Security department of the Russian empire.

Ch. "Grassroots" organization element (subdivision) polit. search tsarist Russia in the system of the Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (late XIX - early XX centuries). The first two O.o. established in St. Petersburg - "Department for the maintenance of order and peace in the capital (1866) and in Moscow -" Secret search department at the office of the Moscow chief of police "(1880). In 1900, the third joint organization was created. in Warsaw. Since 1902, a network of branches has been organized (at first they were called "search branches") in large cities and cities with the largest revolutionary movement: Kazan, Kiev, Saratov, Tiflis, etc. (by 1907 there were already 27 of them, and by 1914 - 60). Norms, rationale for the organization and activities of O.o. given in a number of NPA: Regulations "On the organization of the secret police in the Empire" (1882), Regulations on the beginning. search, departments (1902), Temporary regulations on security departments (1904), Regulations on security departments (1907). O.o. were in double subordination: according to the results of the ORD, they reported to the Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and on the organization (combat, inspector and economic directions) - to the Separate Corps of Gendarmes. See Provincial Gendarme Directorate (GZHU), Detective Activities, District Security Department,. Volkov A. Petrograd security department. - Pg., 1917; Osorgin M.A. Security department and its secrets. - M., 1917; Zhilinsky V.B. The organization and life of the security department during the time of tsarist power. - Pg., 1918; S.B. Chlenov Moscow secret police and its secret employees. - M., 1919; Spiridovich A.I. Under the tsarist regime. Notes of the head of the security department. - M., 1926; Shindzhikashvili D.I. Ministry of Internal Affairs of tsarist Russia during the period of imperialism. - Omsk, 1974; Zhukhrai V.M. Secrets of the tsarist secret police: Adventurers and provocateurs. - M., 1991; ; ; Yu.A. Reent General and political police of Russia (1900-1917). - Ryazan, 2001; ; A.V. Osipov History of the Nizhny Novgorod security department. - N. Novgorod, 2003.-T. one.

The first security department, which was engaged in the maintenance of order and tranquility in the city on the Neva, was opened in 1866 in connection with the more frequent attempts on the life of Tsar Alexander II. This institution did not yet have independence, since the St. Petersburg mayor was involved in its creation, and it was opened under his office. The second security department was not needed so soon, it appeared in Moscow in 1880 under the auspices of the Moscow police chief. But this idea belonged to the Minister of Internal Affairs M. T. Loris-Melikov. The third security department was opened in Warsaw in 1900 (at that time Poland was part of Russian Empire).

Activity

The revolutionary movement was growing in Russia, therefore the field of activity was wide, and the work of the very first security departments was more than successful. Terrorism gained momentum, assassination attempts on prominent figures of the country became more frequent, and from time to time they were also successful. In the provinces, the gendarme departments worked poorly, and the authorities increasingly thought about how to improve the political investigation, to make it flexible and organized. In all large cities, undesirable demonstrations of student youth and workers constantly took place, peasant riots occurred quite often.

Therefore, the number of so-called search points increased, each big city had its own security department. The Russian Empire needed a lot of them. Already in 1902, detective institutions began to work in Yekaterinoslav, Vilno, Kiev, Kazan, Saratov, Odessa, Kharkov, Tiflis, Nizhny Novgorod. It was they who carried out political investigations, conducted external surveillance, directed secret agents and recruited new agents. The Minister of Internal Affairs V.K. Pleve created a Regulation on the heads of such departments, where the above duties were specifically spelled out.

"Set of rules"

In the same 1902, a special "manual" - "Code of Rules" was circulated, from where the heads of the departments obtained information about the main tasks that each security department of the Russian Empire should perform, and brought this information to each subordinate. The networks of secret agents engaged in political affairs were rapidly being built, spy surveillance was also being established, and internal agents were recruited. The security department recruited employees according to many criteria.

They were not easy. They were obliged to know perfectly everything about the history of the revolutionary movement, to learn by heart the names of the leaders of each party that opposed the government, to follow the illegal literature that the revolutionaries established, no matter what. The head of the security department was responsible for all of the above. And the gendarmes were charged with educating their agents in this regard, so that all secret officers developed a conscious attitude to the matter. The chiefs were directly subordinate to the Police Department, where they received all the general directions of activity, and even the personnel of the security department of the gendarmes were in charge of the department.

Organization of an agent network

The network of new branches was opened on the initiative of a great enthusiast in his field, the head of the Moscow security department since 1896 S.V. Zubatov. However, he retired in 1903, and his plans were never fully realized. The careerism that prevailed in this structure intensified the rivalry among the provincial gendarme managers.

Despite the fact that the department constantly called on the security departments to exchange information and mutual assistance, this matter almost did not move. Each chief in his city was "a king and a god." That is why there were conflict situations that did not go for the future of the common cause. And yet, every year, far from one security department was opened, the creation of gendarme organs grew ever wider, and by the end of 1907 there were already twenty-seven of them functioning in the country.

New rules

In the same 1907, the current Regulations regarding the tsarist security department were significantly supplemented and approved by Stolypin. The document includes new clauses regarding relationships and information exchange within the structure.

Political and gendarme authorities, when receiving information that belong to the scope of the security departments, had to transfer them for the development of cases, arrests, searches, seizures and other things that could not be done without the head of the security department.

Security points

But even from the "secret police" information had to come to the gendarme administration, so that there they could compare the circumstances obtained in the process of inquests. However, twenty-seven departments were clearly not enough to control the literally boiling public, and therefore, already in 1907, small security posts began to open everywhere.

They were created not in the centers, but in those areas where the fighting sentiment among the population grew up. In almost all cities, such centers were established over the next two years. They were the first to open in Penza, Khabarovsk, Vladikavkaz, Gomel, Zhitomir, Yekaterinodar, Poltava, Kostroma, Kursk, and then in dozens of other cities.

Tasks

The district security departments were faced with numerous and sometimes difficult tasks. In addition to organizing internal agents, which were supposed to "develop" local party organizations, in addition to the search, countless officers' conferences were held on the territory of the region, separating people from the main business - the search and surveillance itself. The number of papers they wrote was enormous, as information was sent everywhere.

The higher search institutions were periodically thoroughly reported on every movement of local revolutionaries, and it was also supposed (now according to official circulars) to help in every possible way the same institutions of neighboring regions. The plus was that there were many times more intelligence materials, and this helped the investigation, since every investigator could use them. When necessary, even secret agents became known to a wider circle of people.

Successes and difficulties

Initially, with the opening of security posts, things went better: one after another, party organizations and committees were dispersed or destroyed, arrests followed one after another. Communists, socialists and liberals reached beyond the borders of the country, from where they continued to lead the movement, being already inaccessible. Such successes in the search work raised the prestige of the gendarmerie, and therefore the illusion of a complete defeat of all revolutionary organizations was created.

District security departments constantly and more often interfered in the actions of the police authorities, that is, political investigations ruined relations with employees of the gendarme offices. The Department sent out its joint efforts circulars periodically, but this did not help. Gradually, the trickle of mutual information dried up. Moreover, the district security posts did not approve of their superior provincial colleagues.

Liquidation

After 1909, work in the district offices declined. Perhaps this also happened because there was a certain lull in the activities of illegal organizations. Deputy Minister V.F. Dzhunkovsky, who is in charge of the police, decided that the existence of security departments had ceased to be expedient. Some of them were merged with the provincial administrations, some were simply abolished. He considered the state benefit to be the rationale for this.

In 1913, a top secret and urgent circular was issued, according to which the Baku, Yekaterinoslavskoe, Kiev, Nizhny Novgorod, Petrokovskoe, Tifliss, Kherson, Yaroslavskoe, Donskoe, Sevastopol security departments were liquidated. Thus, all, except for the three capital, which opened the very first, were closed. As an exception, the East Siberian and Turkestan branches operated until 1917. But in the absence of a connecting network of the same structural links, they were of little use.

Petersburg security department

Touching upon the work of the Petersburg "secret police", one cannot but touch upon the biography of the main character of this institution (in the photo). The correspondence of the Police Department has survived, and already in the records of 1902 one can find lines where the diligence and diligence of the captain A.V. Gerasimov is extremely highly appreciated. By that time, he had already served in the gendarme office for three years, was also checking the work of other departments, where he also helped his colleagues in every possible way with advice and deed.

First, Gerasimov was encouraged by the appointment to the Kharkov security department in 1902. He led so well that, outside of any rules, already in 1903 he was promoted to lieutenant colonel, and in 1905 he took the position of head of the Petersburg security department. He got down to business, as always, actively, first of all, putting things in order in his own institution. The troublemakers in St. Petersburg greatly diminished when Gerasimov personally found underground workshops where explosive shells were made.

Further path

The revolutionaries also appreciated the new "Derzhimorda" at its true worth - several attempts were being made on him. But Gerasimov was experienced and smart - it did not work out. In 1905, he again "outside of any rules" received the rank of colonel, in 1906 - the Order of St. Vladimir, and in 1907 he became a major general. A year later, the sovereign personally thanks him, in 1909 Gerasimov received another order. Career did not go, but flew up the stairs, missing the steps by dozens.

During this time, Gerasimov made the security department the largest and most effective in the country. Ambition he did not lack. Before his arrival, the head of the security department had never reported to the minister on his own. The first (and last) was Gerasimov. For four years, the institution under his leadership has changed radically and only in better side... Therefore, in 1909 Gerasimov was promoted to the Ministry of Internal Affairs. General for special assignments - this is how his new position began to sound. He finished his service in 1914 with the rank of lieutenant general.

Petrograd security department

When the war with Germany began, everything German ceased to sound beautiful for the Russian people. That is why the city was renamed - it was Petersburg, Petrograd became. In 1915, Major General K.I. Globachev was appointed head of the security department in the capital, who later wrote the most interesting memoirs.

The largest body of political investigation in the country at that time had more than six hundred employees. The structure included registration and central departments, a security team and a department itself. The latter was organized as follows: undercover and investigative units, external surveillance, archive and office. Through the efforts of Gerasimov, an extraordinary order still reigned here.

Duties

In the intelligence unit, which was the base of the entire institution, all materials from the intelligence sources were concentrated. Experienced gendarme officers and officials worked here, and each had his own, assigned only to him, a part of the intelligence coverage. For example, several people were engaged in the activities of the Bolsheviks, a few more - Mensheviks, others - Socialist-Revolutionaries and People's Socialists, someone - social movements, some are anarchists.

There was a special officer who oversaw the general labor movement. And each of them had their own secret employees and their own sources of information. Only he could see the agents in the safe houses, and only he protected them from failure. The information received was always carefully checked by cross agents and external surveillance, and then developed: persons, addresses, addresses, connections, and the like were found out. Once the organization was surveyed enough, it was liquidated. Then the material of the searches was delivered to the intelligence unit of the security department, sorted out and passed on to the investigators.

On December 14, 1906, Stolypin approves a special Regulation on the Regional Security Departments of the State Civil Aviation of the Russian Federation. F. 102. Op. 262. D. 16. L. 1-8 .. They were created in order to successfully combat the revolutionary movement, expressed in a number of continuously continuing terrorist acts, agrarian riots, intensified propaganda among the peasants, in the troops and in the navy "GA RF. F. 102, 00, 1907. D. 114, L. 18 .. The Regulations on the Regional Public Organization entrusted them with the task of uniting all political investigation bodies functioning within the region (covering several provinces). The introduction of RPOs, on the one hand, decentralized the system of political search, on the other hand, according to their creators, it was supposed to centralize and direct this activity in a certain region. Much attention was paid to the knowledge of the situation on the ground, the adoption of quick decisions, the friendly joint work of security departments and gendarme departments, "so that the activity was more lively and systematic." In one of the notes in 1913, the director of the Police Department called the RPO a "branch office" of the Police Department.

It is noteworthy that the district offices were organized so that their sphere of activity coincided (or almost coincided) with the areas of operation of the district party committees of the RSDLP and other revolutionary parties. In other words, it was an attempt to reconcile the geographical boundaries of the activities of the political police with the corresponding territory of revolutionary organizations - regional and district party committees.

Circular No. 207 of January 8, 1907, signed by Stolypin on the creation of the District Security Departments, stated: search institutions, providing them with the concentration in their hands of intelligence and surveillance data in large administrative regions, and management of the work of local institutions, and the unifying and directing center will be, as before, the Police Department of the State Archives of the Russian Federation. F. 102. Op. 260.D. 17.L. 108.

Initially, 8 ROOs were created:

• 1. North - Petersburg (provinces - Petersburg, Liflyandskaya, Pskov, Estlyandskaya, Novgorodskaya, Olonetskaya).
• 2. Central - Moscow (provinces - Moscow, Tver, Yaroslavl, Vologda, Arkhangelsk, Kostroma, Kaluga, Tula, Oryol, Vladimir, Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, in 1909 the Smolensk province joined.).
• 3. Povolzhskoe - Samara (provinces - Samara, Perm, Vyatka, Kazan, Siberian, Ufa, Saratov, Orenburg, Astrakhan, Penza, Ural regions).
• 4. South-East - Kharkov (provinces - Kharkov, Kursk, Voronezh, Tambov, Don regions, Black Sea region, Yekaterinoslav province).
• 5. Southwest - Kiev (provinces - Kiev, Chernigov, Poltava, Podolsk, Volyn).
• 6. South - Odessa (provinces - Kherson, Tauride, Bessarabian and the entire Black Sea coast).
• 7. North-West - Vilno (provinces - Vilnenskaya, Kovno, Rodno, Mogilev, Minsk, Vitebsk, Smolensk).
• 8. Baltic - (Riga, Livonia, Courland) State Archives of the Russian Federation. F. 102. Op. 262.D. 16.L. 1; Op. 260. D. 15. L. 49 .. -Later the Turkestan, Caucasian, Primislenskoe, Perm, Sevastopol, Siberian (from which the East Siberian with the center in Irkutsk and the West Siberian with the center in Tomsk) was later established ... F. 102. Op. 260.D. 88.L. 10 ..

At the head of the District security departments were chiefs. In some provinces, the position of the head of the local security department was combined with the position of the head of the RPO. So it was in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kiev, Kharkov, Odessa, Vilno, Riga, Samara State Archives of the Russian Federation. F. 102. Op. 260.D. 208. L. 16. D. 24. L. 91; Op. 260. D. 15. L. 49 .. The heads of local security departments were directly subordinate to the head of the ROO. Provincial, district ZhU and ZhPU railway in matters of search were to be guided by the instructions of the head of the ROO.

The main task of the RPO was the organization of internal agents for the "development" of all local party organizations and the management of the activities of agents and searches within the boundaries of the district. To this end, the heads of the ROO had the right to convene meetings of officers directly conducting the political investigation. They were also supposed to inform the higher search institutions about the state of affairs in the revolutionary movement in the region, to help the relevant institutions in other regions in the matter of political search. The requirements of the head of the RPO for the conduct of searches and arrests were mandatory for railway departments, security departments and general police bodies. The officers of the RPO could use all the investigative and agent materials of the gendarme departments and security departments. If necessary, they should have known secret officers - agents under the jurisdiction of one or another officer of the gendarme department and security department.

Security departments and GZHU were supposed to submit to the ROO all intelligence information, according to which general overviews and information for the Police Department were compiled in the ROO.

If the intelligence information concerned not only the region, but also other regions of Russia, security departments and gendarme departments had to report them simultaneously to the region and to the Police Department of the State Civil Aviation of the Russian Federation. F. 102. Op. 262. D. 16. L. 1-4ob .. ROOs were called not to replace local authorities, but to direct their activities. At the same time, they were not supposed to replace the Police Department, providing only a more expeditious conduct of the search case. In general, young officers who had been trained in political search were appointed as the heads of the RPO. It was obvious that these appointments would not arouse enthusiasm among the old cadres - the heads of the GZHU and ZhPU of the railway. And almost every head of the GZHU from the Police Department received a letter with a personal appeal signed by Trusevich. As if justifying his actions, the director wrote: “Due to the special conditions of recent times and the gradual improvement of the search case, the events were moved from the institutions subordinate to the Department whole line persons who, having specialized in their duties, have now become, due to circumstances, and partly their personal qualities, undoubtedly the most knowledgeable and experienced in the field of search and therefore are now called to occupy the posts of chiefs of regional security departments, in spite of some, perhaps, discrepancy their ranks to this official position. However, the seriousness of the historical moment experienced by the state, when, along with the worries of the higher government about ordering the state and social system, republican and opposition elements are constantly waging a desperate struggle in terms of design and methods in the form of destruction of the existing order, not allowing the success of the case to depend on one conformity the official position of individual representatives of power with the essence of the rights and duties assigned to them, therefore, every government person devoted to the throne and fatherland should forget his advantages arising from the table of ranks in cases where the essential interests of Russia make it necessary to take instructions from the service experience of persons to the leadership, although and below standing in ranks, but specially trained in this case. Routine and disputes due to the formal conditions of the case are now inappropriate and must give way to lively work and space for abilities and energy. " F. 102. Op. 260.D. 256.L. 2ob-3 ..

Notifying the local authorities about the creation of the ROO, the Department warned that this information should be used "exclusively for personal reasons" and should be "kept in absolute secrecy" by the State Archives of the Russian Federation. F. 102. Op. 260. D. 17. L. 1a .. In February 1907, the Regulations on security departments, District security departments, instructions for organizing outdoor surveillance, instructions to spies, materials on photographing persons, instructions on organizing and maintaining an internal secret observation and instructed to "immediately with the receipt of this application" to begin work of the State Archive of the Russian Federation. F. 102. Op. 260, file 256, sheet 1.

In the period 1908-1910. a number of circulars carried out the redistribution of counties and individual localities that were part of the ROO. A circular for 1910 stated: “With the introduction of district security departments, the distribution of provinces between them was adjusted” to the then division of regions adopted by revolutionary organizations, but at the present time this does not correspond to the established position of the State Civil Aviation of the Russian Federation. F. 280. 1910. D. 5001. L. 32 .. Accordingly, there was a redistribution of areas. In a circular dated May 5, 1909, it was reported that, in the interests of the search, the Volga (Samara) district security department was moved from Samara to Saratov, and the Saratov (city) security department was abolished, and the position of the head of this department was renamed to the assistant to the head of the Volga (Saratov) district security department of the Civil Aviation of the Russian Federation. F. 102. Op. 260. D. 208. L. 16 .. However, Samara was not left without supervision, and two months later, in July 1909, a circular was issued "On the establishment of the Samara search point" in the interests of the political investigation of the State GA of the Russian Federation. F. 102.00.1909.D. 263. Sheet 1, 7 ..

The activities of the district security departments were given great importance by the Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs Kurlov. Often, on his personal order, there was a redistribution of the localities that make up the ROO.

In a circular dated July 30, 1909 No. 134116, signed by the newly appointed Director of the Department, N.P. Zuev, it was said: “In view of the need for the greatest unification of the political search on the Crimean peninsula, the Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs, Major General Kurlov, ordered the Taurida province to be withdrawn from the jurisdiction of the Odessa Regional Security Department and transferred to the Sevastopol Security Department. As a result of this order, Tavricheskoye GZHU, Melitopolskoye, Sevastopolskoye, Feodosiyskoye security departments, Kharkov ZhPU railway, Berdyansk security department, Ekaterininskoye ZhPU railway. in search terms on matters of a political nature, they are subordinate to the head of the Sevastopol security department of the State Archives of the Russian Federation. F. 102. Op. 260. D. 24. L. 91. See also: TsDP from March 3, 909, No. 125256 ..

At the first stage of their activities, the ROOs played a significant role in the defeat of party organizations, party committees, and coordination of the activities of detective services on the ground. Their successes raised the prestige of investigative activities among the authorities, created the illusion of a possible defeat of revolutionary organizations. Their creation, especially at first, facilitated the work of the Police Department, since institutions appeared capable of faster and more efficient actions.

However, difficulties also arose. As the RPOs increasingly interfered in the activities of local police authorities, their relationship with the employees of the GZHU began to become more complicated. The circulars periodically issued by the Department with a reminder of the need for joint efforts in the fight against the forces of the revolution and obligatory mutual information of the State Archives of the Russian Federation did not help either. F. 102. Op. 260. D. 24. L. 91. See also: TsDP dated March 3, 909, No. 125256 .. The RPO officials sometimes did not show tact in relation to their provincial colleagues. Complaints and discontent often led to conflicts and slander, which had to be dealt with by the Police Department. In a circular dated June 13, 1909, the Department ordered: “... once again we strongly remind the officers and officials of the district security departments dispatched to the field that they are not inspectors of local bodies, but only instructors obliged by all means to contribute to the correct setting of the political search in weak places districts, which is why they undertake not only to state the omissions noticed, but also to correct them as soon as possible, in any case, indicating absolutely precisely and definitely what needs to be done, and showing exactly how to fulfill the requirement presented ... "GA RF. F. 102. Op. 260. D. 37. L. 256. TsDP dated June 13, 1909, No. 131413.

Periodically, officials from the Police Department carried out inspections and audits of new institutions. Sometimes these were high-ranking officials with the rank of vice-director (Vissarionov) or heads of the Special Department. The audit materials have been preserved in the Special Section. As a rule, the inspector got acquainted with the personnel, with each secret officer separately. He was also interested in team relationships. At the same time, he checked the management of office work, financial statements.

Reports of this kind contained both an overall assessment of the work of the unit and its head.

Since 1909, the activity of the ROO has been weakening, which was largely due to the lull in the activities of revolutionary organizations. Police Department circulars to the ROE are becoming increasingly harsh. The department is clearly unhappy. However, in spite of the instructions of the Department, the heads of the ROE still often exceed their powers, which causes even greater criticism. The Police Department insists that the ROO officers work more with cadres, teach them “the basics practical work". The head of the RPO was accused of not acquainting persons engaged in political search with “the basics of internal affairs. agents ", in connection with which there is uniformity in the methods of search. It was pointed out that the circulars that the Police Department sends to the heads of the RPO are intended "exclusively for personal guidance and to serve as a synopsis when explaining the grounds for conducting internal agents to the persons who are at the head of the RF GA search." F. 102. Op. 260. D. 37. L. 132. TsDP dated January 19, 1911, No. 117102., and not for their publication on the basis of the circulars of the ROO. The publication of "circulars is the prerogative of the Department." to the Security Department of Moscow. The region included a number of provinces adjoining Moscow. All the chiefs of the GZHU of these provinces, in connection with the search, were subordinate, thus, to the chief of the Security Department in Moscow, receiving all orders and orders from him. Meanwhile, this chief in my presence was Lieutenant Colonel Martynov (a very young officer), the heads of the directorates were no longer young colonels, major generals, but in Moscow itself the venerable Lieutenant General Cherkasov, all these were people, perhaps not always perfect , but with a well-known experience. ... Their pride was hurt. ... When I was in Nizhny, I was finally convinced of this, and could not help but pay attention to the abnormality of the existence of an independent Security Department next to the GZHU, which, according to the law, was in charge of the search ... This department was not caused by any necessity, especially, that the Gendarme Administration located there was excellently set up ... All these regional and independent Security Departments were only breeding grounds for provocation; the small benefit that they, perhaps, could bring, was completely obscured by the colossal harm that they sowed during these several years "Dzhunkovsky V.M. Memories. T. 1.M., 1997.S. 217-218 ..

On May 15, 1913, signed by Dzhunkovsky, a circular was issued, which "top secret", "urgently", the heads of the Baku, Yekaterinoslav, Kiev, Nizhny Novgorod, Petrokovsky, Tiflis, Kherson and Yaroslavl GZHU, Donskoy and Sevastopol regional gendarmes branches in their provinces. The circular stated: “Having discussed the position of the search at the current moment, in connection with the manifestations of the revolutionary movement in the Empire and taking into account that the security departments, except for those established by law (meaning St. Petersburg, Moscow, Varshavskoe. - Z.P. .) were considered as temporary institutions, I found it expedient, in the form of achieving uniformity in the organization of the search business and their leadership, to add the remaining independent security departments to the local Provincial Gendarme Directorates. " All the heads of the liquidated security departments became the heads of the newly created search units of the GZHU.

In the second part of the circular, Dzhunkovsky turned to the heads of the GZHU, who are in charge of the former heads and employees of security departments: “... you, in addition to the duties arising from your activities as the head of the Department, have been entrusted with even more serious responsibilities to manage, under your personal responsibility, with the help of the head of the search at the Office of the officer, the case of the search throughout the territory served by the Office. But such an increase in your responsibilities is compensated for by the relief that you will receive in your work with the timely receipt of information, the concentration of the development of which in one institution will undoubtedly simplify and accelerate this business, the success of which depends mainly on rapid intensive development ... At the same time, I consider it necessary to point out that the unification in your person of the activities of both institutions should not be considered as a humiliation of the official dignity of the head of the abolished security department, for the establishment of such an order ... is not caused by any other considerations, but only by the interests of the most important duties for the ranks of the Separate Corps of Gendarmes, by improving conditions conducting a search case "State Archive of the Russian Federation. F. 102, 00, 1913.D. 366. L. 30-34 ..

Following the liquidation of the security departments, Dzhunkovsky begins to prepare measures to abolish the District security departments. On his instructions, the Director of the Department Beletsky collects information about the activities of the RPO and draws up a large note in which he indicates that for 6 years of the existence of the RPO, a huge amount of money is spent annually on their work, and there was no central agency, and there is no Note dated November 15 1913. State Archive of the Russian Federation. F. 102. 00, 1914. D. 366 L. 4-5 .. On February 22, 1914, all ROOs were abolished, only Turkestan, Caucasian, East Siberian remained. On July 19, 1914, the Caucasian and East Siberian ROO were liquidated. Note dated November 15, 1913. State Archive of the Russian Federation. F. 102, 00.1914.D. 40. Part 1 (Circular dated February 22, 1914, No. 167309) 00, 1914. D. 321. Sheet 29. Circular dated July 19, 1914 .. The rest were valid until 1917. All the cases of the liquidated institutions were transferred "according to their affiliation" to the local provincial gendarme departments, and for the conduct of the search, the question arose of drawing up new rules and instructions.

With the elimination of security and district offices, the central link of political investigation in the localities in most provinces again becomes, as before (until 1902), the GZHU.

UDC 341.741

N. I. Svechnikov, A. S. Kadomtseva

SOME FEATURES OF THE ACTIVITIES OF THE SECURITY DEPARTMENTS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE

Annotation. The article presents the results of studies of the activities of security departments in Russia at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. Submitted by brief analysis the reasons that caused the need for the bodies of political investigation, and legal acts regulating their organization and functioning. The assessment of the validity and correctness of the abolition of security departments is given.

Keywords: law and order, security department, political investigation, gendarme corps, police department, search department, spy, agent, informant, overseer, revolutionary community, secret surveillance.

Maintaining law and order and security in the country is one of the most important functions of the state. The problem of legal regulation of activities law enforcement, especially the bodies called upon to carry out operational-search activities, has always been relevant. Knowledge of the historical roots and traditions of legal regulation of the activities of the political investigation system of the Russian Empire can be used in the formation of modern system law enforcement and will allow you to avoid mistakes made in the past. To this end, it is necessary to analyze the ways by which the Russian state sought to legitimize the activities of security departments; study not only the essence of regulations, but also the effectiveness of their application. In order for the activities of law enforcement agencies in general and the internal affairs bodies in particular to be of high quality and effective, it is necessary, based on historical experience, to identify what measures can be useful.

In the XIX century. the revolutionary movement in Russia intensified, in connection with this, the need arose for the creation of a special body that would be engaged in the timely detection of "harmful" persons, collecting information about them and sending them to the gendarme corps. The existing Gendarme Administrations were not sufficiently adapted to conduct political investigations among the revolutionary-minded intelligentsia. This was the reason for the establishment by the order of the Minister of Internal Affairs of the first in Russia St. Petersburg (under the mayor) "Department for the maintenance of order and peace in the capital" in 1867. Its staff consisted of only 21 employees-chiefs, 4 officials for assignments, 12 police overseers, clerk, his assistants and secretary. In December 1883, the Regulation “On the organization of the secret police in the Empire” was adopted, which determined the status and tasks of “special search divisions” - secret police bodies in charge of “maintaining public order and peace”. The security department was directly subordinate to the Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and was guided by the Instruction dated May 23, 1887 "The department for the protection of public security and order in the capital, which is in the management of the St. Petersburg mayor." Later, search offices appeared in Moscow and Warsaw, but the sphere of activity of the revolutionary organizations had already gone beyond the boundaries of these cities.

The Moscow security department was created in 1880. At first it was small in number, its staff, for example, in 1889 was only six people. But being-

Economics, sociology, law

shaft and other unofficial staff, which consisted of "security outside service", i.e. spies and informant agents "working" in the ranks of revolutionary groups (internal agents). According to the estimate of the Moscow security department, 50 thousand rubles. 60% were expenses for surveillance, search and maintenance of agents. In 1897, "to monitor persons who were given over to the police for political unreliability ..." the post of a police overseer was established at the Department for the Protection of Public Security and Order in Moscow, and an Instruction was developed for police overseers at Moscow.

In the structure of security departments, in addition to the office, as a rule, secret office work, there were two departments: external surveillance and intelligence (internal surveillance department). In the intelligence departments, the data obtained from informants and by means of perlustration of letters in the so-called "black offices" at the post offices were developed. The analysis of the information received was the essence of the work of each security department. All other units were auxiliary. On the correct organization and the functioning of the agents were directed all the efforts of the head of the department and his staff - the gendarme officers. Secret agents were the subject of constant concern and concern of the entire Police Department. The agents were mentioned in the Department's circulars addressed to the chiefs of security departments and provincial gendarme offices.

In August 1902, the Regulation "On the heads of the search departments" was adopted for some localities of the empire: ". Where the especially intensified development of the revolutionary movement is noticed, search departments are established, the chiefs of which are entrusted with the management of the political search, that is, external surveillance and secret agents, in a known specific area. "

For the detectives of the search and security departments in October 1902, an Instruction was issued to the detectives of the Flying Detachment and the detectives of the search and security departments with clear instructions for their actions. For example, in paragraph 21 it is recommended: "When observing, you must always act so as not to draw attention to yourself, not walk noticeably quietly and not stay in one place for a long time."

The purpose of creating security departments is clearly defined in regulatory documents that regulated their activities. An important guarantee of efficiency in the activities of security departments and other detective agencies was the possibility of their direct interaction. The norms of the Regulations on Security Departments indicated that “14. Heads of departments with the Police Department, heads of district security departments, gendarme departments and their assistants, as well as provincial and district offices and among themselves - are demolished directly. " If the gendarme offices established the need for investigative actions in cases of a political nature, it was required to obtain the consent of the head of the security department. This consent has been consolidated since the establishment of the security departments. Thus, in § 19 of the Temporary Regulations on Security Departments of June 27, 1904, it was stated that "without prior notice to the head of the security department in the area of ​​his observation, no searches and arrests can be carried out by the ranks of the gendarme corps." Thus, it can be seen that the security departments are gradually beginning to perform some of the functions that were characteristic of gendarme offices, which could not but cause certain contradictions in the work of these bodies in charge of political investigation.

Throughout the entire period of existence of security departments, their structure is being reformed. To unite and direct the activities of local organizations

Ghans in charge of the political search in the Empire, district security departments were established. On December 14, 1906, the Regulation on the regional security departments was approved. They were created in such large cities as Petersburg, Moscow, Samara, Kharkov, Kiev, Odessa, Vilno, Riga. To bring management closer to the lower bodies, eight security districts were formed. The security district included district security departments of several provinces. The regulation established that "§ 7. One of the main tasks of the heads of district security departments is the establishment of a central internal agency capable of covering the activities of revolutionary communities entrusted to his supervision of the region ...".

The regulation on security departments of February 9, 1907 clarified the activities of security departments, for example, in § 24: “The activities of security departments should be distinguished: a) investigations in the types of prevention and detection of criminal acts by the state. and b) studies of the political reliability of individuals. ", and the ways of its implementation were specified, in § 25:" ... the collection of information about a contemplated or committed crime of a political nature is carried out in the ways specified in 251 Art. Const. Injection. Court., That is, through searches (secret agents), verbal inquiries and covert surveillance (through secret officers and spies). "

The main goal and essence of the activities carried out by the employees of the security departments were presented in the Instructions to the heads of security departments for the organization of external observations in 1907. So, in Art. 2 it was explained that ". The greatest benefit from external surveillance can be obtained only if it is strictly adhered to with the instructions of the internal agents on the meaning of the observed persons and the events planned by the fillers." In addition, Art. 10 defined one of the functions of the chiefs: “By the 5th day of each month, the chiefs of security departments submit to the District Security Departments and the Police Department the lists of persons under observation, for each organization separately, with a complete set of acquaintances, surname, name, patronymic, rank, occupation, nickname for supervision and organization and a brief indication of the reasons for observation. "

The analysis of the materials of the research carried out allows us to conclude that the security departments most actively interacted with the gendarme departments. This circumstance was due to the similarity of the functions assigned to them, since the gendarme offices also carried out arrests, inquests and investigated cases of state crimes. Thus, the security departments and gendarme departments carried out a political search, collected the necessary information.

The main purpose of the political search was ".determination and clarification of both individuals and entire organizations striving to change the existing political system in the country, and suppression of their activities." The entire political investigation in Russia, as the researchers note, was based on the "three pillars": on internal agents, external surveillance and correspondence.

As already noted, the head of the security department was a chief reporting to the Police Department or the head of the district security department. The Regulations on Security Departments of February 9, 1907 stated: "§ 5 Interference of other institutions and persons, except for the Police Department and the heads of district security departments, in the activities of local security departments cannot take place."

Initially, security departments were created as bodies whose main function was to monitor and prevent crimes based on the information received. The main role in the political search (direct investigation, including the implementation of investigative actions) was assigned to the gendarme departments. The right to independently conduct a search or seizure of security departments of the first

Economics, sociology, law

it was originally granted only in an exceptional situation when it was impossible to obtain the consent of the head of the gendarme department and to ensure the participation of his officials. As a general rule, when the time and the situation made it possible to understand more thoroughly and inform the head of the provincial gendarme department about the proposed measures, the independence of the security departments was limited by his consent. Moreover, after the announcement of the planned investigative actions, they were carried out by the gendarme office. Gradually (in particular, since 1907 in connection with the adoption of the Regulation on security departments), the powers of security departments are expanding. Now, without interaction with security departments, not a single investigative action on the part of the provincial gendarme departments for political affairs takes place. significant character... With the adoption of the Regulation on security departments of February 9, 1907, the consent of the head of the provincial gendarme department was not required. The head of the security department had to take all measures to concentrate the entire search business in his hands. The officers of the gendarme corps and the general police, receiving information related to the political search from an unofficial source, were obliged to report it to the head of the security department. Evaluating the information received on political investigations, he made a decision to conduct searches, seizures and arrests.

In addition, there was a rule that information on political cases should be concentrated in security departments. The officers of the gendarme corps and the general police were supposed to transmit all the information received on such cases to the security departments. To this end, the heads of the security departments had to take all possible measures to establish "correct" relations with the heads of gendarme departments, officers of the gendarme corps, as well as with the prosecutor's supervision and judicial investigators. It should be especially noted that if information of significance beyond the entrusted area was recorded in the security departments, then it was subject to reporting directly to the Police Department, as well as to the district security department.

Security departments interacted with local provincial authorities and provincial gendarme offices in providing information for the issuance of certificates of political reliability of individuals. These certificates were requested from the local provincial authorities by various government and public institutions regarding the political reliability of persons applying for government or public service.

Thus, in the system of government bodies at the beginning of the twentieth century. security departments occupied a special place. The authorities sought to completely hide their true purpose, which was due to the secret nature of their activities and the importance of the tasks performed. Security departments were an important link in the system of state security agencies of the Russian state. A wide list of powers granted to security departments, due to the need and importance of political investigation, the possibility of interaction on this basis with almost any authority or official, duplication of some functions of other state bodies (gendarme departments) characterize security departments as state security bodies with a special legal status ...

It is also interesting that among the employees of the security departments there was an unspoken rule when liquidating the identified revolutionary organizations, to always leave several Narodnaya Volya members at large: “If there are no revolutionaries in the country, then gendarmes will not be needed, that is, you and I, Mr. Rachkovsky1, because there is no one

1 Peter Ivanovich Rachkovsky (1851-1910) - Russian police administrator. Acting Councilor of State, head of foreign agents of the Police Department in Paris, Vice-Director of the Police Department in 1905-1906.

Penza Bulletin state university № 2 (10), 2015

will hunt down, imprison, execute ... We must arrange the work of security departments in such a way as to create the impression that the danger from terrorists for him is extremely great and only our selfless work saves him and his loved ones from death. And, believe me, we will be showered with all kinds of favors. "

On April 25, 1913, V.F. Dzhunkovsky1 took office as Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs and began work to liquidate security departments and to combat the growing network of secret agents, which, in his opinion, no longer fit into the framework of expediency and legality. So, two months after his appointment, V.F. Dzhunkovsky ordered the abolition of all security departments, with the exception of the main ones (they survived in St. Petersburg, Moscow and Warsaw, and in some remote provinces their status was downgraded to search departments). The decision was motivated by the fact that the district security departments moved away from work “on the live leadership of the search in the field and, having delved mainly into clerical work, only slowed down the flow of information about the revolutionary movement. lowering awareness. on the situation at every next moment of the search case. " In addition, by 1913-1914. the system of gendarme offices was strengthened and the methods of their work were sufficiently fine-tuned. According to some researchers, the security departments were abolished "as an unnecessary intermediate link in the cumbersome apparatus of political investigation in Russia."

Analyzing the reasons for the liquidation of security departments, we can conclude that the emergence of new institutions of political investigation was justified solely by the growth of political activity of the population, dissatisfied with the autocracy. Effective counteraction of the security branches of the political opposition (revolutionary forces) led to a decrease in revolutionary tension, as a result, to the functional lack of demand and economic inexpediency of their content. One of the reasons for the abolition of the security departments is the specific leadership of the Police Department, which had a negative attitude to the "upstarts from the secret police", to the situation in which the provincial gendarme departments were relegated to the background.

The abolition of the security departments during the period when they were one of the key law enforcement agencies guarding the state raises many questions that require further study.

Bibliography

1. Police of Russia: Documents and materials. 1718-1917 / comp .: A. Ya.Malygin, R.S. Mulukaev, B.V. Chernyshev, A.V. Lobanov. - Saratov: SUI Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2002 .-- 400 p.

2. Zavarzin, P. P. Gendarmes and revolutionaries / P. P. Zavarzin. - Paris: Ed. author, 1930.-256 p.

3. Purse, PA History of investigation in Russia / PA Koshel. - URL: http://www.Gumer.info/ bibliotek_Buks / History / koshel / 15.php

4. Kalinin, NV Activity of security departments (late XIX - early XX century) / NV Kalinin // Izvestiya vuzov. Jurisprudence. - 2008. - No. 2. - S. 203-210.

5. Instructions to the spies of the Flying Detachment and the spies of the search and security departments, 31.10.1902. - URL: http://www.regiment.ru/Doc/B/I/3.htm

6. Regulations on security departments of February 9, 1907 - URL: www.hrono.ru/dokum/190_dok/19070209polic.html

1 Vladimir Fedorovich Dzhunkovsky (1865-1938) - Russian political, statesman and military leader, assistant minister of internal affairs and commander of the Separate Corps of Gendarmes (1913-1915).

Economics, sociology, law

http://www.regiment.ru/Doc/C/I/4.htm

http://www.regiment.ru/Doc/B/I/7.htm

9. Instructions to the heads of security departments on the organization of outdoor surveillance, 1907 - URL: http://www.regiment.rU/Doc/B/I/15.htm

10. Kolpakidi, A. Special services of the Russian Empire / A. Kolpakidi, A. North. - M.: Eksmo, 2010 .-- 768 p.

11. Zhukhrai, V. Secrets of the tsarist secret police: adventurers and provocateurs / V. Zhukhrai. - M.: Politizdat, 1991 .-- 337 p.

12. Reent, Yu. A. General and political police of Russia (1900-1917): monograph. / Yu. A. Reent. -Ryazan: Pattern, 2001.

13. Zernov, I. V. The fight against terrorism in the Russian empire in the late twentieth - early twentieth century: Historical and legal aspects domestic policy/ I. V. Zernov, V. Yu. Karnishin // Bulletin of PSU. - 2014. - No. 4. - S. 2-7.

14. Kolemasov, VN Activities of the bodies of the united state political administration of the Middle Volga region in the fight against crime in the first half of the 1930s. / VN Kolemasov // News of higher educational institutions. Volga region. Social Sciences. - 2012. - No. 4. - S. 34-40.

Svechnikov Nikolay Ivanovich

Candidate of Technical Sciences, Candidate of Legal Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Law Enforcement,

Penza State University E-mail: [email protected]

Kadomtseva Alina Sergeevna

student,

Penza State University E-mail: [email protected]

UDC 341.741 Svechnikov, N.I.

Some features of the activities of the security departments of the Russian Empire / NI Svechnikov, AS Kadomtseva // Bulletin of the Penza State University. - 2015. - No. 2 (10). - S. 64-69.

Svechnikov Nikolay Ivanovich

candidate of technical sciences, candidate of juridical sciences, associate professor, head of sub-department of law enforcement, Penza State University

Kadomtseva Alina Sergeevna

The security department appeared in Russia in the 1860s, when the country was swept by a wave of political terror. Gradually, the tsarist secret police turned into a secret organization, whose employees, in addition to fighting the revolutionaries, solved their own specific tasks.

Special agents

One of the most important roles in the tsarist secret police was played by the so-called special agents, whose inconspicuous work allowed the police to create effective system surveillance and prevention of opposition movements. These included spies - "agents of external surveillance" and informers - "auxiliary agents".

On the eve of the First World War, there were 70,500 informers and about 1,000 spies. It is known that from 50 to 100 surveillance agents were on duty every day in both capitals.

There was a rather strict selection in place of the spy. The candidate had to be "honest, sober, courageous, dexterous, developed, quick-witted, hardy, patient, persistent, careful." They usually took young people no older than 30 years old with an inconspicuous appearance.

The informers were hired for the most part from among the doormen, janitors, clerks, passport officers. Auxiliary agents were required to report all suspicious individuals to the district superintendent who worked with them.
Unlike the spies, the informers were not full-time employees, and therefore did not receive a permanent salary. Usually, for information that, when checked, turned out to be "solid and useful", they were given a reward from 1 to 15 rubles.

Sometimes they were paid with things. Thus, Major General Alexander Spiridovich recalled how he bought new galoshes for one of the informants. “And then he thrashed his comrades, he threw himself out with a kind of frenzy. This is what the galoshes have done, ”the officer wrote.

Perlustrators

There were people in the detective police who performed a rather unseemly job - reading personal correspondence, called perlustration. This tradition was introduced by Baron Alexander Benckendorff even before the creation of the security department, calling it "a very useful business." The reading of personal correspondence became especially active after the assassination of Alexander II.

"Black cabinets", created under Catherine II, worked in many cities of Russia - Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kiev, Odessa, Kharkov, Tiflis. The conspiracy was such that the employees of these offices did not know about the existence of offices in other cities.
Some of the "black offices" had their own specifics. According to the newspaper “ Russian word»In April 1917, if in St. Petersburg they specialized in the perlustration of the letters of dignitaries, then in Kiev they studied the correspondence of prominent emigrants - Gorky, Plekhanov, Savinkov.

According to the data for 1913, 372 thousand letters were opened and 35 thousand extracts were made. This productivity is astounding, given that there were only 50 perusalists, joined by 30 postal workers.
It was a rather lengthy and laborious job. Sometimes letters had to be deciphered, copied, exposed to acids or alkalis in order to reveal the hidden text. And only then the suspicious letters were forwarded to the search authorities.

Our among strangers

For more effective work of the security department, the Police Department has created an extensive network of "internal agents", infiltrating various parties and organizations and exercising control over their activities. According to the instructions for the recruitment of secret agents, preference was given to "weak-willed revolutionaries who were suspected or already involved in political affairs, disenchanted or offended by the party."
The payment for secret agents ranged from 5 to 500 rubles a month, depending on the status and benefits. The secret police encouraged their agents to advance up the party ladder and even helped them in this matter by arresting higher-ranking party members.

The police were very wary of those who voluntarily expressed a desire to serve the protection of state order, since there were many random people among them. As the circular from the Police Department shows, during 1912 the secret police refused the services of 70 people "as untrustworthy." For example, the exiled settler recruited by the secret police, Feldman, when asked about the reason for giving false information, replied that he was without any means of subsistence and went on perjury for a reward.

Provocateurs

The activities of recruited agents were not limited to espionage and the transfer of information to the police; they often provoked actions for which members of an illegal organization could be arrested. The agents announced the place and time of the action, and it was no longer difficult for the trained police to detain the suspects. According to the founder of the CIA, Allen Dulles, it was the Russians who raised the provocation to the level of art. According to him, "this was the main means by which the tsarist secret police attacked the trail of revolutionaries and dissidents." Dulles compared the sophistication of Russian agents-provocateurs with the characters of Dostoevsky.

The main Russian provocateur is called Yevno Azef - at the same time a police agent and the leader of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. It is not without reason that he is considered the organizer of the murders of the Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich and the Minister of Internal Affairs of Plehve. Azef was the highest paid secret agent in the empire, receiving 1,000 rubles. per month.

A very successful provocateur was Lenin's "ally" Roman Malinovsky. The secret police agent regularly helped the police find the whereabouts of clandestine printing houses, reported secret meetings and conspiratorial meetings, but Lenin still did not want to believe in his comrade's betrayal. In the end, with the assistance of the police, Malinovsky won his election to the State Duma, moreover, as a member of the Bolshevik faction.

Strange inaction

Events were associated with the activities of the secret police, which left an ambiguous opinion about themselves. One of them was the assassination of Prime Minister Pyotr Stolypin. On September 1, 1911, at the Kiev Opera House, an anarchist and secret informant of the secret police, Dmitry Bogrov, mortally wounded Stolypin with two point-blank shots without any hindrance. Moreover, at this moment there were neither Nicholas II nor members of royal family, which, according to the plan of events, were to be with the minister
.

On the fact of the murder, the head of the Palace Guard, Alexander Spiridovich, and the head of the Kiev security department, Nikolai Kulyabko, were brought to the investigation. However, on behalf of Nicholas II, the investigation was unexpectedly terminated.
Some researchers, in particular Vladimir Zhukhrai, believe that Spiridovich and Kulyabko were directly involved in the murder of Stolypin. A lot of facts indicate this. First of all, the suspiciously easily experienced secret police officers believed in Bogrov's legend about a certain Socialist-Revolutionary who was going to kill Stolypin, and moreover, they allowed him to enter the theater building with a weapon to allegedly expose the alleged killer.

Zhukhrai claims that Spiridovich and Kulyabko not only knew that Bogrov was going to shoot at Stolypin, but also contributed to this in every possible way. Stolypin, apparently, guessed that a conspiracy was brewing against him. Shortly before the murder, he dropped the following phrase: "I will be killed and the members of the guard will kill me."

Security service abroad

In 1883, a foreign secret police was created in Paris to monitor Russian émigré revolutionaries. And there was who to keep an eye on: these were the leaders of Narodnaya Volya, Lev Tikhomirov and Marina Polonskaya, and the publicist Pyotr Lavrov, and the anarchist Pyotr Kropotkin. It is interesting that the agents included not only visitors from Russia, but also civilian Frenchmen.

From 1884 to 1902, the foreign secret police was headed by Pyotr Rachkovsky - these are the years of the heyday of its activities. In particular, under Rachkovsky, agents destroyed a large Narodnaya Volya printing house in Switzerland. But Rachkovsky was also involved in suspicious connections - he was accused of collaborating with the French government.

When the director of the Plehve Police Department received a report about Rachkovsky's dubious contacts, he immediately sent General Silvestrov to Paris to check the activities of the head of the foreign secret police. Silvestrov was killed, and soon the agent who reported on Rachkovsky was found dead.

Moreover, Rachkovsky was suspected of involvement in the murder of Plehve himself. Despite the compromising materials, high patrons from the entourage of Nicholas II were able to ensure the immunity of the secret agent.