon the New Year is the favorite holiday of the children.

§4. Standalone add-ons

Nobody but Ivan knew the answer to the teacher's question.

"USE-navigator": effective online preparation

§6. Isolation of comparative turnovers

Comparative turnovers are separated:

1) with unions: as, like, exactly, as if, what, how, than etc., if they matter:

comparison: The rain poured, as if from a sieve.
Similarities: Her teeth were like pearls.

2) with union like:

Masha, like everyone else, prepared well for the exam.

Comparative turnovers are not isolated, if:

1. are phraseological in nature:

Stuck like a bath leaf. The rain poured like a bucket.

2. the circumstances of the course of action matter (comparative turnover answers the question as?, often it can be replaced by an adverb or a noun in Etc.:

We are going around in circles.

(We walk(as?) like in a circle. You can replace the noun. in T.p.: around)

3) turnover with union as expresses the meaning "as":

It's not about qualifications: I don't like him as a person.

4) turnover from as is part of a compound nominal predicate or is closely related to the predicate in meaning:

The garden was like a forest.

He wrote about feelings as something very important to him.

§7. Separate clarifying members of the sentence

We stayed up late into the night.

Below, in the valley that stretched out before us, the stream rustled.

The qualifying member usually comes after the qualifying member. They are tonally connected.

Clarifying members can be introduced into a complicated sentence:

1) with the help of unions: that is, namely:

I am preparing for the task of the Unified State Examination C1, that is, for the composition.

2) also words: especially, even, in particular, especially For example:

Everywhere, especially in the living room, was clean and beautiful.

test of strength

Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.

Final test

Is it true that isolation is a way of semantic highlighting or clarification?
Is it true that only minor members of the sentence are separated?
What are separate definitions?
- common and uncommon
- agreed and inconsistent
Are isolated definitions always expressed by participial turnover?
In what case are the definitions standing before the defined word separated?
- if an additional adverbial value is expressed
- if no additional adverbial value is expressed
Is it correct to think that an application is a special kind of attribute expressed by a noun in the same case and number as the noun or pronoun it defines?
What prepositions are used in prepositional case combinations that are separate objects?
- o, in, on, to, before, behind, under, over, before
- except for, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with
Is it necessary to separate adverbs and participles?
Is it necessary to isolate circumstances with a preposition in spite of?

In contact with

What colorizes speech is precisely the isolated definition contained in it. Examples can be found both in simple colloquial speech and in fiction.

Definition concept

Most often, the function of definition is performed by adjectives, for example:

good (what?) heart;
gold (what?) nugget;
bright (what?) Appearance;
old (what?) friends.

In addition to adjectives, definitions in a sentence can be pronouns denoting that an object belongs to a person:

the boy took (whose?) his briefcase;
mother irons (whose?) her blouse;
my brother sent home (whose?) my friends;
father watered (whose?) my tree.

"Joyful, she reported the news." In this sentence, a single adjective is isolated.
"The garden, overgrown with weeds, was in a deplorable state." A separate definition is participial turnover.

"Satisfied with the success of her son, mother secretly wiped away her tears of joy." Here, the adjective with dependent words is a separate definition.

The examples in the sentence show that different parts of speech can be a definition of the quality of an object or its belonging.

Separate definitions

Definitions that provide additional information about the subject or clarify its belonging to any person are considered isolated. The meaning of the sentence will not change if a separate definition is removed from the text. Examples:

"Mother carried the child, who fell asleep on the floor, to his crib" - "Mother carried the child to his crib."

"Excited by the first performance, the girl closed her eyes before going on stage" - "The girl closed her eyes before going on stage."

As you can see, sentences with isolated definitions, examples of which are given above, sound more interesting, since the additional explanation conveys the state of the object.

Separate definitions can be consistent and inconsistent.

Agreed Definitions

Definitions that agree with the word, the quality of which is determined in case, gender and number, are called agreed. In the offer they can be presented:

adjective - a yellow leaf (what?) fell from a tree;
pronoun - (whose?) My dog fell off the leash;
numerals - give him (what?) A second chance;
communion - in the front garden (what?) green grass was visible.

The same properties in relation to the defined word have a separate definition. Examples:

"Briefly said (what?), his speech made an impression on everyone." The participle "said" is in the feminine, singular, nominative case, as is the word "speech", which it defines.
"We went outside (what?), still wet from the rain." The adjective "wet" is in the same number, gender and case as the word "street" it defines.
"People (what?), Joyful from the upcoming meeting with the actors, went to the theater." Since the word being defined is in the plural and the nominative case, the definition agrees with it in this.

A separate agreed definition (examples have shown this) can stand both before the word being defined, and after it, or in the middle of a sentence.

Inconsistent definition

When a definition does not change in gender and number according to the main word, it is inconsistent. They are associated with the word being defined in 2 ways:

Adjacency is a combination of stable word forms or an invariable part of speech. For example: "He likes eggs (what?) Soft-boiled."
Control is the setting of a definition in a case, which is required by the word being defined. Often they indicate a sign by material, purpose or location of an object. For example: "the girl sat on a chair (what?) made of wood."

Several parts of speech can express an inconsistent isolated definition. Examples:

A noun in the instrumental or prepositional case with the prepositions "with" or "in". Nouns can be either single or with dependent words - Asya met Olya after the exam (which one?), In chalk, but satisfied with her grade. (“in mele” is an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in the prepositional case).
A verb in an indefinite form that answers the question "what?", "what to do?", "what to do?". In Natasha's life there was one great joy (what?) - to give birth to a child.
Comparative degree of an adjective with dependent words. From a distance we spotted a friend in a dress (what?) brighter than she usually wears.

Each isolated definition, examples confirm this, may differ in its structure.

Structure of definitions

In terms of their structure, definitions can consist of:

from a separate word, for example, a delighted grandfather;
adjective or participle with dependent words - grandfather, delighted with the news;
from several separate definitions - grandfather, delighted with the news.

Separation of the sacrament

The girl (what?), frightened, silently walked forward. In this example, the participle defines the state of the object and comes after it, so it is separated from both sides by commas.
The painting (what?), painted in Italy, became his favorite creation. Here, the participle with a dependent word highlights the object and stands after the word being defined, therefore it is also separated by commas.

If the participle or participial turnover comes before the word being defined, then punctuation marks are not put:

The frightened girl silently walked forward.
Painted in Italy, the picture became his favorite creation.

You should be aware of the formation of participles in order to use such a separate definition. Examples, suffixes in the formation of participles:

when creating a valid sacrament in the present. tense from verb 1 conjugation, the suffix -usch -yusch is written (thinks - thinking, write - writing);
when creating in present. the time of real communion 2 ref., use -asch-box (smoke - fuming, sting - stinging);
in the past tense, real participles are formed using the suffix -vsh (wrote - wrote, spoke - spoke);
passive participles are created with the addition of suffixes -nn-enn in the past tense (invented - invented, offended - offended) and -em, -om-im and -t in the present (leads - led, love - beloved).

In addition to the participle, the adjective is just as common.

Separation of the adjective

Single or dependent adjectives are separated in the same way as participles. If a separate definition (examples and the rule are similar to a participle) is after the word being defined, then a comma is placed, and if before, then no.

The morning, gray and foggy, was not conducive to a walk. (The gray and foggy morning did not favor a walk.)

Mom, angry, can be silent for several hours. (An angry mother may be silent for several hours).

Isolation with a defined personal pronoun

When a participle or adjective refers to a pronoun, they are separated by a comma, regardless of where they are located:

Frustrated, she went into the yard.
They were tired and went straight to bed.
He, red with embarrassment, kissed her hand.

When the word being defined is shared by other words, the isolated definition (examples from fiction this is demonstrated) is also separated by commas. For example, “Suddenly the whole steppe shook and, engulfed in a dazzling blue light, expanded (M. Gorky).

Other segregation definitions

A separate definition (examples, rules below) can convey a meaning by kinship or profession, then they are also separated by commas. For example:

The professor, a handsome young man, looked at his new entrants.

Mom, in her usual dressing gown and apron, has not changed at all this year.

In such constructions, separate definitions carry additional messages about the object.

The rules seem complicated at first glance, but if you understand their logic and practice, then the material is well absorbed.

separate definitions are:

Oblique rain, driven strong wind, lil like a bucket

The mother pushed forward and looked up at her son, full of pride.

Marya Dmitrievna assumed a dignified and somewhat offended air.

And the theater was besieged by the human sea, violent, assertive

Then spring came, bright, sunny

Sitting on a stone between them, a decrepit and gray-haired Lezgin

Alyosha, thoughtful, went to his father

People, amazed, became like stones

Suddenly the whole steppe shook and, engulfed in a dazzling blue light, expanded

And again, cut off from the tanks by fire, the infantry lay down on a bare slope

Fascinated by the book, Tonya did not notice how someone climbed over the granite ledge

Stunned, the mother stared fixedly at Rybin

Unusually skinny, he ate an awful lot

She didn't want to cut her hair, poor thing

Some fat woman, with her sleeves rolled up and her apron raised, stood in the middle of the yard.

A jasmine bush, all white, wet with dew, was at the very window

own name

Afanasy Lukich, without a hat, with disheveled hair, ran ahead of everyone.

Styopka, with a serrated spoon in his hands, took his place in the smoke near the cauldron.

general meaning

I'm surprised that you, with your kindness, don't feel it.

Papa, in a waistcoat and cuffs rolled up, put his hands on a thick volume of an illustrated magazine

Sotsky, with a healthy stick in his hand, stood behind him.

I saw a man, wet, in rags, with a long beard

cf.

A force stronger than his will threw him out of there.

A short beard, slightly darker than the hair, slightly shaded the lips and chin

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A. 1976.

17. Separate definitions, circumstances and applications. General and particular conditions of isolation.

Isolation is the semantic and intonational allocation of secondary members of the sentence to give them greater independence in comparison with the rest of the members. Separate sentence members contain an additional message element. The additional nature of the message is formed through semi-predicative relations, that is, the relationship of a separate component with the entire grammatical basis. A detached component expresses an independent event. This is a polypropitive proposal in general.

Separations are different. Separate definitions, circumstances and additions differ. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:

Separate definition: The boy, who had fallen asleep in an uncomfortable position right on the suitcase, shuddered.

Special circumstance: Sasha was sitting on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and dangling his legs.

Standalone addition: I heard nothing but the ticking of an alarm clock.

Most often, definitions and circumstances are isolated. Separate members of the sentence are distinguished in oral speech intonation, and in writing - punctuation.

Separate definitions are divided into:

Agreed

inconsistent

The child who fell asleep in my arms suddenly woke up.

(agreed isolated definition, expressed by participial turnover)

Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.

(inconsistent isolated definition)

Agreed Definition

The agreed stand-alone definition is expressed as:

participial turnover: The child, who was sleeping in my arms, woke up.

two or more adjectives or participles: The child, full and satisfied, quickly fell asleep.

Note:

A single agreed definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:

He, full, quickly fell asleep.

Inconsistent definition

An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed by nominal phrases and refers to pronouns or proper names. Examples: How did you, with your mind, not understand her intention?

An inconsistent isolated definition is possible both in the position after and in the position before the word being defined. If the inconsistent definition refers to the word being defined, expressed by a common noun, then it is isolated only in the position after it:

The guy in the baseball cap kept looking around.

Definition structure

The structure of the definition can be different. Differ:

single definition: excited girl;

two or three single definitions: a girl excited and happy;

common definition, expressed by the phrase: girl, excited by the news received, ...

1. Single definitions are isolated regardless of the position relative to the word being defined, only if the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun: She was agitated and could not sleep.(single isolated definition after the defined word expressed by the pronoun) Excited, she could not sleep.(single isolated definition before the defined word, expressed by the pronoun)

2. Two or three single definitions are isolated if they come after the word being defined, expressed by the noun: The girl, excited and happy, could not fall asleep for a long time.

If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then isolation is also possible in the position before the defined member: Excited and happy, she could not sleep for a long time.(separation of several single definitions before the defined word - pronoun)

3. A common definition, expressed by a phrase, is isolated if it refers to the word being defined, expressed by a noun, and stands after it: The girl, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.(a separate definition, expressed by participle turnover, is after the defined word, expressed by a noun). If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then the common definition can be in a position both after and before the word being defined: Excited by the news she received, she could not sleep for a long time. She, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.

Separate definitions with an additional adverbial value

The definitions that precede the word being defined are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings. These can be both common and single definitions, standing directly before the noun being defined, if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessive, etc.). In such cases, the attributive turnover is easily replaced by the subordinate clause of the reason with the union because, a subordinate clause of a condition with a union if, a clause assignment with a union although. To check for the presence of a circumstantial meaning, you can use the replacement of the attributive phrase with a phrase with the word being: if such a replacement is possible, then the definition is isolated. For example: Seriously ill, her mother could not go to work.(additional reason value) Even when she was ill, her mother went to work.(additional concession value).

Thus, various factors are important for isolation:

1) by what part of speech the defined word is expressed, 2) what is the structure of the definition, 3) how the definition is expressed, 4) whether it expresses additional adverbial meanings.

Standalone Applications

Appendix is a special kind of attribute expressed by a noun in the same case as the noun or pronoun it defines: dragonfly jumper, beauty girl. The application can be:

1) single: Bear, fidget, tortured everyone;

2) common: Mishka, a terrible fidget, tortured everyone.

The application, both single and common, is isolated if it refers to the word being defined, expressed by the pronoun, regardless of the position: both before and after the word being defined:

He is a great doctor and helped me a lot.

Great doctor, he helped me a lot.

A common application is isolated if it comes after the defined word expressed by a noun:

My brother, an excellent doctor, treats our entire family.

A single non-spread application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words: He saw his son, the baby, and immediately began to smile.

Any application stands apart if it stands after its own name: Mishka, the neighbor's son, is a desperate tomboy.

An application expressed by a proper name is separated if it serves to clarify or clarify: And the neighbor's son, Mishka, a desperate tomboy, set a fire in the attic.

The application is isolated in a position before the word being defined - a proper name, if an additional adverbial meaning is expressed at the same time. An architect from God, Gaudi, could not conceive an ordinary cathedral.

(why? for what reason?)

Application with union as is isolated if the connotation of the cause is expressed:

On the first day, as a beginner, everything turned out worse for me than for others.

Note:

Single applications after the word being defined, which are not distinguished by intonation during pronunciation, are not isolated, because merge with it:

In the darkness of the entrance, I did not recognize Mishka-neighbor.

Note:

Separate applications can be punctuated not with a comma, but with a dash, which is placed if the application is especially emphasized in the voice and is highlighted with a pause.

New Year is coming soon - the favorite holiday of the children.

What is a standalone agreed common definition? Preferably detailed and with example(s)

Tamara

Anya Magomedova

The rule is long. In short, it is a participial turnover. Separation is the placement of commas at the beginning and end of a turnover. As a rule, common agreed definitions are isolated, expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them and standing after the noun being defined, for example: A cloud hanging over the high tops of poplars was already pouring rain (Kor.); Sciences alien to music were disgusting to me (P.).

Explain what a non-isolated agreed common definition is?

Preferably with examples in sentences.

Definition - a secondary member of the sentence, answering the questions what / th / th / th? whose/whose/yo/i? (what? white)
Agreed definitions are associated with the word being defined by the method of agreement, that is, they coincide in the forms of gender, number, case; when the form of the word being defined changes, the agreed definition similarly changes its form (what kind of snow? White, what kind of snow? White)
A common definition consists of a phrase.
Not isolated, i.e. not separated by commas, agreed common definitions:
1. standing in front of the noun being defined: / Fallen early in the morning / the snow had already melted by evening. (what kind of snow? that fell early in the morning)
2. standing after the noun being defined, if the latter in itself in this sentence does not express the desired meaning and needs to be defined: It is difficult to meet a person /more refined, calm and self-confident/. (what kind of person? more refined, calm and self-confident)
3. expressed by a complex form of a comparative or superlative degree of an adjective: Messages are published / the most urgent /. (what messages? the most urgent)
4. included in the predicate: Savely stood / strict and trembling with anger /. ("stood strict and trembling with anger" - predicate)
5. standing after indefinite pronouns (something, something, etc.): I want to understand and express something / happening in me / (something what? happening in me)

1. Usually, stand apart(separated by a comma, and in the middle of a sentence they are separated by commas on both sides) agreed common definitions expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them and standing after the word being defined.

For example: Dirty urban downpour struck, mixed with dust (B. Past.) ; Anton Pavlovich Chekhov, crossed Siberia on horseback at the end of the last century on a trip to Sakhalin, missed the Yenisei(rasp.); Master, dozing on the grass stood up and nodded(Hall.); In tough grass goat-like hair, blossomed between low polynyas lilac low flowers(Colour.); Dust, pink from lightning rushed across the ground(Paust.); loose clouds, soaked in dark water rushing low over the sea(Paust.).

2. Participles and adjectives with dependent words after an indefinite pronoun are usually not isolated, since they form one whole with the previous pronoun.

For example: Her large eyes, full of inexplicable sadness, seemed to be searching in mine. anything like hope (Lermontov).

But if the semantic connection between the pronoun and the definition following it is less close and when reading after the pronoun there is a pause, then isolation is possible.

For example: And someone sweaty and out of breath running from store to store.. (V. Panova)

3. Definitive, demonstrative and possessive pronouns are not separated by a comma from the participial turnover following them, closely adjacent to it.

For example: AT all published in the book factual data has been verified by the author; AT this forgotten people corner I rested all summer; Your handwritten the lines were hard to read.

But if the definitive pronoun is substantiated or if the participial turnover has the character of clarification or explanation, then the definition is isolated.

For example: Everything, railroad related, still fanned for me by the poetry of travel(Paustovsky); I wanted to distinguish myself before this, dear to me, human...(Bitter).

It is not uncommon for sentences with agreed definitions to allow variant punctuation.

Compare: That middle one over there plays better than the others (that- definition with a substantiated word average). – That one over there, the middle one, plays better than the others.(substantiated word that- subject, with it a separate definition average ).

A common definition is not separated by a comma from the previous negative pronoun.

For example: Nobody admitted to the Olympics did not solve the last problem; These dishes cannot be compared. nothing served under the same name in vaunted taverns (although such designs are very rare).

4. Two or more agreed single definitions are separated, standing after the noun being defined, if the latter is preceded by another definition.

For example: . ..Favorite faces, dead and alive, come to mind...(Turgenev); ...long clouds, red and purple, guarded him[sun] peace...(Chekhov).

In the absence of a previous definition, two subsequent single definitions are separated or not separated depending on the author's intonation-semantic load, as well as their location (definitions standing between the subject and the predicate are separated).

Compare:

1) ... I especially liked the eyes, big and sad (Turgenev); And the Cossacks, both on foot and on horseback, acted on three roads to three gates(Gogol); Mother, sad and anxious, sat on a thick knot and was silent ...(Gladkov);

2) Under this thick gray overcoat a heart was beating passionate and noble (Lermontov); I walked along the clean, smooth path, I did not inherit(Yesenin); Led the bow on the violin of an old gypsy lean and gray (Marshak).

5. An agreed single (non-spread) definition is separated:

1) if it carries a significant semantic load and in meaning can be equated to a subordinate clause.

For example: At his cry, the caretaker appeared, sleepy(Turgenev);

2) if it has an additional adverbial value.

For example: It is impossible for a young man in love not to blurt out, and I confessed everything to Rudin(Turgenev) (Compare: “ if he is in love»); Lyubochka's veil clings again, and two young ladies, excited, run up to her.(Chekhov);

3) if the definition is torn off in the text from the noun being defined.

For example: Eyes closed and, half-closed, also smiled(Turgenev);

4) if the definition has a clarifying meaning.

For example: And in five minutes already heavy rain, cover(Chekhov).

6. Agreed widespread or single definitions standing directly before the noun being defined are separated if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessive, temporary).

For example: Escorted by an officer, the commandant entered the house(Pushkin); Stunned by the blow of a cargo fist, Bulanin at first staggered in place, not understanding anything.(Kuprin); Tired to the last degree, climbers could not continue their ascent; Left to themselves, children will find themselves in a difficult position; wide, free, the alley leads into the distance(Bryusov); disheveled, unwashed, Nejdanov looked wild and strange(Turgenev); Knowing real village life well, Bunin literally became furious at the far-fetched, unreliable image of the people.(L. Krutikova); Tired of mother's cleanliness, the guys were accustomed to cunning(V. Panova); Embarrassed, Mironov bowed at his back(Bitter).

7. An agreed common or single definition is isolated if it is torn off from the noun being defined by other members of the sentence (regardless of whether the definition is before or after the word being defined).

For example: And again, cut off from tanks by fire, the infantry lay down on a bare slope ...(Sholokhov); Spread out on the grass, well-deserved shirts and trousers were dried ...(V. Panova); Behind the noise, they did not immediately hear a knock on the window - persistent, solid (Fedin) (several isolated definitions, more often at the end of a sentence, can be separated by a dash).

8. Agreed definitions related to the personal pronoun are separated, regardless of the degree of prevalence and location of the definition.

For example: Lulled by sweet hopes, he fast asleep(Chekhov); He turned and left, and I, confused, remained next to the girl in the empty hot steppe.(Paustovsky); From him, jealous, locked in a room, you me, lazy, kind word remember(Simonov).

Definitions with a personal pronoun are not isolated:

a) if the definition is semantically and grammatically related to both the subject and the predicate.

For example: We dispersed satisfied with their evening (Lermontov); He's coming out of the back rooms already completely upset... (Goncharov); To the hut we ran soaking wet (Paustovsky); She came home upset, but not discouraged.(G Nikolaeva);

b) if the definition is in the accusative case (this design, with a touch of obsolescence, can be replaced modern design with instrumental case).

For example: I found him ready to go(Pushkin) (compare " found ready...»); And then he saw him lying on a hard bed in a poor neighbor's house(Lermontov); See also: And the police beat her drunk on the cheeks(Bitter);

c) in exclamatory sentences like: Oh you're cute! Oh I'm clueless!

9. Inconsistent definitions expressed by indirect cases of nouns(often with a preposition) in artistic speech they are usually isolated if the meaning they express is emphasized.

For example: officers, in new frock coats, white gloves and shiny epaulettes flaunted through the streets and the boulevard(L. Tolstoy); Some fat woman with rolled up sleeves and raised apron, stood in the middle of the yard ...(Chekhov); Five, no coats, only vests, were playing...(Goncharov).

In the neutral style of speech, there is a steady tendency towards the absence of isolation of such definitions.

For example: Teenagers in knitted hats and down jackets- permanent residents of underground passages.

Inconsistent definitions can also appear before the noun being defined.

For example: In a white tie, in a dapper open coat, with a string of stars and crosses on a gold chain in the loop of a tailcoat, the general was returning from lunch, alone(Turgenev).

Usually such inconsistent definitions are isolated (separation of inconsistent definitions in all of the following cases is affected by their location):

a) if they refer to their own name.

For example: Sasha Berezhnova, in a silk dress, in a cap on the back of her head and in a shawl sitting on the couch(Goncharov); Elizaveta Kievna did not come out of memory, with red hands, in a man's dress with a pitiful smile and meek eyes(A.N. Tolstoy); blond, with a curly head, without a hat and with a shirt unbuttoned on the chest, Dymov seemed handsome and unusual(Chekhov);

b) if they refer to a personal pronoun.

For example: I'm surprised that you, with your kindness don't feel it(L. Tolstoy); ...Today she, in a new blue hood, was especially young and impressively beautiful(Bitter);

c) if separated from the word being defined by any other members of the sentence.

For example: After dessert, everyone moved to the buffet, where, in a black dress, with a black mesh on her head, Karolina sat and watched with a smile as they looked at her(Goncharov) (regardless of whether the word being defined is expressed by a proper or common name); On his ruddy face, with a straight big nose bluish eyes shone sternly(Bitter);

d) if they form a series of homogeneous members with previous or subsequent separate agreed definitions.

For example: I saw a man wet, in rags, with a long beard (Turgenev); With bony shoulder blades, with a lump under his eye, bent over and obviously afraid of the water, he was a funny figure(Chekhov) (regardless of what part of speech the defined word is expressed).

Inconsistent definitions are often isolated in the names of persons by degree of kinship, profession, position held etc., since, due to the significant specificity of such nouns, the definition serves the purpose of an additional message.

For example: Grandfather, in my grandmother's katsaveyka, in an old cap without a visor squints, smiles at something(Bitter); Headman, in boots and an overcoat, with tags in hand, noticing the priest from afar, took off his bright hat(L. Tolstoy).

The isolation of an inconsistent definition can serve as a means of deliberately separating a given turnover from the neighboring predicate, to which it could be related in meaning and syntactically, and referring it to the subject.

For example: women, with a long rake in hand, wandering into the field(Turgenev); Painter, drunk, drank a tea glass of lacquer instead of beer(Bitter).

Compare also: ... It seemed to Mercury Avdeevich that the stars were growing in the sky and the whole courtyard, with buildings, got up and went soundlessly to the sky(Fedin) (without isolation, the combination with buildings would not play the role of a definition).

10. Inconsistent definitions are separated, expressed by a turnover with the form of the comparative degree of the adjective, if the noun being defined is usually preceded by an agreed definition.

For example: Force, stronger than his will, threw him out of there(Turgenev); short beard, slightly darker hair, slightly shaded the lips and chin(A.K. Tolstoy); Another room, almost twice as much, called the hall ...(Chekhov).

In the absence of a previous agreed definition, the inconsistent definition expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective is not isolated.

For example: But at another time there was no man more active than him(Turgenev).

11. Inconsistent definitions are isolated and separated with a dash, expressed by the indefinite form of the verb, before which the words “namely” can be put without prejudice to the meaning.

For example: ...I came to you with pure motives, with the only desire - to do good!(Chekhov); But this lot is beautiful - shine and die (Bryusov).

If such a definition is in the middle of a sentence, then it is highlighted with a dash on both sides.

For example: . ..Each of them solved this issue - leave or stay- for yourself, for your loved ones(Ketlinskaya).

But if, according to the conditions of the context, a comma should be after the definition, then the second dash is usually omitted.

For example: Since there was only one choice - lose the army and Moscow or one Moscow, then the field marshal had to choose the last(L. Tolstoy).

See next page

Single and common definitions are examples. Separation of definitions and applications

Standalone application: example. Standalone application: sample sentences. Offers with standalone applications

What is an application?

Standalone application: example and analysis

Single Application

Applications with hyphens

When can't hyphens be used when using apps?

Offers with stand-alone applications: examples

Application + unions

Application + pronoun

Difficult cases

Dash instead of comma when separating

Conclusion

Chapter 30. Syntax. Separate members of the sentence

§one. Isolation. General concept

§2. Separate definitions

§3. Standalone Applications

§4. Standalone add-ons

"USE-navigator": effective online preparation

§5. Separate circumstances

§6. Isolation of comparative turnovers

§7. Separate clarifying members of the sentence

test of strength

Separate definition: examples. Sentences with separate definitions: examples

Definition concept

Separate definitions

Agreed Definitions

Inconsistent definition

Structure of definitions

Separation of the sacrament

§2. Separate definitions

§3. Standalone Applications

§4. Standalone add-ons

"USE-navigator": effective online preparation

§6. Isolation of comparative turnovers

§7. Separate clarifying members of the sentence

test of strength

Final test

Is it true that isolation is a way of semantic highlighting or clarification?

Is it true that only minor members of the sentence are separated?

What are separate definitions?

Are isolated definitions always expressed by participial turnover?

In what case are the definitions standing before the defined word separated?

Is it correct to think that an application is a special kind of attribute expressed by a noun in the same case and number as the noun or pronoun it defines?

What prepositions are used in prepositional case combinations that are separate objects?

Is it necessary to separate adverbs and participles?

Is it necessary to isolate circumstances with a preposition in spite of?

Definition concept

Separate definitions

Agreed Definitions

Inconsistent definition

Structure of definitions

Separation of the sacrament

Separation of the adjective

Isolation with a defined personal pronoun

Other segregation definitions

separate definitions are:

17. Separate definitions, circumstances and applications. General and particular conditions of isolation.

What is a standalone agreed common definition? Preferably detailed and with example(s)

Explain what a non-isolated agreed common definition is?