The “Order of Common Benefit” was adopted, the Ekaterinodar District Court was established, Yu.S. was born. Grechko, the Cooperative Market was organized, etc.
1794 The “Order of Common Benefit” was adopted - a document regulating management, settlement and land use in the Black Sea Cossack Army. This act officially confirmed the name and status of the city: it was written, in particular, that it was decided to establish a military residence in the Karasun Kut in the Kuban and call it “the city of Ekaterinodar.” In addition, the entire territory of the Black Sea coast was divided into five districts, including Ekatsrinodar. The Ekaterinodar district government was assigned a seal (with the image of a Cossack setting up a army in the ground), which, obviously, can be considered the first seal associated with the name of the city.
1848. In Yekaterinodar, a boundary commission began its work, created on the basis of the “Rules on the delimitation of the lands of the Black Sea Cossack Army of April 12, 1847. Lieutenant Colonel of the General Staff for the Corps of Topographers Pyotr Vasilyevich Nemirovich-Danchenko was appointed its chairman. One of the first actions of the boundary commission was to draw up plans for the city of Ekaterinodar.
1867. The population of Ekaterinodar was 14,167 people, including 9,632 Cossacks and 4,535 other classes. Educational institutions in the city: religious schools, parish schools, Yeisk district (temporarily transferred from Yeisk due to lack of premises), Mariinsky women's school, Pospolitakinskoe women's school, Dmitrievsky parish school , Armenian-Gregorian; artillery and two music schools, as well as a school for military bandmasters. There were already three pharmacies: military, free (private) and at the prison. There was also a “telegraph office” in the city.
1871. Established. Abolished 1920
1876 The Ekaterinodar Mutual Credit Society was opened, the first in the city. The initiator of the creation of this banking institution was the notary of the Ekaterinodar District Court F.U. Palimpsestov. Initially, the society united nine people - representatives of the Ekaterinodar bourgeoisie and had a fixed capital of 13,050 rubles. V.I. Kanatov, the chairman, F.U. Palimpsestov and P.I. Yakuninsky, the directors, were elected to the board. In accordance with the charter, members of the company could place their savings in it and receive a loan for trade and industrial transactions with a contribution of 10% to the fixed capital fund. The management of affairs was carried out by the general meeting, the council, the board and the reception committee. The general meeting was convened once a year, elected a chairman, members of the board, deputies to the council, members of the audit commission, approved expenses and revenues, and distributed profits. The society's council consisted of six deputies elected for three years, the chairman of the board and directors. The admissions committee considered applications for membership in the society.
1882 The first private newspaper in the region, “Kuban” (social, literary and political), began to be published. Editor-publisher N.G. Moiseenko. Published from one to two times a week, published a lot of local history material. Its last issue was published on October 1, 1885, and until 1905 there were no private newspapers published in the city.
1886. The population of Ekaterinodar is 37,871 people (21,468 men and 16,403 women). Over the past year, it increased by more than 6 thousand people, and about half of the increase was due to nonresidents who arrived to work (2,976 people). The natural increase during this time was 260 people.
1895. The population of Ekaterinodar was 79,327 people, including 47,789 indigenous residents, 10,024 non-residents who were settled (that is, owning real estate) and 21,514 who were not settled. Class composition of the population: 2377 nobles, 173 clergy, 305 honorary citizens, 2021 merchants, 52,732 burghers, 9,331 peasants, 11,986 Cossacks. In addition, 350 foreign citizens, 27 highlanders and 34 representatives of other population groups lived in the city.
1914 The first issue of the weekly military-public and literary magazine “Kuban Cossack Messenger” (1914-1917) was published. The magazine was a continuation of the "Kuban Cossack leaflet", published in 1911 - 1912. as an appendix to the Kuban Regional Gazette, and in 1912 independently, and had a right direction. Since 1916 it bore the subtitle “Military-Church-Social and Literary Magazine”. Its editor was E. S. Orlov.
1922 An exhibition of Japanese prints opened on Krasnaya Street “under the Winter Theatre”. It was organized by professors of the Pedagogical Institute G. G. Grigor and R. K. Voytsik, and they themselves wore carpets, made glass and glued engravings. The exhibition featured 200 exhibits, most of them originals: engravings, silk embroidery, carpets, porcelain. Some of the engravings were kept in the art gallery, others were taken by the Cheka from among those selected during the period of “infringement of the bourgeoisie” (among them are works from the private collection of N. I. Vorobyov, brother of the famous mineralogist V. I. Vorobyov). Art lovers were able to see the wonderful works of representatives of the Japanese school of painting and woodcut ukiyo-e Katsushika Hokusai (1760-1849) and Kitagawa Utamaro (1753/54?-1806), the creator of exquisitely poetic female images... Subsequently, in 1924, These engravings entered the collections of the art museum and are kept there to this day. Having been restored in the late 1970s at the Central Art Workshops named after I. E. Grabar (Moscow), they were exhibited in Krasnodar several times and with constant success (including in 1982, 1983, 1988, 1990); in 1980 they were exhibited at the Moscow Olympic Games; We also visited many prestigious exhibitions in Tallinn, Kyiv, Chisinau, Elista, and abroad.
1948 Yu.S. was born. Grechko, poet, journalist. Member of the USSR Writers' Union. Member of the Union of Russian Writers. Laureate of the All-Union Literary Prize named after M. Gorky. Author of the books: “Ferry through the Summer” (Krasnodar, 1979), “Draft Version” (Moscow, 1983), “Earthly Foundations” (Krasnodar, 1988), “View from the Slope” (Krasnodar, 2004).
1960 The Chaika porcelain factory came into operation, the construction of which began in 1956. A group of workers (50 people) previously underwent training at the Leningrad Scientific Research Ceramic Institute, and then practice at the Dulevo Porcelain Factory. This is how the core of the team was formed, which was to master this new production for Krasnodar. In March 1960, the company produced the first batch of porcelain tableware, in 1964 it began producing earthenware products, and already in 1966, an exhibition and sale of Kuban porcelain was held not only in the regional center, but also in Moscow. “The Seagull” also gained wide popularity thanks to its unique artistic products (exhibition services by L. N. Pavlova “Dawns of the Kuban”, “Lunar”, etc.), exhibited at various exhibitions; In the 1960s, an art school was established here, through which many wonderful artists passed. It should be noted that later ceramics found application in the design of public buildings in Krasnodar (reliefs by A. A. Apollonov “Medicine” above the entrance to pharmacy No. 4, “Seasons” - the frieze of the facade of the former regional exhibition of achievements of the national economy; S. N. Demkina at the Tekstilshchik Palace of Culture, etc.).
1961 The New Market was abolished, and the Cooperative Market was organized on its territory.
- Calendar of significant dates in the Krasnodar region for 2013 / Krasnodar. edges univers. scientific fuck them. A. S. Pushkin; Department of Local History; [comp. G.E. Khlopatneva]. – Krasnodar, 2012. – 120 p.
- Calendar of significant dates in the Krasnodar region for 2012 / Krasnodar. edges univers. scientific fuck them. A. S. Pushkin; [comp. G. E. Khlopatneva]. - Krasnodar, 2011.
- Calendar of significant dates in the Krasnodar region for 2011 / Krasnodar. edges station wagon scientific fuck them. A. S. Pushkina, Dept. local history; [comp. G. E. Khlopatneva]. - Krasnodar, 2010.
- History of Kuban in dates, events, facts / V. N. Ratushnyak. - 2nd ed., rev. and additional - Krasnodar: Tradition, 2010. - 432 p. ISBN 978-5-903578-93-1
- Ekaterinodar-Krasnodar: Two centuries of the city in dates, events, memories... Materials for the Chronicle.-Krasnodar: Book. publishing house, 1993.
- Kuban during the Great Patriotic War. 1941 – 1945: declassified documents; chronicle of events: in 2 books. / Ex. for archives of the Krasnodar region; Ex. Feder. Russian security services in the Krasnodar region; Center for Documentation of the Contemporary History of the Krasnodar Territory; State archive of the Krasnodar region; comp. A.M. Belyaev, I.Yu. Cooper. – 3rd ed. – Krasnodar: Diapazon-B, 2011. – (History without myths).
Card – task No. 1.
(1729 or) - Russian commander, generalissimo. At the end of 1777 with the rank of lieutenant general, the government sent him to the Kuban to establish peace with the Circassians and those roaming the Northern steppes. Kuban region, Nogais. After conducting reconnaissance and making acquaintances among local feudal lords, he decides to build a guard line of fortifications along the Kuban River. Having formed two “working armies” of 700 people, Suvorov began building the fortifications that made up the Cube. a cordon line of 540 versts from the Black Sea to Stavropol, 9 fortresses, 20 paramedics. In 1783, after the annexation of Crimea to Russia, showing diplomacy, he held a ceremony of voluntary accession of the peoples of the right bank of the Kuban to Russia. And later, when two hordes of Nogais rebelled, attacking Russian troops and the Nogais who remained faithful to the oath, Suvorov led a Trans-Kuban campaign in the fall with the aim of defeating the rebellious Nogai cavalry, for which the Turks had high hopes. The defeat of the Nogais forced the Turks to agree to the loss of Crimea and the establishment of a state border along the Kuban River.
Documentation.
Letter from the commander of the troops in Crimea and Kuban to the commander of the Kuban Corps, General Raiser, dated March 1, 1779.
When I was there, the people from beyond the river (Trans-Kuban mountaineers) entered into submission. Apparently, I was inclining them towards this... it is indecent on the Russian side to pacify (pacify) them with ruins... Why didn’t bazaars and barter begin with those across the river? Out of habit with the Russians, they want this to happen on their side... Benevolent generosity is sometimes more useful than a swift military sword.
Suvorov's appeal to the Trans-Kuban highlanders on March 14, 1779.
I declare this to all the Trans-Kuban tribes of the Circassian and Abaza beys, uzdens and all my generally reliable friends. I received news that predators from among your peoples are flocking across the Kuban and attacking the Nogais and Russians. You must prohibit this to your people, obeying the authority of Shagin Giray Khan. I propose to live in peace and harmony, but if your predation continues, I will be forced to transport troops beyond the Kuban and punish you with fire and sword, and for that you yourself will be to blame.
Questions.
1. What do you know about Suvorov’s activities in Kuban?
2. When and for what purpose was the Azovo-Mozdok line built? Show it on the map.
3. What was the position of the Russian government towards the Kuban highlanders, reflected in the appeal of the commander of the Russian troops in Crimea and to Suvorov?
Card - task No. 2.
Read the text and answer the questions
Certificate of Complaint issued by the Empress dated January 1, 2001. absolutely accurately determined only the western and northern limits of the military territory. The Black Sea army received the island of Phanagoria with the area lying on the right bank of the Kuban. From the lower reaches of the Kuban, the border ran up the river to the mouth of the river. Laba (Labinsky redoubt), on the one hand, and along the shore of the Azov Sea right up to the mouth of the river. Yea, on the other hand. Catherine II instructed the governors of the Caucasus, Tauride and Yekaterinoslav to make the delimitation on other sides with the help of land surveyors and with the participation of deputies from the Don and Black Sea Cossacks. In total, the Russian Empress granted the Black Sea Cossack Army approximately 30,691 square miles of land and water.
1. Why did Catherine II sign a decree on the resettlement of the Black Sea Cossacks to Kuban?
2. What territories were allocated to the Black Sea Cossacks according to the “Charter of Grant”? Show them on the map.
3. Can Catherine II’s policy in the Kuban region be considered wise and far-sighted, why?
Card - task No. 3.
Read the text and documents and answer the questions.
Zakhary Alekseevich Chepega was born in 1726 in the Chernigov province in the village of Borki. At the age of 24 he arrived in the Zaporozhye Sich, guarded the border in the district of the river. Ingulets. went through a rich military path: from an ordinary Cossack to the ataman of the Black Sea Cossack army. During the Russian-Turkish wars of the second half of the 18th century. He distinguished himself in the battles of Ochakov, Khadzhibey, Akkerman and Bendery, Izmail, and has numerous military awards.
After the end of the wars with the Turks, the Zaporozhye army began to be called the Black Sea army and, according to a charter from Catherine II, it was allocated land for settlement in Taman and Kuban. At the same time, the main organizational efforts of resettlement, land acquisition and arrangement of 40 Cossack smoking areas fell on Chepega’s shoulders. In he was actively involved in issues of resettlement, the creation of a security cordon line against the raids of the Trans-Kuban highlanders, the construction of the capital of the Yekaterinodar Army and the harbor in Kiziltash Maman for the Black Sea Rowing Flotilla. in 1797, buried in the crypt of the Holy Trinity Church.
Documentation.
"Order of common benefit».
For the sake of the military residence, to the unshakable reinforcement and establishment of the border guard cordons along the Kuban River in the Karasun Kut, to erect a city and for the eternal memory of the current life-giver and benefactor of our Most Gracious Empress Catherine Alekseevna, Autocrat of All Russia, to call it Ekaterinodar.
“Warrant to Lieutenant Danila Volkorez.”
The ataman draws the attention of the mayor to the fact that the inhabitants “build in the city according to the plan given to you decently”, so that in trade “there are fair measures and weights in everything” and goods are sold “with the utmost accuracy, without the slightest confusion and high cost”, so that in every hour of the day and night, the Cossacks had serviceable muskets and pikes to repel an “accidental attack,” and the Cossacks, “staggering around at the wrong time with nothing to do, were taken to prison and kept until the morning.”
Questions.
What do you know about? What is its role in the settlement and development of Kuban? How was Ekaterinodar settled? When did the Military City receive the name “Ekaterinodar”? How does Chepega characterize the warrant given to mayor Danila Volkorez?
Card - task No. 4.
Read the information about A. Golovaty in the encyclopedic dictionary on the history of Kuban, the document “Order of Common Benefit” and answer the questions.
GOLOVATYY Anton Andreevich (1732 – 1797)
"ORDER OF GENERAL BENEFITS", document regulating the management, settlement and land use of the ChKB (Black Sea Cossack Army). Accepted Jan 1 1794. Compiled by Koshevoy Ataman Z. Chepega, military judge A. Golovaty and military clerk T. Kotlyarevsky. It announced the formation of a military government, “forever governing the army on the precise and unshakable basis of all-Russian laws.” To establish and establish a “good order” throughout the army, the land, the entire territory of the Cheka was divided into five districts: 1) Ekaterinodar for localities, gravitating towards the troops. hail; 2) Phanagorian in Taman; 3) Beysugsky in the district of Beysug and Chelbas to Achuev; 4) Yeysky along the river. Her with adjacent places; 5) Grigorievsky from the side of the Caucasian governorship. In the formed military adm. units, district boards were established from regiments, clerks, esauls and cornets. District boards were accountable in everything to the military government headed by the Koshe chieftain. Ch. their duty was to monitor the serviceability of the weapons and the readiness of the Cossacks for military action, “so that on military land for any business: riding, walking, plowing bread, catching fish, driving cattle to pasture - no one would dare to do without military weapons, and who in this If he turns out to be disobedient, he will be fined in the same place.” Regarding forms of ownership "P. o. p." provided for privileges for the elders, “as an excellent reward” for whom, “as leaders-mentors and trustees of the common benefits of this army, they are allowed to settle relatives and freely willing people on their farms and determine their lands according to the regular list.”
1. What do you know about A. Golovaty? What is its role in the settlement and development of Kuban? Prove that A. Golovaty is a versatile person.
2. What issues in the life of the Black Sea Cossack army were regulated by the “Order of Common Benefit”?
3. Draw a diagram of the administrative structure of the Black Sea Cossack army.
Taken from here
After the annexation of the Right Bank Kuban to Russia in 1783 and the legal confirmation of the new border along the Kuban River by the Treaty of Yassy (1791), the tsarist government decided to populate this region with Cossacks to develop the land and protect it from external invasion. Certificate on June 30, 1792, Empress Catherine II granted the Kuban lands to the Black Sea Cossack army, formed in 1787 from former Cossacks. The Black Sea Cossacks received about 3 million dessiatines of land stretching between the Kuban and Eya rivers, the Black and Azov seas and the mouth of the Laba. According to eyewitnesses, “the region was an unexplored reserve of natural wealth that could be used with modest expenditures of labor and capital. A favorable climate, deep rivers and fertile land promised material contentment.”
The royal charter emphasized that the Cossacks received the lands “in full possession and disposal” for “zealous and zealous service, for unbreakable loyalty, strict obedience and commendable behavior, for brave and courageous exploits on land and waters.” They were also prescribed the protection of the southern Russian borders and the development of the Kuban lands. The resettlement of the Black Sea people from beyond the Bug to the Kuban took place in two ways: sea and land. In August 1792, the first to arrive on rowing ships across the Black Sea were the foot Cossacks, led by Colonel Savva Bely, and landed on the Taman Peninsula. Koshevoy ataman Zakhary Alekseevich Chepiga walked with horse regiments, family Cossacks and military property by land. He arrived on the Kuban land in late autumn and spent the winter in the Yeisk fortification. The remaining Black Sea residents were collected and brought to new lands the following year, 1793, by military judge Anton Vasilyevich Golovaty. In total, 17 thousand former Cossacks, who then formed the basis of the Black Sea Army, moved to Kuban. In the spring of 1793, the Cossacks began to strengthen the Kuban border with cordons and build kurens (stanitsa). They tried to transfer their way of life in the Zaporozhye Sich to new lands. In the center of the kuren, as a rule, there was a Maidan (square), where the Cossacks gathered to resolve their common affairs. A military church was erected on the Maidan, in which, according to custom, Cossack regalia were kept, received “in the field of honest services to the state” and testifying “to the valiant service and courage of their ancestors.” The Black Sea people even looked very much like their Cossack ancestors: long drooping mustaches, a shaved head, an asshole behind the ear, a shirt, wide trousers, and boots. In winter they wore a tall fur hat with a red top, trousers, and a sheepskin coat. Mounted Cossacks were armed with rifles, pistols, and bladed weapons - checkers and pikes. Many of them were skilled warriors, shooting accurately at a target from a horse at full gallop and even by ear in the dark. A combat horse, along with weapons, was the main wealth of a Cossack. The newly founded settlements retained the old names of 38 Zaporozhye kurens (Baturinsky, Vasyurinsky, Dinskoy, Umansky, Shcherbinovsky, etc.) and added two new ones: Ekaterininsky, in honor of Empress Catherine II, and Berezansky - in memory of the feat of the Cossacks on the Black Sea - the capture of the fortress on the island of Berezan among the Turks. Thus, the Black Sea people founded 40 settlements (stanitsa) in the Kuban. At the same time, the Kuban line, from the mouth of the Laba to Stavropol, was populated by Don Cossacks, who made up the Linear Army. They founded the villages of Vorovskolesskaya, Prochnookopskaya, Kavkazskaya and others here. Cossack kurens on the Black Sea coast were distributed in such a way that, along with the development of land, the Russian border along the Kuban River was strengthened (see map “Kuban lands at the end of the 18th century.”). Temporary settlements of the Cossacks were equipped with earthen ramparts, wicker fences and cannons. In the fall of 1793, the Cossacks founded the military city of Yekaterinodar on the banks of the Kuban, which became the military-administrative center of the Black Sea region and received its name in honor of St. Catherine. Its construction began on the territory of the Karasun Kut (the area of the M. Gorky Park and the former Regional Hospital). To the south, opposite the bend of the Kuban River, a fortress was founded, which resembled the former Sich. In the fortress there was a military administration with barracks to accommodate the kuren atamans, homeless and elderly Cossacks. Ekaterinodar was built strictly according to plan, which allowed the city to maintain the straightness of its streets and neighborhoods. Already in 1794, in the capital of the Black Sea coast there were 9 brick houses, 75 huts, and the population reached 580 people. The tsarist government granted land to the landowners in the Kuban. They transported serfs from the central regions of Russia to new places, but such relocations did not meet the hopes of the owners. More significant was the flow of fugitives from central Russia. They were attracted by the fertile land, mild climate and will. But they faced numerous obstacles in obtaining land. We also had to overcome difficulties during the development of virgin lands. The local administration sought to stop such relocations, catch the fugitives and return them to their old places. However, this attempt was not successful. Many problems associated with the development of Kuban, the organization of everyday life and social life of the settlers, and the management of the Black Sea Army remained unresolved. The beginning of 1794 was marked by a general meeting of the military foreman in Yekaterinodar, at which the order of command and control of the army was discussed. Some forms of governance used in the Zaporozhye Sich turned out to be outdated and inapplicable in the Black Sea region. The meeting adopted a document called “The Order of Common Benefit,” according to which a military government was established in the Black Sea Army, consisting of a chieftain, a military judge and a clerk. The entire Black Sea region was divided into five districts (Ekaterinodar, Fanagoriy, Beysug, Yeisk, Grigorievsky), for the management of which colonels were appointed. All military and civil affairs were concentrated in the government. The historically established Cossack self-government has undergone changes. The Military Rada was abolished, all issues of internal life were now resolved by the Military Government, which was subordinate to the Tauride provincial government. Cossack self-government was preserved only in kurens. At the general meeting, the Black Sea residents resolved their local problems and elected atamans. The village ataman dealt with civil affairs, the kurenaya - with military affairs. However, the resolution of land and judicial issues, orders for service were transferred to the higher Cossack administration. The atamans were subordinate to the district government. In accordance with the “Order of General Benefit,” a Cossack received a land allotment, a monetary salary, and various benefits for military service. The land was provided to him for lifelong use with the right of inheritance, but without the right of alienation. The foreman secured a privileged property position for herself (land holdings became inviolable) and received “open sheets” for land and the right to be allocated farmsteads. All of the above was the political and economic basis of the life of the Cossacks. The settlement of the Kuban by Black Sea people, the organization of military service, civil self-government and everyday life of the settlers, the creation of economic and social relations on the principles of Cossack democracy made it possible to quickly and effectively carry out the economic development of the region for that time and reliably strengthen the southern borders of Russia. There was a Russian-Iranian war. In 1796, two regiments of Black Sea Cossacks of 500 people each. led by military judge D. Golovaty, they were sent to join the troops of the Caspian flotilla. “The most serviceable and reliable Cossacks and zealous foremen” were selected for the regiments, who could fight on foot, carry out naval service on boats, and “join the ranks of the cavalry.” The Cossacks' march on foot began on February 26, 1796 from the Ust-Labinsk fortress to Astrakhan. It was 757 versts. Then they were transported to Baku on ships of the Caspian Flotilla, but the Cossacks were not involved in military operations. Their strength was often wasted on unnecessary movements and backbreaking physical work. The Cossacks packed provisions into piles, unloaded transport ships, supplied food to the army corps along the Kura River, and cut down forests for firewood and for the construction of batteries. They were sent to private household work to Messrs. Akhmatov and the brother of Catherine II’s favorite V. Zubov. The military foreman weighed, measured, counted the ordinary Cossacks and kept them on half-starved rations. She sold Cossack provisions. For example, Nikita Sobakar claimed that a Cossack foreman in Baku received 1,700 rubles for food sold to the Persians, and 700 rubles for portioned vodka. She hid from the Cossacks 16 thousand rubles, which they earned from government work. Diseases began among the Cossacks, and mortality increased. In the Persian campaign, up to half of the Cossacks died. A. Golovaty also died of illness. Colonel I. Chernyshev took command of the Black Sea regiments. The exhausted and exhausted Cossacks returned home only on July 22, 1797. They were met at the fortress tower of Yekaterinodar by a member of the military administration K. Kordovsky, along with a group of foremen and atamans. The archpriest and the clergy served a thanksgiving prayer service at the church. Then the Cossacks were ordered to disperse to their kurens. However, the Cossacks, offended by the attitude towards them and the aimless campaign, refused to carry out the order. They demanded "satisfaction for all the grievances suffered during the Persian campaign." The next day, the Cossacks submitted a petition to the Military Board, in which they sought monetary compensation for deductions from salaries, payment for the transportation of things, for non-payment of money earned from the treasury and for provisions sold by the foreman. But Ataman T. Kotlyarevsky perceived the request as a rebellion. He refused to comply with the demands of the Cossacks and ordered the arrest of the leaders of the delegation. According to the testimony of Lieutenant General Markov, who inspected the fortifications of the Black Sea army in April 1798, “the whole disorder, then called a “rebellion,” occurred through the fault of Ataman T. Kotlyarevsky, who did not satisfy the requests of the Cossacks returning from the Persian campaign. At the beginning of August, the unrest of the Cossacks grew into a riot. Ordinary Cossacks joined the participants of the Persian campaign. The rebels replaced the atamans and removed a number of officials in the Military Board. In their place they chose Cossacks from among the rebels. Thus, Fyodor Dikun was elected to the post of military captain, Osip Shmalko - military gunner, Nikita Sobakar - caretaker of the exchange yard in Yekaterinodar. Among the nicknames, F. Dikun stood out - a young Cossack originally from the village of Vasyurinskaya. He enjoyed great authority among ordinary Cossacks for his firmness and fair character, endurance and courage. The rebel Cossacks found like-minded people among the elders and clergy, although very few. So, N. Sobakar was a foreman, Dubovitsky was a priest. The latter gave advice, instructions, and blessed the Cossacks. The main demand put forward by the rebellious Cossacks was to restore elective positions in the Black Sea Army. The fact is that in 1797 Paul I forbade the election of atamans and appointed T. Kotlyarevsky, hated by the Cossacks, as military ataman. The rebels put forward demands: to return the lands taken from them by the officers, to allow them to cut down forests along with the foreman, to reduce duties for fishing and salt production. From August 5 to August 12, 1797, power in Ekaterinodar was in the hands of the rebels. Ataman T. Kotlyarevsky fled in fear to the Ust-Labinsk fortress. The rule of the Black Sea Army passed to the rebels led by F. Dikun. He established strict order in the city, which was maintained by squads of Cossacks patrolling the streets. The perpetrators of violations were punished. The displaced military government was in confusion and fear. T. Kotlyarevsky asked the high command to send troops to “pacify the rioters.” However, Colonel Puzyrevsky, sent from St. Petersburg, suggested using a trick: sending the leaders of the riot to the capital to file a complaint with the emperor, and then dealing with the rebels. The idea was a success. F. Dikun and all the Cossacks believed the colonel, who convinced them that the emperor would sort out all the grievances and satisfy the demands of the rebels. At the insistence of Puzyrevsky, F. Dikun ordered the Cossacks to disperse to their places before returning from St. Petersburg. On August 12, 14 Cossacks, led by the new ataman of the Black Sea Army F. Dikun, left for the capital. The very next day, repressions began in Yekaterinodar. The riot participants were arrested. They were kept in the open air and poorly fed. The Cossacks of the village of Dzherelievskaya decided to release the arrested Cossacks from time to time. They united with detachments from the villages of Poltava and Ivanovskaya and waited for the approach of the Cossacks from other places. From the report of Major Bely it is clear that the participants in the campaign of 200 people We reached the village of Myshastovskaya, which was located 40 km from Ekaterinodar. However, they were not supported by the Cossacks of other villages. The fate of the Cossack delegation that went with a letter to St. Petersburg was tragic. They arrived at the imperial palace on September 7, 1797, and waited a long time to be received by Paul I. But the arriving guard arrested them and escorted them to the Peter and Paul Fortress. The investigation lasted three years. The riot participants were sentenced to death by hanging. But Paul 1, fearing new unrest among the Cossacks, commuted the sentence. The royal decree of August 28, 1800 ordered the leaders of the speech F. Dikun, O. Shmalko, N. Sobakar, I. Polovoy to be whipped, branded and sent to Siberia for hard labor; other participants “to be left free without punishment.” Of the 222 arrested participants in the Persian revolt, 55 people had already died by the time the verdict was pronounced. The large number of deaths is due to the terrible conditions of prisoners in prisons. The survivors were released. F. Dikun died under mysterious circumstances on the way from St. Petersburg to his homeland, where he was to be subjected to shameful punishment. O. Shmalko died in prison in Yekaterinodar, N. Sobakar and I. Polova were sent to Siberia. This is how the Persian revolt of the Black Sea Cossacks ended in 1.797-1800. The spontaneity of the performance and the firm belief in the just decision of Emperor Paul I led to defeat. The riot became a striking episode in the history of the Black Sea Cossacks. This performance was, according to F. Shcherbina, the swan song of the Black Sea people about the Cossack will and democratic order.
“The order of common benefit”: the experience of historical commentary
“The Order of Common Benefit” is a document regulating the administrative-territorial structure, forms of land ownership and land use, management and rules of service in the Black Sea Cossack Army of the late 18th century. The “Order” consists of a short preamble and 25 articles (paragraphs).
From the enthusiastic “the first constitution of Kuban” to “the product of the legislative efforts of the local Black Sea elders” - this is the range of opinions about this most important document. Naturally, due to its significance, “Order” has long attracted the attention of researchers. The most interesting and productive analysis of the “order of common benefit” is presented in the works of F.A. Shcherbiny, V.A. Golobutsky, G.N. Shevchenko (1).
The purpose of this article is to comment in detail on a number of articles of this document, to give new interpretations to some of its theses, based on the historical context.
First, a few words about the dating of “Order”. In one of his early works, P.P. Korolenko provides its full text, dated as follows: “January 1794...” (2). In the text, published four years later in the book “Chernomortsy”, the date appeared - January 1 (3). Either the historian managed to find an accurately dated copy of the document, or simply some information confirming the day of its adoption (as far as I know, there is no information about the fate of the original).
In the handwritten copy of the “Order”, stored in the State Archive of the Krasnodar Territory, the full date of signing the document is also missing (4). The text differs somewhat from that published by P.P. Korolenko, but the differences are insignificant and unprincipled.
For my part, in favor of adopting the document on January 1, I can cite the following fact: the journal of meetings of the Military Government, established by the “Order of General Benefit,” begins on Monday, January 2, 1794 (5). There is another piece of evidence from E.D. Felitsyn, but more about him below.
I use the expression “document adopted” in the sense that on January 1, 1794, in the “prosperous city of Ekaterinodar” it was signed by the authors: ataman Z.A. Chepega, military judge A.A. Golovaty and military clerk T.T. Kotlyarevsky. a number of historians use the word “adopted” to mean the approval of “order” by some legislative authority. Has such an “approbation” taken place?
A review of the literature shows that there is no consensus on this matter. V.S. Shamray writes: “1794 January 1st. At the general meeting of the troops, the “Order of Common Benefit” was established (6). P.P. Korolenko believed that the “Order of Common Benefit” was approved (“decreed by protocol”) by the military Cossack Rada, held in Yekaterinodar on January 1, 1794 (7). F.A. holds a diametrically opposite point of view. Shcherbina: “... in January 1794, the Military Government published... an act entitled “Order of General Benefit” (8). At the same time, the historian notes that this happened “without the participation of troops,” “there was neither a Rada nor Cossack meetings.” Further, analyzing the “sins” of this document, he writes: “The Cossacks would not have allowed anything like this in the Military Rada, where the foreman herself would not have decided to establish such orders in the Rada”; another page later, he directly states that the triumvirate in the person of the military chieftain, judge and clerk established this act without the Military Rada (9).
What do modern historians think about this? Positions of F.A. Shcherbina, obviously, adheres to S. Yakaev: “... January 1794. In Yekaterinodar, the Military Government... published the first legislation of the army called “Order of Common Benefit” (10). T.M. Feofilaktova writes about the adoption of the “Order” by the general meeting of military foreman (11). “At the general meeting of the leadership of the army and the kuren atamans, the “Order of Common Benefit” was adopted,” says V.N. Ratushnyak.
It is quite obvious that without the involvement of new sources it will not be possible to answer this question with due confidence. I think that the version of V.S. Shamraya about the general meeting of the troops can be safely discarded. The Rada, as a national assembly, as “the highest administrative, legislative and judicial body” (13), could hardly have been assembled in January 1794. The point is not only the physical impossibility of gathering the Cossacks or even their representatives in the conditions of the still uncontrolled and rather chaotic settlement throughout the Kuban land. The convening of such a Rada contradicted not only the highest Charter granted to the army on June 30, 1792, but also the “Order of Common Benefit,” which actually destroyed this very Rada.
If we proceed from the literal meaning of the word “rada” - a council, a group of dignitaries, a meeting, a collegial decision (14) - then the meeting of the foreman who was on hand, and perhaps some representatives of the ordinary Cossacks, apparently, really took place. In a number of orders Z.A. Chepegi of these years there are expressions: “... at a meeting of the army of military foremen entrusted to me...”, “... of this army, the foreman and Cossacks, by common desire, advised...”, “... military kuren atamans and the army...” (15). It is difficult to judge how real the degree of influence of ordinary Cossacks was on making important decisions. Most likely, the inclusion of “troops,” “Cossacks,” and “society” in the document is a tribute to a traditional figure of speech, and not a reflection of the true state of affairs.
Remarkable evidence of how and by whom important decisions were really made at that time was left by an unknown contemporary of the events described: “On August 15, the Koshevoy Ataman, military foremen, colonels, the Bunchuk partnership, regimental foremen and atamans gathered in the Military Government (kuren - B.F. .), and decided... to erect the main city of Ekaterinodar, to build in it a Military Government and forty kurens...” (16).
However, the very fact of convening a meeting of any level on January 1, 1794 does not at all prove the fact that it approved the “Order of Common Benefit.” The very tone of the document does not seem to suggest this. At the very beginning, the authors (the top leadership of the army) declare: “We, having been elected and approved for management ... as commanders ... we supply these forever... arrange the following order.” And at the end: “By restoring the above-described order, we hope that our military society will accept this in meekness of spirit and ... devote itself to its unfailing implementation.”
Let's move on to the history of the appearance of this document. F. Shcherbina constantly emphasizes its self-proclaimed character, attributing its creation exclusively to the personal ambitions of the ataman, judge and clerk. Of course this is not true. Smart and far-sighted representatives of the military leadership have long understood that the army cannot remain in a “suspended” state indefinitely, without any legal support. Back on February 29, 1792, military judge A.A. Golovaty, who was traveling with a delegation to St. Petersburg, was given instructions on behalf of “the whole society” to present Her to Her Imperial Majesty. Point 8 of the instructions asked for the following: “ Order the establishment of this Army by type of service, what position it should be in” (17).
In essence, the Charter of Catherine II dated June 30, 1792 was the answer to this question. The main, core position of this letter in the aspect that interests us sounded like this: “We wish that the zemstvo administration of this army of better order and improvement would be consistent with the institutions issued by us on the administration of provinces” (18). The letter is very laconic; local by-laws should have answered private questions. Resettlement to Kuban caused the need to speed up the adoption of such a document. new lands, new socio-economic relations, new conditions of service - yes, “order” was simply necessary (whether it is good or bad, fair or not is the second question).
On November 10, 1793, the Military Government turned to the Tauride Vice-Governor K. Gablitz “to supply the necessary highest laws on the management of the province institution and all other laws” (19). It is possible that work on Order has already begun. On November 26, K. Gablitz informed the government that the application for laws had been transferred to the Tauride Regional Board (20).
We can extract the most interesting information from a letter from Count P.A. Zubova to Z.A. Chepege, dated March 2, 1794. “I find the decree of order in the land most mercifully granted to the Black Sea army to be consistent with the benefit of society; but in order for the management of this army to be based on firm and unshakable rules, it is first necessary to provide it with laws, which will soon be sent to the army; and secondly, to compare in all parts the aforementioned resolution with the laws, which I instructed Mr. Tauride Governor to do in common with you...” (21).
So, legislative documents had not arrived in Yekaterinodar by the spring of 1794. But this does not mean the complete absence of any collections of Russian laws in the Black Sea Army. A number of articles of the “Order” were written explicitly on the basis of the “Institution for the Administration of Provinces”, published in 1775. In this regard, it can be assumed that the leading role in the creation of the “Order of General Benefit” was played by military judge A.A. Golovaty, who served as a police captain (head of the zemstvo police) in Novomoskovsk before the formation of the Black Sea Army and therefore knew Russian legislation very well.
Count P.A. Zubov demands to “compare” the “Order” with the laws in all its parts. It is unknown whether such work was carried out. Perhaps in response to the demands of P.A. Zubov was the creation of a special “Manual from the military Black Sea government” for the district boards, prepared on the basis of Russian legal provisions (in particular, the “Charter of Deanery”) and only slightly adjusted to suit the local style (22).
But why did the Black Sea people send the “Order of Common Benefit” to the all-powerful count: for consultation, approval or official approval? The answer to this question is probably stored in the country's central archives. The very fact of sending the “Kuban Constitution” to the capital, in my opinion, once again testifies to the fact that neither the Rada nor any other assembly approved it. Not to mention the legal incompetence of such an act (by virtue of the charter of Catherine II), the leadership of the army would simply be in an absurd position, redoing (and perhaps more than once) by order of a senior dignitary an already approved document. Three senior officials of the army signed the “Order”, brought it to the attention of the Cossacks, and they accepted it for leadership and execution.
The first article of the “Order” in the Black Sea Army established the Military Government, “governing the Army on the precise and unshakable basis of all-Russian laws.” It consisted of a Koshe chieftain, a military judge and a military clerk. Thus, the Military Kosh, as the main body of command and control of the army, was transformed into the Military Government (at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries, the term “Kosh” carried various semantic loads: headquarters, camp, camp, residence, “capital” of the army, and in some cases, as it seems, the entire administrative apparatus of the top officials of the army, etc.). In the meaning of “the main camp of the army,” the word “Kosh” was used for many years, even in all-Russian legislative acts (23). It is interesting that in 1797 one of the authors of “Order”, military chieftain T.T. Kotlyarevsky sought permission to call the Military Government “still Kosh for the troops of the loyal Black Sea Cossacks” (24).
It is important to note the following - the establishment of the Military Government was essentially a formal act that consolidated what had long existed in life. Papers signed by the Military Government can be found even before 1794. At the same time, the formula “From Kosh” was used. "Order" removed this ambiguity. In fact, it was a by-law local act, since legally the existence of the Military Government was legalized by the charter of Catherine II dated June 30, 1792. One of the decrees of the Military Government speaks about this: “... and upon the establishment of the city of Ekaterinodar, in which a military government was established by virtue of the highest charter given to the army” (25).
At the same time, one cannot help but say that the government itself, already at the end of the 18th century, considered itself to have existed precisely since 1794 and did not take any responsibility for the decisions of an earlier period.
In 1896 E.D. Felitsyn published “The staff of the ataman of the Koshevoy and military government”, attached to the “Order of General Benefit” and dated January 1, 1794 (26). The staff provided for the creation of the following expeditions and departments: passports and tickets, military, government and civil cases, cases on various publications. The entire staff consisted of 18 people, the total expenses for salaries, stationery and firewood were determined to be 2,000 rubles. It should be noted that there is a different point of view on the structure of the Military Government. In the certificate of 1822, prepared for the “Rules for the management of the Black Sea Army” (developed by A.P. Ermolov), it was stated that in 1794 the Military government consisted of a military ataman with two judges, a secretary, a recordist and consisted of three orders and reception (27). The composition of the government indicated in documents of the late 18th century. not confirmed.
The third paragraph of the “order” prescribed “for the sake of a meeting of the army... and a refuge for homeless Cossacks” to build forty kurens in Yekaterinodar. “Gathering of troops,” of course, cannot be understood as a gathering of all the Cossacks, which was unnecessary and impossible. We are talking about Cossacks sent to active service. The fact is that from the first days and forever, Ekaterinodar became the main assembly point for combat units of the army (besides the main one, there were also private assembly points). Over the next few years, “under the Military Government there were approximately a thousand Cossacks in the kurens for unforeseen cases.”
The number of “homeless” Cossacks cannot be determined. According to the March census of 1794, conducted by Lieutenant Mirgorodsky and Cornet Demidovich, there were 12,645 Cossacks in the army kurens (28). If we accept the extrapolation of census data from 1800 to 1794 as legitimate, then the number of orphans should have been approximately 30-35%. It was impossible to place all these people (and their numbers were constantly increasing) in smoking areas, and it was fraught with negative social consequences. Most of the “non-property” Cossacks ended up in fish factories, since they were given “by lot (by lot - B.F.) for fishing with venters, hooks and sandols, abundant for garla fish” (29).
It is important to emphasize the following point: 2 new kurens, added to the traditional 38, were created by the highest order. Already in the charter of Catherine II dated June 30, 1792, we are talking about 40 kuren atamans (which, naturally, means 40 kurens). The papers of Z.A. also testify to the highest will in this regard. Chepegi. The reasons for such a reorganization are unclear. Perhaps she was in line with the government policy of gradually truncation of the traditional Cossack order of the Zaporozhye Sich, which, in the words of Catherine II, did not leave “a pleasant nickname in the minds of itself.”
In any work on the history of Kuban, you can read that two new kurens were named Ekaterininsky and Berezansky (in early sources the name of the first of them is written with an “and” - “Ekaterininsky”; the form “Ekaterininsky” appeared later and, obviously, spontaneously). And that's true. But the fact is that in “order” there is no Berezansky kuren, but there is Neberzhansky. When, who and why changed the name of the new kuren? In any case, from the circular order of Z.A. Chepegi on February 18, 1794 we learn: “The military and regimental elders, kuren atamans and the army, on this February 15th, in fulfillment of Her Imperial Majesty’s highest will, two more kurens were added to the 38 kurens in the army, so that there were a total of forty: Catherine and Berezansky" (30).
By paragraph 7 of the “Order”, the entire military land was divided into five districts with the following district boards at the head: Ekaterinodar, Phanagoria, Beisug, Yeisk, Grigorievsky. The district boards of the Black Sea region were nothing more than the zemstvo (rural) police. In a number of documents from 1794, the following formulations are found: “... for better management of the zemstvo police... the military land is divided into five districts” (31).
The responsibilities of the district boards of the Black Sea region were in many ways similar to the responsibilities of the rural police of Russian provinces. A purely local feature was the observation of the universal and constant armament of the inhabitants. The rights and responsibilities of colonels of district boards significantly coincided with the powers of zemstvo police officers or captains recorded in the “Institution for the Administration of Provinces.”
It was not possible to create district boards immediately. By September 1794, only two had opened - Fanagoriyskoye and Yeyskoye (led by Colonels I. Yuzbasha and Colonel E. Chepega, respectively). On September 26, the Military Government duplicated the “order” by issuing a decree dividing the land into 5 districts (32). At the same time, their boundaries were clarified and began to differ somewhat from those established by the “Order”.
In just a few archival files it was possible to find seals of district boards, the production of which was prescribed by “order”. The images made on the matrices of these seals differ significantly from the established description (see 33).
The length of the article does not allow us to comment on a number of interesting articles of the “order”. Some of them do not have an unambiguous interpretation: “the order of common benefit” is an extremely informative and valuable source; further thorough analysis of its content will help clarify many of the realities of that time.
Notes
1. Shcherbina F.A. History of the Kuban Cossack Army. T. 1. Ekaterinodar, 1910; Golobutsky V.A. Black Sea Cossacks. Kyiv, 1956; Shevchenko G.N. Black Sea Cossacks at the end of the 18th - first half of the 19th century. Krasnodar, 1993.
2.Korolenko P.P. Black Sea people beyond the Bug // Military collection. St. Petersburg, 1868. No. 4.5.
3.Korolenko P.P. Chernomorets. St. Petersburg, 1874.
4.GACK. F. 249. Op. 1. D. 2830. L. 1-8.
5. Ibid. F. 250. Op. 1. D. 1. L. 1.
6. Shamray V.S. Chronology of the most important events and laws related to the history of the Kuban region and the Kuban Cossack army. Ekaterinodar, 1911. P. 33.
7.Korolenko P.P. Initial settlement of the Kuban land by Black Sea Cossacks // Izvestia OLIKO. Vol. 1. Ekaterinodar, 1899. P. 56, 57.
8. Shcherbina F.A. Decree. Op. P. 515.
9. Ibid. pp. 545, 548.
10. Yakaev S. history of the Kuban Cossacks in dates, faces, facts and events // Free Kuban (newspaper). 1993. April 21.
11. The past and present of Kuban in the course of national history / ed. V.N. Ratushnyak/. Krasnodar, 1794. P. 73.
12. Ratushnyak V.N. History of Kuban from ancient times to the end of the 19th century. Krasnodar, 2000. P. 100.
13. Yavornitsky D.I. History of the Zaporozhye Cossacks. Reprint. ed. Kyiv, 1990. T. 1. P. 163.
14. Dictionary of the Russian language XI-XVIII centuries. Vol. 21. M., 1995. P. 120.
15. GACC. F. 249. Op. 1. D. 267. L. 2; D. 239. L. 13.
17. Korolenko P.P. Black Sea residents beyond the Bug. B/m, b/g. App. XIX, p. 22.
18. Copies of Imperial letters and other written acts belonging to the Kuban Cossack army // Kuban collection. Ekaterinodar, 1901. T. 8. P. 288.
19. GACC. F. 249. Op. 1. D. 255. L. 2.
20. Dmitrenko I.I. Collection of historical materials on the history of the Kuban Cossack army. St. Petersburg, 1896. T. 2. P. 127.
21. GACC. F. 249. Op. 1. D. 285. L. 22.
22. Ekaterinodar-Krasnodar. Materials for the chronicle. Krasnodar, 1993.P. 23.
23. PSZ. T. 27. St. Petersburg, 1830. Art. 20508.
24. Kuban Cossack army. 1696-1888 /ed. E.D. Felitsyna/. Voronezh, 1888. P. 68
25. GACC. F. 249. Op. 1. D. 294. L. 56.
26. Felitsyn E.D. Materials for history for the history of the Kuban Cossack army // Kuban Regional Gazette. 1896. No. 190.
27. GACC. F. 318. Op. 1. D. 29. L. 5.
28. Ibid. F. 396. Op. 1. D. 11328. L. 6-11.
29. Ibid. F. 249. Op. 1. D. 338. L. 16.
30. Dmitrenko I.I. Decree. Op. T. 3. P. 724.
31. GACC. F. 249. Op. 1. D. 338. L. 3.
32. Ibid. F. 250. Op. 1. D. 3. L. 86.
33. Frolov B.E. District and kuren seals of the Black Sea Cossack Army // Information Bulletin (Archival Department of the Administration of the Krasnodar Territory). Krasnodar, 1997. No. 4.
In his article “The name of your house. Little-studied pages of the history of the founding and settlement of the Minsk kuren” (newspaper “Krinitsa”, No. 4, 1998) I, referring to “Historical notes on the Black Sea Army” by A.M. Turenko, made a timid assumption that the Mensky (Minsk) kuren arose even before the general drawing of lots, with the help of which the locations of future Black Sea kuren villages were determined, and the Cossacks founded it on the site of the Cossack cordon that already existed at that time at the wells on the Sosyk River at its confluence with the Eyu River. If this is so, then the place for the future kuren was carefully examined and therefore our village did not suffer the fate of other Kuban villages that found themselves in swampy and inconvenient places for farming, so that it even required the relocation of some of them to other, more elevated places. It is known that there were kurens that changed places several times and ultimately ended up tens or even hundreds of miles from the places of initial settlement. The famous Kuban historian F.A. Shcherbina refers to “historical data and instructions of A.M. Turenko” in his “History of the Kuban Cossack Army”. Meanwhile, “Historical Notes on the Black Sea Army” had another author - an outstanding Kuban educator, historian and writer, one of the closest friends of T.G. Shevchenko, Captain Yakov Gerasimovich Kukharenko. It was they, Esauls Kukharenko and Turenko, who were entrusted with compiling a military-statistical description of the Black Sea Forces, which they prepared within a year and a half, completing it according to the canons of military-statistical reviews of their time. Several copies of the manuscript were produced, including the author's copies. Alexander Mikhailovich Turenko made a note on his copy indicating his authorship. Well, then events developed by chance. Half a century later, this particular copy of the manuscript ended up in the editorial office of the famous historical magazine “Kiev Antiquity”, where the manuscript was published in 1887 under the name A.M. Turenko. Until 1964, “Historical Notes” were attributed to Turenko alone, until the famous literary local historian Vasily Nikolaevich Orel proved the involvement in writing the first history of the Black Sea Cossack army of Yakov Gerasimovich Kukharenko, at that time an assessor of the military chancellery, and subsequently an indispensable member of the military chancellery for the economic expedition , district headquarters officer of the Yeisk Military District, member of the general presence of the department of military settlements for the affairs of Cossack irregular troops in the Kuban. In 1851, with the rank of colonel, he was appointed by the Highest Order to correct the position of ataman of the Azov Cossack army, and a year later, already with the rank of major general, he was approved as chief of staff and ataman of the Black Sea Cossack army. “Historical Notes on the Black Sea Army” became the first historical work about the Black Sea Cossacks and, thanks to its great saturation with factual material, has not lost its value in our time, especially with regard to the mentions in them of the Mensky (Minsk) kuren. For us, this is all the more important because in the works of some modern historians, for example, professor of Krasnodar State University Valery Nikolaevich Ratushnyak (“Kuban: 2000 years of historical path (chronicle, events, facts)”, Krasnodar, 2000), the village of Starominskaya, and at the same time, the village of Kanelovskaya, Starominsky district, stubbornly refuses equal seniority with the other oldest villages of the Kuban, and this is done not so much because of neglect of historical sources, but because of the obvious incompleteness of the accumulation base, since only thirty-four out of forty kurens are classified as the oldest kurens, and, in addition to the Minsk kuren village, the Pereyaslavsky, Vyshesteblievsky, Leushkovsky and Pashkovsky kurens were also unlucky. But if for the rest of the kuren villages the error was corrected in the book republished soon, then the Minsk and Konelovsky kurens were not lucky this time either. But it would be enough to leaf through the “Historical Notes” of Kukharenko and Turenko, and there would be no error at all. However, there are many other absurdities in the book. We do not know, for example, how Alexander Mikhailovich Turenko could have been born in 1793 in the Staroshcherbinovsky kuren village, since no kuren village under that name existed at that time, and therefore we leave this historical incident on the conscience of the respected professor. Nevertheless, we intend to periodically refer to the chronology of the history of Kuban in general and the Black Sea region in particular, which he presents in the book “Kuban: 2000 years of historical path”. And the first in a series of historical dates will be January 1, 1794, when in the “prosperous city of Ekaterinodar” the “Order of Common Benefit” came into force - a document that stipulated the rules of settlement, management and land use in the Black Sea Cossack Army. The original was signed by: Koshevoy Ataman, army brigadier and cavalier Zakhary Chepega, military judge, army colonel and cavalier Anton Golovaty and military clerk, army colonel Timofey Kotlyarevsky. The full document is given in “Historical Notes on the Black Sea Army”. The foreman herself called it “the order of common benefit,” but in general it was a mandate, or, in modern terms, an order for the Black Sea Troops. It is impossible to say exactly who the author of this document was, but in style it is very reminiscent of the business correspondence of a military judge, and for this reason the historian F.A. Shcherbina attributes the authorship of the document to Golovaty, who wrote its text with his own hand or dictated its content to a military clerk. But the main thing is not the authorship, but the content of the document. It begins with a pompous statement of the generally known fact that its compilers were “elected and approved” by the Empress herself, the Most Serene and Sovereign Autocrat of All Russia, Ekaterina Alekseevna, and her Serene Highness the Prince, Field Marshal General and Great Hetman, the late Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin. Elected and approved to manage the Black Sea Army and as managers “from now on and forever”, they approve a number of resolutions defining the procedures for commanding the army. Among them are such specific ones that, by definition, could not have existed in the old way of life in the Cossack army: the abolition of the Military Rada, the strengthening of the privileges of the Cossack foreman, the introduction of private ownership of certain types of land related to combined arms property, and as a consequence of the destruction of the highest body Cossack self-government - allowing the exploitation of ordinary Cossacks. The first step in the “Order of Common Benefit” was to announce the creation of a Military Government consisting of a chieftain, a military judge and a military clerk, which pledged to govern the army “on the precise and unshakable basis of all-Russian laws.” To reinforce the border guard cordons in the Karasun Kut near the Kuban River, a city was erected, which was ordered to be called Ekaterinodar - in honor of the eternal memory of the life-giver and benefactor of the Kuban Cossacks, the All-Merciful Empress. And the main point for us in the “Order of Common Benefit”, concerning the founding of future kurens: according to military discipline, for the sake of gathering troops, establishing order and shelter for homeless Cossacks in the city of Yekaterinodar, it was prescribed to build forty Cossack kurens (barracks) with names that were still in use in the Zaporozhye Sich , and settle the rest of the army along the border with the same number of kuren villages, placing them in places “where they will belong to which kuren by lot.” We will return to the “Order of Common Benefit”, but for now we will list all forty kurens planned for construction in Yekaterinodar and individual settlements along the border, with their old names, as well as indicating the modern transcription of their spelling: Ekaterinovsky (since 1961, the village of Krylovskaya of the same name Krylovsky district, the seniority of which, however, is disputed by the village of Ekaterininskaya, Shcherbinovsky district), Kislyakovsky (now the village of Kislyakovskaya, Kushchevsky district), Ivanovsky (already in the “Order of Common Benefit” the name of the kuren was modified in the Russian way: in Slobodzeya the kuren was called Ivonsky - after the Moldavian name Gospodar Ivon, now this is the village of Ivanovskaya, Poltava district), Konelovsky (in the “Order of Common Benefit” it is called Konelevsky, now this is the village of Kanelovskaya, Starominsky district), Sergeevsky (now the village of Sergievskaya, Korenovsky district), Dinsky (now the village of Dinskaya of the same name in the Dinsky district), Krylivsky (now the village of Krylovskaya of the Leningrad, former Umansky district), Kanivsky (now the village of Kanevskaya of the same name in the Kanevsky district), Baturinsky (now the village of Baturinskaya of the Bryukhovetsky district), Popovichivsky (since 1957 the village of Kalininskaya of the same name in the Kalininsky district), Vasyurinsky (now the village of Vasyurinskaya of the Dinsky district), Nezamaivsky (now the village of Nezamaevskaya, Novopokrovsky district) Irklievsky (now the village of Irlikievskaya of the same Novopokrovsky district), Shcherbinovsky (now the village of Staroshcherbinovskaya, Shcherbinovsky district), Titorovsky (now the village of Starotitarovskaya in Taman, Temryuksky district), Shkurensky (now the village of Shkurinskaya, Kushchevsky district ), Korinivsky (now the city of Korenovsk), Rogivsky (now the village of Rogovskaya, Timashevsky district), Korsunsky (now the village of Starokorsunskaya, Dinsky district), Kalnibolotsky (now the village of Kalnibolotskaya, Novopokrovsky district), Umansky (until 1934 the village of Umanskaya, since 1934 the village of Leningradskaya of the same name Leningrad district), Derevyankivsky (now the village of Staroderevyankovskaya, Kanevsky district), Nizhesteblievsky (now the village of Starodzherelievskaya, Poltava, former Krasnoarmeysky district), Vyshesteblievsky (now the village of Vyshesteblievskaya in Taman, Temryuk district), Dzherelievsky (now the village of Starodzherelievskaya, Poltava region), Pereyaslovsky (now village of Pereyaslovskaya, Bryukhovetsky district), Poltavsky (until 1933, the village of Poltavskaya, since 1933, the village of Krasnoarmeyskaya, since the mid-90s, again the village of Poltavskaya of the same name in the Poltava region), Myshastovsky (now the village of Staromyshastovskaya, Dinsky district), Minsky (in the “Order of common benefit” "it was named Mensky, now the village of Starominskaya of the same name in the Starominsky district), Tymoshivsky (now the city of Timashevsk), Velichkivsky (now the village of Starovelichkovskaya of the Kalininsky, formerly Popovichevsky district), Leushkovsky (now the village of Staroleushkovskaya of the Pavlovsk district), Plastunovsky (now the village of Plastunovskaya of the Dinsky district ), Dadkovsky (now the village of Dadkovskaya, Korenovsky district), Bryukhovetsky (now the village of Bryukhovetskaya of the same name, Bryukhovetsky district), Vedmedovsky (now the village of Medvedovskaya, Timashevsky district), Platnirovsky (now the village of Platnirovskaya, Korenovsky district), Pashkovsky (now the village of Pashkovskaya, Dinsky district), Kushchovsky ( now the village of Kushchevskaya of the same name in the Kushchevsky district), Berezansky (now the village of Berezanskaya in the Vyselkovsky district). The 38 kurens that were created received names that were still in use in the Zaporozhye Sich. Two kurens - Ekaterinovsky and Berezansky - were named in honor of the victories of Russian weapons over the Turks. “Historical Notes on the Black Sea Army”, which contains the “Order of General Benefit”, was completed on May 15, 1836, and therefore names already established by that time appear in them, while in the original the same Minsk Kuren, for example, appears, like Mensky. Whether it was a typo by a military clerk or a natural transformation of the word occurred - we won’t guess. Let us only note that examples of such transformation were not isolated: the Konelovsky kuren (in the order of January 1, 1794 it was called Konelevsky) will soon become Kanelovsky, and many other names will “Russify”: Derevyankivsky, Velichkivsky and others. First of all, we are interested in our ancestral home - Mensky Kuren, the nature of its name and the time of its settlement. Speaking about the origin of the toponym “Mena”, it should be remembered that its roots should be sought in the Zaporozhye Sich. As for the date of foundation of the kuren, there is no single point of view on this problem and different sources provide different information. The traditional date of foundation of the Minsk kuren is considered to be 1794, but some authors, analyzing the “Journal of Ataman Chepiga” (or rather, its presentation by an anonymous author), are inclined to believe that the kuren arose no earlier than 1795. In a sense, they are right: the founding of any of the kurens, including Minsk, could not be a one-time act; it took several years. Taking this argument into account, we nevertheless adhere to the traditional view, rooted in historiography, and date the founding of the kuren to 1794. Why did the kuren get such a name - Minsky? Controversy on this issue also continues. The most common hypotheses are known to every local historian. Let's name two of them. First: a kuren with that name existed back in the Zaporozhye Sich and received its name from the Mena River, on which it was once founded. Second: the kuren got its name from the fighting chieftain of the Zaporozhye Sich of the 16th century - Mina. Hence, they say, its name - Minsky or Mensky. In the 3-volume history of the Zaporozhye Cossacks, from their origin to their relocation to Kuban, we will not find the name of the mythical ataman Mina. Under Ivan the Terrible (1556), the Cherkasy-Kanev Cossacks went against the Crimeans under the command of their atamans Mlynsky and Eskovich, otherwise called Miska, but they could not give a name to our kuren. The only option left is the Mena River. Indeed, one of the hundreds of the Chernigov regiment of the Zaporozhye Cossack army was recruited by the Cossack settlement of Mena, located on a river with the same name, a tributary of the Desna River, which in turn is a tributary of the Dnieper. At one time, the Chernigov regiment was commanded by the legendary Cossack colonel Pavel Polubotok. When on November 6, 1708, in the city of Glukhov, the Cossacks chose a new hetman for themselves, many Cossacks then pointed to Polubotok, but immediately abandoned their intention, because Peter the Great would not have approved him anyway. Polubotok was painfully cunning; he could equal Mazepa himself. Skoropadsky was then elected hetman, and the traitor Mazepa was anathematized. We learn about this and much more from the life of the Cossacks, and, above all, the Cossacks of the Mensky Kuren, from the pages of Ivan Korbach’s novel “Sotniki” (Kyiv, Ukrainian Center for Spiritual Culture, 1995). Is it possible to recreate history from a novel, especially if it is not written in your native language - Ukrainian? Maybe if it's a historical novel. And the language, well, the language, my first experience of reading “read language” was, if my memory serves me right, back in the fourth grade and, imagine, it was quite successful. So let’s open the book, and follow its main character, the centurion of the Mensky kuren, Ignat Sakhnovsky. On the very first pages of the novel we find Sakhnovsky full of thoughts about whether he did the right thing by not taking Mazepa’s side and speaking out against the Swedes. The modern Ukrainian author, Ivan Korbach, would not be a real Ukrainian if he had not tried to revise certain lessons of history - to whitewash Hetman Ivan Stepanovich Mazepa, to act as an apologist for the alienation of Ukraine from Russia. Hence the old centurion's doubts. However, although the historical outline of the novel is extremely interesting, we are now interested in Mena, and only Mena, by the way, described in the novel with great love and, naturally, with humor. What are the sayings cited in it worth, for example? “Is it true that Mena ne mozhe zhyty bez vyna? Abo in Meni people dvi zhmeni? - “The truth, the truth... I can add more data: “In Meni there is a bagna of kolin and polina wood.” This is from a conversation between Ignat Sakhnovsky and Mena’s guest, Rada General Judge Mikhail Zabil. In their conversation, the centurion Onesimus the Great is mentioned. Could this be the ancestor of the last ataman of the Mensky Kosh - Colonel Anton the Great, who would lead his kuren to the Kuban in 1792? It’s difficult to say what Mena was like at that time, but old Sakhnovsky writes down in his will the courtyards, levadas, rowings, mlins, loans for his children, and we learn that the eldest, Ivan, gets 29 courtyards in Mena, 57 in Fiskovtsy, 9 - in Kukovichi, 7 - in Makoshin, 7 - in Bondarivtsi, 4 - in Babi, 12 - in Velichkivtsi. The youngest gets, although less, but also not little. The father did not forget about his daughters. Fedora's husband died, she has no children, but she has an estate - in Kislivtsy. The younger Irina is married to Esaul Trotsky, but she became friends with Lysenchikha, she reaches out to Lynenko’s family, and although this is not good with her husband alive, she still has children, grandchildren of the Ignatovs, which means she cannot be offended. And you also have to give for the temple of God, and several houses in Mena are being donated to the Maksakievsky Monastery. ...The river Mena has flowed for centuries. From year to year it carries its waters, erodes the banks, and floods the coastal meadows. In high water, it is wide and seething, and on it you can see “hooves of a sin”, “derevyani of a wheel”, “drabyns from a cart”, “decks”, “old birds of a kubla”, “grasses”. A tributary of the Desna, it once served as a kind of border separating the northern Russian lands from the Pechenegs and Polovtsians. On its banks there were often “battle wars” (fights broke out). Some were killed, some were captured. The prisoners were exchanged on the banks of the river, which was given the name Mena. Later, markets began to be held on it, at which “thinness,” “zbroya,” and “odyag” were already exchanged. That’s when the “Pershi Oseli” (the first settlers) showed up. They fenced the place with an oak fence, made earthen ramparts on three sides, and on the fourth side the place was guarded by the Mena River. That’s how the place began to be called Mena. When it was? “They’re wondering if there’s another thousand on the cob.” “Tse vzhe is so long ago, yet uyavyty is important” (this is such hoary antiquity that it’s hard to imagine). The author of the novel claims that the Mentsy went with the squad of Prince Novgorod-Seversky, Igor Svyatoslavich, against the Polovtsians and were defeated. Later, the Tatar-Mongols attacked Mena and burned her to the ground, but she was reborn. “Kotylysya Chariz Menu praised the viyns, now for the Kyiv throne, now for the Moscow cap of Monomakh,” we read in the novel. Here the author, as they say, takes things over the edge. Yes, wars were fought both for the grand prince’s throne and for the Monomakh’s hat, but why consider it a purely Moscow relic? The wars were fought for Holy Rus', for our common Motherland at that time. In 1735, for example, the Menskaya hundred took part in the war with the Crimeans. In 1736, the Cossacks, including the Mentsy, took Azov for the second time. Mena gave us glorious Cossacks. Suffice it to say that Bogdan Khmelnitsky’s friend and comrade-in-arms, Colonel Ivan Bogun, was assigned to the Mensky Kuren. As for the Sakhnovsky family, numerous of its representatives could be found among teachers and priests, doctors and military officials. Thus, the great-great-granddaughter of Ignat Sakhnovsky, Ganna (Anna) Sakhnovskaya, became a doctor of medicine in 1913. The godmother of one of the Sakhnovskys was the mother of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol. The novel says about Mena, the homeland of the Sakhnovskys: from such Mena Ukraine was formed. That's probably how it was. On our own behalf, let’s say: from such villages as our Starominskaya, Kuban was formed, growing towards Russia with all its vast expanse. She, like other kurens, got a place in the new lands by lot. And although the lands were truly fertile, life on the border was not easy. It was very difficult, almost impossible, to raise the economy of the region with such an insignificant number of residents, despite the fact that only wives and children remained at home, and husbands and fathers defended the border; the population, as the commander of the Caucasian Corps, Count Paskevich, reported to St. Petersburg, “wasted away day by day.” It was then that the decision was made to resettle new batches of residents from Poltava, Chernigov, Voronezh, Kursk, Oryol and other provinces to Kuban. A new party arrived from Chernigov, in particular from Mena, founding a new settlement in the vicinity of the Minsk Kuren - Novominskoye. Like mushrooms after rain, kurens with names beginning with the prefix “new” began to appear, and to avoid confusion, the prefix “old” began to be added to the names of already existing kurens. This is how the Starokorsunskoye, Starovelichkovskoye, Staroderevyankovskoye, Staroshcherbinovskoye, Starominskoye, Starotitarovskoye kuren villages appeared, in contrast to the Novokorsunskoye, Novovelichkovskoye, Novoderevyankovskoye, Novoshcherbinovskoye, Novominskoye, Novotitarovskoye villages. And since some of the old kurens already began with the words “below”, “above”, generally exotic names of kurens appeared, such as, for example, Staronizhesteblievsky. There was even a funny joke about this: “Old-lower-new-higher-three-on-the-side,” as they said in reference to old settlements with new names. This tradition of not racking your brains when coming up with names for new settlements has survived to this day. So there are many Sunrises and Dawns on the map of the region, countless Pridorozhny, Western and Eastern farms and villages, Babiche-Korenovsky and Kazache-Malevany farms in the Korenovsky district, the Yugo-Severnaya village in the Tikhoretsky district. However, let us return to the beginning of the settlement of our region. Even before the appearance of the first kurens, the first parties of Black Sea residents who arrived from beyond the Bug, organized along the route in the spirit of strict military discipline, were settled according to the military - at military cordons. We are especially interested in the “cordon at the wells above the mouth of the Sasyk-Eya,” which is mentioned in the “Historical Notes on the Black Sea Army.” Of course, this is our village of Starominskaya, which from the moment of settlement was famous for its exceptionally tasty water in the springs, located along an unnamed gully flowing into the Vesely stream, which, in turn, flows into the Sosyka river. Two springs, on Zapadnaya and Novominskaya streets, provided drinking water until the 70s of the last century. The entire village used water from these springs. However, a spring is a delicate matter. People did not preserve the wells, and new wells, no matter how many they were dug, no longer provided such water. The springs took their secret with them. Another spring was located at the exit from the village, on the site where the premises of the pig farm of the Chapaev collective farm are now located, but it is known for a completely different secret. In the dig, according to a popular legend, are hidden the family jewels of Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna, the sister of the last Russian Emperor Nicholas II, abandoned by her and her companions when in the spring of 1918, pregnant with her future son Gury, she walked on foot to our neighboring village Novominskaya. They moved from Rostov, where General Krasnov, elected ataman of the All-Great Don Army, proclaimed the separation of the Don from Russia. Under these conditions, the Grand Duchess could not remain a supporter of Krasnov and decided to move to Kuban. The path lay through Starominskaya. On the northern outskirts of the village, Dovgalivka, the travelers asked to spend the night in the hut of a Cossack named Vovk, but they were not allowed in. We spent the night right in the steppe, under the open sky. In the morning they missed them, but there were no horses: either the gypsies took them away, or their own Cossacks. Being about to give birth, Olga Alexandrovna ordered to move lightly, leaving her luggage in the chaise and throwing her jewelry into the dig. This is a semi-detective story, colored with a romantic flair. In the “Historical Notes on the Black Sea Army” the cordon “at the wells above the mouth of the Sasyk-Eya” appears along with the Voronezh, Konstantinovsky, Alexandrinsky, Pavlovsky, Velikomaryansky, Ekaterinodar, Alexandrovsky, Elinsky, Maryanovsky, Prototsky, Kopylsky, Petrovsky, Andreevsky, Georgievsky, Phanagorian, as well as cordons near Her at the Sweet Estuary, on the same Her at the Gorky Ford and at the mouth of the Kugoei at its confluence with Her. Some of these cordons - Maryanovsky, Aleksandrovsky, Pavlovsky - were founded by Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov, when he was appointed commander of the Kuban Corps (1777) and the Kuban region became the arena of activity of one of our most famous commanders. Suvorov began serving in his new position when the Circassians, incited by Turkish emissaries, intensified hostile activity against the Russians, crossing the Kuban and making their way deep into the steppes all the way to Chelbasy and even to Eya. According to the Kuchuk-Kainardzhi peace treaty between Russia and Turkey, they were supposed to stop hostilities, and they even seemed to stop, but there was relative calm, if it could be called calm at all. It was at this time that it was decided to create a specific Cossack regiment with the usual Cossack salary, provisions and fodder. It was created from the Khopertsy, divided into compact and non-compact Cossacks (the former received salaries from the treasury), but were used exclusively for internal service - “for detecting thieves and robbers.” This was the beginning of the Khopersky Cossack regiment, which would later become part of the Kuban Cossack army and by which the seniority of this army would be calculated. A small military team was stationed at the Yeisk Fortification, where a Russian police officer was stationed, monitoring the actions of local nomadic hordes that appeared in these places without permission, having come to the Kuban lands from Bessarabia. The Eya River was assigned as their place of migration, but they immediately spread out to all the rivers, right up to Kirpili, and some even mixed with the mountaineers. According to Suvorov’s description, they were distinguished by “always inconstancy”, they were “frivolous, deceitful, tasty, and unfaithful.” Their proximity to the restless Circassians required the imposition of “some kind of military bridle,” and Suvorov even intended to arrange a “good chance on the other side of the Kuban,” because the location of Russian fortifications “on their own soil” of the Circassians would, in his opinion, restrain their impulses to raid . Circumstances prevented the plan from being carried out, but a number of new posts and fortresses arose on the right side of the Kuban, and since then the border has been firmly locked. According to the schedule for May 1779, Russian troops in the Kuban region were located as follows. The Kursk Infantry Regiment was located on the Taman Peninsula. Between the Dukhov and Sarsky paramedics there was the Tambov regiment, which served the Catherine Fortress located between them. The Annunciation Fortress at Kopyl served as the center of the next, third security area. The Maryinsk Fortress was heavily guarded. Next came the Alexander and Alekseevskaya fortresses with numerous paramedics. Finally, to maintain posts and pickets along the Azov road to Stavropol, the Pavlovsk fortress with an eastern paramedic was built. Regimental apartments, by order of Suvorov, were located in the camps, and the corps apartment was where Suvorov himself was. Most of the time - in the Yeisk Fortification, located in the lower reaches of the Yeya, in close proximity to the place where the Minsk Kuren was destined to arise. Taking command of the Kuban Corps, A.V. Suvorov did a lot of work to improve the fortifications in the Kuban, including the Yeisk Fortification. Finding its location unsuccessful, he ordered to move it, moving it away from the Yeisk estuary and the Yeya cliff to a grape shot, so that it could reliably hit the attacking enemy in the open space and deprive him of the opportunity to covertly approach the western front of the fortification. At the time of the events described, the Yeisk Fortification belonged to the Rostov district of the Yekaterinoslav province, and therefore the statement of some local historians that the last batch of settlers, led by Koshevoy Ataman Chepega, who arrived from Slobodzeya in the late autumn of 1792, wintered in the Yeisk Fortification, is not true. In order to station three horse and two five-hundred foot regiments, as well as a large military convoy “with military burdens,” on the lands of the Ekaterinoslav province, it was necessary to seek permission from the owners of these lands, while nearby, beyond the Eya, there was their own land. And Chepega’s detachment, without stopping, passed by the Yeisk Fortification, and, stretching out in a narrow column along the road that barely rose above the water, stepped onto the wooden bridge across the Yeya. Hello, dear Kuban! In the ten years that have passed since the military mission of A.V. Suvorov in the Kuban, the situation in this region has changed radically, and new cordons, as emphasized in the “Historical Notes on the Black Sea Army,” were established not so much to curb, but “to gain neighboring friendship with the Trans-Kuban peoples” - Temirgays, Chechens, Pshedukhs, Natukhais. This task, in particular, was determined for fifteen cordons set up near Kuban. The remaining cordons, including the cordon at the wells on the Sosyk River, were located in the depths of the steppe and were of a purely peaceful nature. Without any doubt, the cordon at the wells on Sosyk is our future village of Starominskaya. The cordon at the Sweet Estuary on Eya is the current village of Staroshcherbinovskaya. The cordon at the mouth of Kugoei is the village of Kushchevskaya. The cordon at Cherny Brod (elsewhere the authors of “Historical Notes” call it Burlatsky Brod) is the village of Ekaterinovskaya, Shcherbinovsky district, popularly called Burlatskaya. Officially, this name was not assigned to it, and few people now think about the nature of this non-Russian toponym. I have my own version about this, but I will present it in its own place. As we see, at first the military sergeant major confined the population’s residence not to the region, but exclusively to the military cordons, which were mostly located near the Kuban “near the Circassians.” In twelve cordons - Aleksandrovsky, Elinsky, Olginsky, Slavyansky, Prototsky, Kopylsky, Petrovsky, Andreevsky, Fanagoriysky, the cordon at the wells on the Sosyk River, the cordon at the Sladky estuary (on the map of the Krasnodar region you can see at least two Sweet estuaries, in Slavyansky and Kanevsky areas, however, the cordon in question was located on the Eya River) and the cordon at the mouth of the Kugoei - from 34 to 95 households were settled in each, or a total of 674 households, in which 1,718 male souls and 1,345 female souls lived. In seven cordons - Konstantinovsky, Alexandrinsky, Pavlovsky, Maryansky, Grigorievsky, Platonogorsky and at Burlatsky Ford on Eya - there are from 107 to 195 households, or 882 households (2417 males and 1994 females). Finally, five cordons (Shcherbina has four, but this is just an error in counting) - Voronezh, Velikomarevsky (Velikomaryansky), Ekaterinodarsky, Elizavetinsky and Novoekaterininsky - had from 226 to 365 households, or a total of 1380 households with 3725 male souls and 3175 female. In total, 2936 households with 7860 male souls and 6514 female souls, or a total of 14374 souls of both sexes, were enrolled in the cordons. The tying of the residents to the cordons immediately resulted in the fact that the Cossack population, accustomed to farm settlements, began to scatter throughout the entire area, trying to go deep into the steppes away from the Kuban and the Circassians. Numerous farms appeared, various kinds of Andreevka, Konstantinovka, Stoyanovka, Alekseevka, Zakharyevka, Onufrievka, Timofeevka, Antonovka and other settlements arose. Soon their names would be lost without a trace, but at that time the Black Sea people clearly disobeyed and behaved contrary to the orders of the Military Government. From the surviving archival list of foremen and ordinary Cossacks of the Mensky (Minsky) kuren “from the former Zaporozhye” who were sent to the location of the new kuren, it is clear that they had to be collected from the entire area. 5 people were found in the settlement of Antonovka, 8 - in the settlement of Alekseevka, 5 - in Primorsky Peresyp near the Aftaniz estuary in Phanagoria. The village of Zakharyevka gave 14 settlers to the future kuren, 20 people were given by the settlement of Timofeevka, 10 - the settlement of Andreevka, 12 - the settlement of Antonovka, 5 - the settlement of Angelinka. Fourteen homeless (familyless) Cossacks (this list is incomplete) were sent to the Mensky kuren from Phanagoria itself. One family settled in the Mensky Kuren was found on a distant farmstead on one of the three Chelbasy. We are interested in the most accurate possible time of settlement of the Mensky (Minsky) kuren, and even earlier - the “cordon at the wells on the Sosyk River”. As for the border cordons along the Kuban River (we are talking about new, Black Sea cordons), the “Historical Notes on the Black Sea Army” date their appearance to 1793. This is a clear mistake. In fact, these cordons appeared only in the spring of 1794, and in 1793 cordons with completely different names were founded, and this was not done personally by Ataman Zakhary Alekseevich Chepega, as stated in the “Historical Notes”, but by the foremen appointed by him - K. Bely and Z .Small. The authors borrowed this erroneous information from the memoirs of an unknown author, published in “Russian Invalid” for 1829. However, the remaining cordons, including the cordon at the wells on the Sosyk River, could have appeared in 1793, in any case, we have no reason to doubt this. At the cordon near the wells on the Sosyk River, 39 households with a total of 142 settlers (64 males and 78 females) were settled. The Mensky (Minsky) kuren was soon to be located here. The locations of the kurens were chosen by lot, which was drawn by the kuren atamans, pulling out pieces of paper with the names of the settlement locations from their shaggy Cossack hats. From the Mensky (Minsky) kuren, the last ataman of the Mensky kosh, who led the Cossacks of his kosh to the Kuban, Colonel Anton the Great, took part in the draw. Unfortunately, he did not have to arrange the life of the Cossacks in a new place. In 1796, he took part in the Black Sea campaign against Persia and, as commander of the second Cossack regiment, died “during a great assault” near the Kamyshevat Peninsula in the Caspian Sea, drowning with his entire crew on a longboat. The drawing of lots took place on February 15, 1794, and three days later a circular order was sent out to all kuren atamans from the Koshe chieftain Chepegi, “that they should come with me to inspect the indicated places on the first week of the next Lent on Monday, prepared to come to me.” The list allocating places for the settlement of Cossack kurens dates back to March 21, 1794, that is, before this, the Cossacks were not sent to the site of the new settlement. However, in July the kurens were already partially occupied. Indirect confirmation of this is the circular of the military judge Golovaty dated July 3, 1794 on the creation of 20 postal stations, for the maintenance of which there were 12 horses and 6 carts with drivers at each station. This duty was imposed on the kuren. Thus, the Kalelovsky kuren had to charge five horses for postal purposes (we do not have information about such a duty for the Minsk kuren). In the funds of our museum there are lists of Cossacks, as well as foremen, who had and did not have army ranks, who arrived at the site of the Minsk kuren “from the former Zaporozhye.” Here are just some of the names from this list: Batsmanov, Boychenko, Veligura, Velikiy, Galushka, Gorb, Maly, Mishchenko, Movchan, Musienko, Perlik, Taran. There are a total of 129 people on the list (the list is incomplete). Most of the names mentioned are still on everyone’s lips today. Truly, as it is sung in the famous Kuban song, “to the Cossack family nema perevod.” From the archival list of the first settlers of the Minsk Kuren it is clear that Cossack families, as a rule, had many children, but in some families there were mostly girls, and this did not give advantages in life, since land plots were allocated only to male eaters. Some families did not have men, but were headed by widows. Others even had employees. All this objectively contributed to increased differentiation among the Cossacks. The opinion that exists to this day that poverty is the result of exclusively natural laziness of a person is vulgaristic and does not stand up to criticism at all. The inaccuracies that occurred in defining the boundaries of Kuren villages from the very beginning gave the Cossack elite the opportunity to freely seize the best military lands, which they took advantage of. All local power belonged to the kuren atamans, elected from among the Cossack class who had reached the age of 35. The foreman also included assistants to the ataman, a judge and a clerk. And although the foreman was elected based on business qualities, but, naturally, not from the poor, but only from wealthy Cossacks, in whose hands were tools, draft animals, timber for buildings and other means, while the poor Cossacks - seroma - had nothing but had no working hands, and was forced to go into bondage to the elders. In their reports, military officials tried to present the Black Sea Cossacks as a single class with equal rights, but in reality this was not the case. Already in the “Order of Common Benefit”, the very first act of legal formalization of the economic system and management system of the Black Sea Cossacks during the years of their settlement in the Kuban, the Cossack foreman was designated as a privileged part of the Cossacks with special rights granted to her in connection with the award of the tsarist government to some of the elders high army ranks. Paragraph 19 of this document allowed the foremen to have their own farms and mills, and even fishing factories on the coastal spits. The same paragraph allowed them, “as leaders, mentors and trustees of the army,” to settle relatives and free-willing people, that is, workers, on farms, and to assign land to them according to the standard list. Need I say that the foremen immediately took advantage of these privileges? The process of stratification of the Cossacks is a topic for a special conversation, but I would like to return to the beginning of the settlement of the Minsk Kuren to talk about the first ataman of the Minsk Kuren, Colonel Anton the Great. Popular rumor indicates that in the Starominskaya land the main bells of three Starominsk churches destroyed in the 30s of the last century are still preserved. Bells live even in the ground, but people pass away, and the memory of them is erased over the years. We know sadly little, for example, about the village atamans and their deeds for the benefit of the village society. It is all the more pleasant to realize that we managed to resurrect several forgotten names, to bring them back, as they say, from oblivion. Including the name of Colonel Anton the Great. From the book of the emigrant writer Fyodor Kubansky (Fedor Ivanovich Gorb) “On the free steppes of the Kuban” (Paterson, New Jersew, USA, 1955) we learned that the last ataman of the Minsk Kosh, who led his Cossacks from Slobodzeya to Kuban, was Colonel Anton the Great. The Museum of the Kuban Cossacks in the city of Khovel in the USA contains relics of the Kuban Cossack army, and among them are small kuren banners and badges that were still in the Zaporozhye Sich. On one of the rapiers you can read: “This rapier was made by the Ataman of the Mensky kuren Anton the Great in 17..” (the last two digits are chipped with buckshot). The rapier is made of fabric, green in color, with a horsetail, well preserved. We collected information about Ataman Anton the Great from historical chronicles relating to the history of the Zaporozhye Cossacks, but, unfortunately, they are very scarce and relate mainly to the last years of his life, to the so-called Persian campaign. Already the very first years of life of the Black Sea Cossacks in a new place were overshadowed by the hardships and bad consequences of the military enterprise that went down in history under this name. The expedition was led by Anton Golovaty. Colonel Anton the Great took part in it as commander of the second Cossack regiment. It was from Holovaty’s messages that it became known about the death of many Cossacks, including Ataman the Great. In one of his reports, he reported that “from strong naval assaults” several Cossacks died, and the number of sick people increased to 60 people. Then the number of dead went into dozens. During the “great assault” near the Kamyshevat Peninsula, the longboat in which Colonel Velikiy was located sank, and the chieftain drowned along with the entire crew. Before his death, on August 24, 1796, Veliky informed Golovaty from Sary Island that out of a hundred Cossacks who were cutting down forest under the command of the regimental quartermaster on the Talyshin banks, 39 disappeared in an unknown direction. From another message from the Great it followed that the escape was made by Cossacks from the teams of Semyon Chernoles and Semyon Porokhnya, and the latter was “possessed” by such a severe illness that he was not even able to testify how the Cossacks fled from him. A detachment under the command of Colonel Velikiy caught 10 fugitives, who were emaciated without food and repented of their escape. The rest could not be returned. The Cossack revolt was preceded by attempts to find “the desired system of the Cossack order,” as they wrote in their petition to the Black Sea Military Society. The riot began with the fact that dissatisfied Cossacks expressed their claims, complaining that the treasury owed them a lot of money, that for the construction of batteries they were given two barrels of hot wine, but they drank only three servings each, and the rest of the wine remained with Colonel Chernyshev , that hot wine was also allocated for sick Cossacks departing from Baku to Russia, but only the Cossacks who were on the same ship with Chernyshev received it, and on the other ships “they did not see any wine at all.” As we see, at first the situation was such that it was enough for the foreman to show a more or less fair attitude towards the Cossacks, and it would turn into peace. However, the most ordinary complications were turned by the Cossack sergeant major into a riot. The Cossacks interviewed were “punished half to death,” their claims were not satisfied, and the Cossack deputation to the capital was arrested and sent to the Peter and Paul Fortress. 165 Cossacks were sentenced to death by hanging, and the court decided to drive two Cossacks under 14 years of age, “in the form of mitigation of punishment,” through a thousand people. One eight times, the other ten times. The higher court only changed the degree of punishment, excluding the death penalty. Some were mercilessly beaten with whips, others had their nostrils torn out, and others were branded. Thus ended this riot, which can be considered the last act of the glorious Zaporozhye, its swan song. New times were coming, and new songs were already being composed. The settlement of the Old Line was to take place, where the main role was no longer played by the Black Sea people, but by the Don people. The reason for the riot, as noted in the report of Colonel Velikiy, was the delay in the Cossacks' current salaries. From other sources it follows that many kurens did not receive not only salaries, but even the sums of money due to them for resettlement. We dare to think that the Minsk kuren was no exception in this regard, and Colonel Velikiy could only guess where the government money was going. In this matter, the Cossack foreman warmed his hands first of all. Thus, by 1794, the military ataman Zakhary Chepega had two farms behind him along the Chelbasy and Kirpili rivers, having built two dam mills on them. In the same year, military clerk T. Kotlyarevsky received permission to build two farms and a dam mill on the Beisug River. In 1795, Second Major L. Tikhovsky was given eight square miles of land for a farm on the Maly Beysug River. Second Major K. Kordovsky and Captain I. Tansky received large areas. The elder considered the received lands to be eternally hereditary and disposed of them at her own discretion. For example, Second Major Evtikhiy Chepega sold his farm on the Chelbasy River to Major Fyodor Barsuk. Considering the Chelbassk farm to be their inalienable property, the Badgers constantly strengthened their farm. So, in 1808, Fyodor Barsuk installed 14 souls of courtyard peasants in it. Pavel Barsuk (son of Fyodor) bought 19 more peasants in 1838. In 1850, Pavel Barsuk already had 222 serf peasants, of which 117 were male and 105 female, and several thousand acres of arable land. We name here names that are very famous in our Cossack history, but, as they say, words cannot be erased from a song. As for our military chieftain, Colonel Anton the Great, we have every reason to be proud of him. Now let’s look at the history of the settlement of the Minsk Kuren from the heights of today. In 2000, the well-known Rostov company Vika, which provides marketing services and is engaged in geocosmic research in the field of astropsychology and production organization, carried out a historical and astrological analysis of the emergence of the Starominskaya social object, commissioned by our regional museum. The social environment of the village of Starominskaya, it was noted in her analysis, has a high vital energy intensity. The geographical location of the area testifies to the ability of people to take risks to achieve their goals, to find hidden sources of help for their plans. This undoubtedly contributes to a wide range of socio-political changes, especially when changing government structures. We can have different attitudes to this kind of analysis, but we must recognize one thing as a fact: when the Minsk Kuren appeared in 1794, the stars clearly indicated that its lot would be happy. Naturally, the first settlers did not know any of this. The ox-drawn carts moved steadily, taking families with their simple belongings and lingering Chumatsky songs into the unknown. Far away, a sad song was heard about a seagull, whose babies were boiled in an empty Chumatsky porridge: The seagull pours, falls to the ground, Curses that little plague's share. Where is he, ahead, the long-awaited Minsk Kuren? Where is the long-awaited peaceful and prosperous life? It won't be long before she comes to this earth. A lot of sweat and blood will be shed until the first shoots grow on it. The place for the kuren was chosen on the Sosyka River, but the kuren began to be settled not along Sosyka, but along the bank of the Veselaya River, which flows into Sosyka. As a matter of fact, it was not a river at all, but just a trickle. However, its banks were steep, and during heavy snowmelt or after heavy rains, the stream became seething and full of water, fully justifying its name. Initially, the Cossacks settled along the right bank of the stream, and then moved to the left. The first house, according to legend, was built by the Cossack Grigory Skidan. Until recently, on the site where the village administration building is now located, the house of the Cossack Grigory Bely, built in 1838, stood. According to the instructions of the military authorities, the kurens were supposed to be built up with straight and wide streets with a central square in the middle. In the Minsk Kuren, the central square was named Red, and in 1810, the Church of the Nativity of Christ, the very first in our village, was built on it. From the “Handbook of the Stavropol Diocese” (1911) it is known that it was made of wood and had more than one hundred acres of clergy land. The clergy consisted of two priests, one deacon, and two psalm-readers (data for 1893). The church has not survived to this day; it was destroyed along with other village churches in the 30s of the last century. On the site where the regional museum is located today, an adobe building of the first ataman’s reign was built. Opposite, across the road is the brick house of Ataman Kisly. The government building was demolished and rebuilt at the beginning of the twentieth century, but the ataman’s house has survived to this day. Located at the intersection of streets, its facades now face the very lines of the streets and do not have any fence. But then the streets were much narrower, and all the houses were fenced off with the usual high plank fences for Cossack estates with tightly closed gates. The blind gates, like the inevitably angry dogs in the courtyards, were an external expression of the isolation of the old Cossack life. Residential buildings were usually built from adobe. Both huts and outbuildings had gable or hipped reed roofs with large overhangs (eaves) supported by cantilever beams. The roof was decorated with a ridge along the ridge and stepped ridges along the ribs, called ostrichkas, or naryzhniki. Houses with gable roofs had an oblong shape, while houses with hip roofs were square, or close to square, and were called round. Usually the house was placed in the corner of the estate, at some distance from the fence, so that the windows faced the sunny side. A blank, windowless wall was directed to the northeastern, windiest side. Sometimes houses moved closer to the street line. In this case, a blank side wall faced it. Of the old, pre-revolutionary buildings in the village, the most beautiful building of the former ataman administration, built in 1914 (now it houses a children's music school and a regional museum), and the building of stables for military horses located next to it (in the 30s) are still in use. last century, the Kombayin cinema was located here, which in the 50s was called “Colossus”, with two “s” at the end, and later was renamed “Victory”, now this is the building of the Youth Sports School), as well as residential buildings of former village atamans Kisly (now the building of the social security service), Usa (kindergarten on Petrenko Street), Yakimenko (passport and visa service of the ROVD), merchants Tumanov (now the tax office), Borodin (TV studio), Smyslov (administrative building of the district hospital), Kostenko’s wine shop (private security). In addition to the central square - the historical center of Starominskaya, there were other squares in the village. On one of them was the Church of the Intercession with a chapel in the name of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, built in 1886. On the other is the stone-built Panteleimon Church, erected in 1908. At another one, the Fair, as evidenced by the Kuban historian V.A. Golubutsky, every year, on March 1, an all-Kuban fair was held, at which various trade transactions were carried out. For this reason, some local historians derive the toponymy of the name of the Minsk Kuren not from the Zaporozhye Sich, but from the fact of barter trade in the Kuban. The version is unconvincing, if only because there were larger fairs in our area. For the sake of objectivity, it must be said that the Minsk kuren developed faster than the neighboring kurens, and the village of Starominskaya (kurens began to be called stanitsa in 1842) was initially one of the largest in the entire district. However, at the beginning of its settlement, kuren was not much different from other kuren villages on the Black Sea coast, perhaps only in the small size of its population. In 1794, Lieutenant Mirgorodsky and Cornet Demidovich conducted the first census of the Cossack population in the history of our region. In total, 12,645 men and 5,526 women lived in the forty kurens of the Black Sea coast. As noted above, 142 people settled in the Minsk Kuren, and the number of women exceeded the number of men. Be that as it may, with the placement of the population in kurens, the picture of settlement in the region changed noticeably. Some adaptation of settlements to local conditions appeared. The boundaries of settlement areas were pushed deeper into the steppe. The places chosen for establishing kurens were mostly the banks and bends of steppe rivers and steppe tracts. Under Kuban, out of forty kurens, only eight were left: Vasyurinsky, Korsunsky, Plastunovsky, Dinskoy, Pashkovsky, Velichkovsky, Timoshevsky and Rogovsky, and even those were at a considerable distance from the Kuban. It was customary to place eight kurens in the north of the Black Sea coast along the Eya River: Shcherbinovsky, Derevyankovsky (it later ended up on Chelbasy), Konelovsky, Shkurinsky, Kislyakovsky, Ekaterinovsky (or maybe not Ekaterinovsky, but Krylevsky, and then the Ekaterinovsky kuren will have to be included the village of Ekaterinovka (popularly: Burlatskaya) of the Shcherbinovsky district), Nezamaevsky and Kalnibolotsky. At the Kugoei, at its confluence with the Eya, the Kushchevsky kuren fell to be located, and at the Sasyk, another tributary of the Eya, the Minsk, Uman and Pereyaslovsky kurens (Pereyaslovsky would later be located on the Bolshoi Beisug). Places for the Irklievsky and Bryukhovetsky kurens were planned in the upper reaches of the Albashi River (one would later be on the Right Beisuzhka, the other on the Left Beisuzhka). Along the Tikhenskaya River it fell to Krylovsky, and along the Chelbasy River Leushkovsky kurens. In fact, the Krylivsky kuren, just like Leushkovsky, will be located in Chelbasy. The remaining sixteen kurens will also be located at a considerable distance from Kuban. It was planned to locate the Berezansky and Baturinsky kurens along Bolshoy Beysug, Korenovsky and Dadkovsky along the Small Beysug, and Platnirovsky and Sergievsky along the Kirpili River. In the Sachi tract, in the triangle between the Kuban, the Sea of Azov and the kurens listed above, the Popovichevsky and Myshastovsky kurens happened to be. The Ivanovsky, Nizhesteblievsky and Vyshesteblievsky kurens were assigned to the Sukhoi Estuary (Vyshesteblievsky will be a hundred miles from the site of the proposed location, on the Kiziltashsky estuary in Taman). Sukhaya Angelika will have Poltava Kuren. On Kurki - Dzherelievsky, Kanevsky and Medvedovsky (all will change their original places, some even twice). At the Shirochansky and Novogrigoryevsky posts, the Titarovsky kuren will be located (we have not established where the posts were located, and therefore we will assume that the kuren remained in its original place, in the very center of the Taman Peninsula). This placement of kurens, more or less expedient from the point of view of the economic colonization of the region, was the result of a preliminary tour of the region by Ataman Chepega “and his comrades”, however, a detailed acquaintance with the region was not carried out, and many kurens, as we see, had to be relocated from floodplains to more elevated places, some several times. Judging by the modern map, most of the kurens (Derevyankovsky, Pereyaslovsky, Irklievsky, Bryukhovetsky, Timoshevsky, Dzherelievsky, Kanevsky, Medvedovsky and others) later found themselves tens and even hundreds of miles from their original locations. The rich Black Sea lands initially turned out to be “out of the hands of the Cossacks”: the population was ruined, and the region was poorly developed. And yet, the Cossacks received truly promised lands, distinguished by natural wealth, diversity and abundance of land. Vast, and most importantly, never inhabited before, which contributed to the widespread spread in new places of the favorite forms of management brought by the Cossacks from their former homeland. The results were immediate. In 1795, Tauride regional engineer Vasily Kolchigin received the task of conducting land surveying in the Black Sea region, presenting a map of the Black Sea region and economic notes to it to the Government Senate. “Due to his knowledge of economics,” military judge Golovaty was involved in the development of economic notes. On the issue of arable farming, the description noted that beyond the Chernaya Protoka along the Kuban, as well as along the Ponur, Kirpily, Beisug and Eya rivers, residents sow grain, both spring and winter wheat, rye, barley, oats, buckwheat, millet, hemp and flax and get quite decent yields, especially if there is heavy spring rain. In the section on birds, more than fifty names of birds were noted, which were found in abundance in the region, including pheasants, swans, bustards, and quails. The breeds of fish and prices for fish were described in detail. For example, breeds of red fish - sturgeon, stellate sturgeon, sterlet - were found in large quantities not only in the Black and Azov seas, but also in estuaries, and even in steppe rivers such as the Eya. White fish - pike perch, ram and bream - were generally found in any reservoirs where water penetrated during the spring flood of rivers. Along with the fishing industry, the Cossacks hunted animals, drove horses of Russian, Turkish and Tatar breeds, raised Russian, Hungarian and Volosh cattle, and willingly raised “Russian, Tatar and Volosh” sheep. However, we have run a little ahead and, since no economy without proper administrative arrangement of the region is absolutely unthinkable, we will again turn to the “Order of Common Benefit” as the first document that established the procedure for such arrangement. Having abolished the Military Rada, the drafters of the document did not dare to encroach on the foundations of Cossack self-government and left the institution of kuren atamans intact. The document said that the most worthy representatives of the Cossacks were to be elected as kuren atamans, and annually on July 29 (old style), on the day of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul, they would be re-elected and sworn allegiance to the position. For better management of the territory, the entire military land was divided into five districts, headed by district boards, but how the boards were to be formed - by election or by appointment - was not stated in the “Order of Common Benefit”, and this created the preconditions for arbitrariness on the part of the Military Government, which , as you know, has nothing in common with self-government, although it is similar in name. The first, Ekaterinodar district, was located “near the Kuban River between the Kozachiy Erk and the Ust-Labinsk fortress” with its center in the city of Ekaterinodar. The second, Phanagorian, occupied the territory “from the Black Sea to Black Erka on the Phanagorian Island, in the so-called Taman.” The third, Beisugsky, was located “from Achuev up the Sea of Azov to the Chelbas River, on the left side of the Beisuga River, at its mouth.” The fourth, Yeisk district, had the borders of the Chelbas and Eyu rivers at its mouth (it included the Minsk Kuren village). The fifth, Grigorievsky, was located “near the border from the side of the Caucasian governorship, along the demarcation of lands where it would be impossible.” To manage the districts, the district boards were assigned one colonel, a clerk, an esaul and a cornet. Each district received its own seal with a coat of arms. The coat of arms of the Ekaterinodar district depicted a Cossack, “planting the army into the ground and placing a gun on it, in the place of crouches, holding the army and the gun with his left hand, and shooting the enemy with the other.” The seal of the Phanagorian district depicted a boat “with all military equipment.” On the Beysug seal there is a fish. On Yeiskaya - “a Cossack standing guard on the border of fellow believers with a gun.” On Grigorievskaya there is a mounted Cossack sitting on a horse with all the military equipment. We quote “Historical Notes on the Black Sea Army” and the text of “The Order of Common Benefit” given in them from the publication in the first issue of the “Kuban Collection” (Krasnodar, Kniga LLC, 2006). Known before the revolution not only in Kuban, but also in the capital, not to mention the southern Russian provinces and Little Russia (Ukraine), the “Kuban Collection” was published until the October Revolution of 1917 and ceased to exist in 1916. 90 years later he received his second birth. Naturally, the new edition of the “Kuban Collection” could not be a simple restoration of the old one, and yet, judging by the first volume, the materials in the “Heritage” and “Kuban Archives” sections are of particular interest. It was in the heading “Kuban Archive” that a reprint from “Kyiv Antiquity” for 1887 appeared, “Historical Notes on the Black Sea Army”, rich in facts and equipped with modern reference apparatus and scientific comments made by the head of the history department of the Krasnodar State Historical and Archaeological Museum-Reserve named after E. .D. Felitsyn Boris Efimovich Frolov. Since we are interested in any mention of the Minsk Kuren village, we will finally refer again to the “Historical Notes about the Black Sea Army”, which talks about the first forty Kuren villages of the Black Sea region, and we will quote the mention of them verbatim, since the authors of the “Historical Notes” made a detailed, although and a very unique way of linking them to the area, and this makes it possible to establish with a high degree of accuracy the locations of future settlements. The location of the smoking villages is given in the “Notes” according to the inventory of the end of 1795. By this time, many villages had already moved from their original places of settlement to more convenient, more elevated places. Moreover, it is interesting to trace where the very first pegs were driven in. The massive resettlement of the Black Sea people to the Kuban greatly agitated the local highlanders and served as the beginning of their unfriendliness towards the Cossacks, but even in the conditions of the unstable situation of the border region, the Military Government showed commendable care for the settlement of residents inside the land granted to them by the highest, starting the colonization of the uninhabited or sparsely populated lands of the Kuban precisely from the steppe regions. This is how the first Black Sea kurens were located (it would be more accurate to say how they were supposed to be located according to the original plan). 1). 2) Derevyankovskoe, near the Ee River. 3) Minskoe, near the Sasyk River (wells are not mentioned, but they, of course, are implied - note by E.Sh.). 4) Konelovskoye 5) Shkurinskoye [both villages] near the Ee River. 6) Kushchovskoye, at the mouth of the Kugoeyka river. 7) Kislyakovskoe 8) Ekaterinovskoe 9) Nezamaevskoe [all three villages] near the Ee River. 10) Kalnibolotskoye, where [it was supposed to be located] the Grigorievsky district administration, [was located] near the Eya River. 11) Pereyaslovskoe, near the Sasyk River, with discord about fifteen miles from the border, which were defeated there. 12) Umanskoye, next to the same river. 13) Krylovskoye, near the Tikhonkaya river, near the old road, on the left side. (The Tikhonkaya River flows in the present Tikhoretsky district, and on it is located the only large village in this area, the village of Fastovetskaya, which is the regional center of the Tikhoretsky rural district, and the village of Krylovskaya, if, of course, this is what we are talking about in the “Historical Notes”, is located on the river It may have changed its previous location from Tikhonka to Eya. But then, even more so, one should not confuse it with Ekaterinovka, forever retaining its native name. Ekaterinivka is not considered to be it, but the village with the same name on the Ee River in the Shcherbinovsky district , and at the same time exclude from the list of the oldest Black Sea villages the unremarkable village of Krylovskaya in the Leningrad, former Uman, region. How many blank spots, however, are contained in the history of the settlement of the Kuban villages, and they are not reduced even by reference to such archival sources as “Historical Notes on Black Sea Army”, written on the fresh traces of settlement, but containing, nevertheless, many inaccuracies and even errors - note by E.Sh.). 14) Leushkovskoe, near the Chelbasakh river on the right side, two miles below the same road. (Like the current village of Krylovskaya of the same name in the Krylovsky district, the village of Staroleushkovskaya in the Pavlovsk district is located near the old postal route to the south, along which the Vladikavkaz railway eventually ran - note by E.Sh.). 15) Irklievskoye 16) Bryukhovetskoye [both kuren villages] at the top of the Albasha river. In case of discord, on the old road, Irklievsky on the right side, and Bryukhovetsky on the left side (both kurens will be out of place and will soon be relocated, but we have already talked about this and therefore we will not repeat ourselves in the future - approx. E.Sh.). 17) Berezanskoye 18) Baturinskoye [both smoking villages] near the Velikiy Beysugu River, Berezanskoye on the right side, and Baturinsky on the left; 35 versts from the Caucasian border; The Beysug district administration will be located here. 19) Korinivskoye 20) Dyadkovskoye [both smoking villages] near the Small Beysugu River, Korenovsky on the right, and Dyadkovsky on the left, six versts from the Caucasian border. 21) Platnirovskoe 22) Sergievskoe [both smoking villages were supposed to be] near the Kirpilyakh river, Platnirovskoe on the right, and Sergievskoe on the left, about eight versts from the same border. 23) Vasyurinskoye 24) Korsunskoye, these [kurenny villages should have been] settled above the Kuban River. 25) Plastunovskoe 26) Dinskoe 27) Pashkovskoe, and these [three villages were supposed to be] settled above the Kuban River. 28) Velichkovskoe 29) Timoshevskoe 30) Rogivskoe (there is no reference to the area for these three smoking villages in the “Historical Notes on the Black Sea Army” - note by E.Sh.). 31) Popovichivskoye 32) Myshastovskoye [both smoking villages were supposed to be located] five miles before the Sachi tract. 33) Ivanovskoye 34) Nizhesteblievskoye [these two kuren villages were tied] to the Sukhoi Liman. 35) Poltavskoe [scheduled to be placed] 15 versts before the peak of Sukhaya Angelika. These [settlements turned out to be] moved away from the Kuban due to the low-lying places there to higher places. 36) Dzherelievskoe 37) Kanevskoe 38) Vedmedovskoe [all three kuren villages were supposed to be located] in Kurki. 39) Titarovskoye [kurenny village was supposed to be located] at the Novogrigoryevsky and Shirochansky posts. 40) Vyshesteblievskoye near the Sukhoi Estuary. Separating the Cossacks into kurens, the Military Government introduced the position of senior captain, appointing Second Major Lukyan Tikhovsky to it. This position was created on January 14, 1794. The senior military esaul corrected matters “on the border,” while there was also the position of a junior esaul, who corrected matters “on the inside.” We specifically draw attention to all the more or less significant dates of that period, since some local historians are inclined to believe that the settlement of the Black Sea region was not a one-time event; it began not in 1794, but later, and lasted for several years. In some of the kurens this was the case. However, most of the kurens settled immediately after the promulgation of the “Order of Common Benefit,” and we have no reason to drag out this process for several years. Above, we have already noted the weak population of the Kuban lands, which fell to the first settlers of the Black Sea region to be developed, and now we note that we are talking exclusively about the population of these places by a sedentary population, but by no means by nomads. Even before the supposed establishment of Cossack cordons along the Sosyk and Kugoey rivers, and subsequently the emergence of the first Cossack kurens in these places, four hordes of Nogai roamed along the rivers Eya, Sosyka, Albashi, Chelbasy, Beisugi, Kirpili, Ponura and along the Azov branches of the Kuban Tatars: Yedisanskaya, Edishkulskaya, Dzhambulutskaya and Budzhatskaya, who in May 1771, having crossed the Don River (before that they had roamed in Bessarabia), arbitrarily occupied these steppes. As Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov, who was appointed commander of the Caucasian Corps and inspected these places, reported to Prince Potemkin, the hordes consisted of approximately the following number of families. In the Edisan Horde, divided into two generations (tribes) - right and left, there were about 20,000 kazans, or families (one Nogai family had an average of five people and was counted under one kazan). In the Yedishkul horde, which consisted of four tribes - Minsk (!), Burlatsky (!), Kazshatsky and Karakitai, there were 24,000 cazans, in Dzhambulutskaya - 11,000 cazans, and in Budzhatskaya - 700 cazans.” F.A. Shcherbina, quoting the report of A.V. Suvorov, names three more hordes that roamed on the right bank of the Kuban, but we are not interested in them now, but the message about the Minsk tribe (genus, generation) of the Yedishkul horde should certainly be of interest: not Did it give our kuren its name? The book by N.S. Tamozhnikov “In the border steppes” (Krasnodar book publishing house, 1978; written in Staroshcherbinovskaya in 1963-1972) also mentions the Minsk, Burlatsky and other generations of the Yedishkul Horde, which most willingly followed the call of A.V. Suvorov accept Russian citizenship, not succumbing to the entreaties of the irreconcilable Murza of Yedishkul Mussa “not to obey Suvor” and move to Sudzhuk-Kale (present-day Novorossiysk), in order from there to move by sea again to Bessarabia. For their obstinacy, another “irreconcilable” - Murza of the Edisan Horde Mambet - even called them “jackals”. We argue a lot about the origin of the name of our village, but the solution may lie on the surface. The completely natural transformation of the name Mensky into the name Minsky could have occurred, in particular, because the kuren happened to be located on the lands of migration of the Minsk generation of the Yedishkul Horde (such an amazing coincidence). Here is the explanation for the second name of the village of Ekaterinovskaya, Shcherbinovsky district - Burlatskaya, which stubbornly persists among the people, although it has not officially taken root. Who among us has not heard the voice of the widow's bird - the lapwing, which, fluttering out of the reeds and hanging over the heads of the fishermen, pitifully asks: “Whose are you? Whose are you? Whose are you?” And really, whose children are we - the children of our native village? Whose? Be that as it may, 38 names of kuren villages that appeared on the map of the Black Sea region after the promulgation of the “Order of Common Benefit”, including the name of the Mensky kuren, were of Zaporozhye origin, and only two kurens - Ekaterininsky and Berezansky - were named in honor of the victory of the Cossacks over the Turks during the capture of Berezan. The preservation of Zaporozhye names was all the more surprising because, having defeated the Zaporozhye Sich in 1775, the tsarist government did everything possible to erase the very memory of the Zaporozhye freemen. Empress Catherine the Second, having ordered Potemkin to find a new name for the new Cossack army he was creating from the former Cossacks, did not fail to notice that “Sich did not leave a pleasant nickname in her mind.” At the same time, the queen did not take into account that, having moved to Kuban, the Cossacks would give their new kurens the old Zaporozhye names: Vasyurinsky, Pashkovsky, Mensky, thereby preserving the memory of their former existence. Some of these names, in turn, recalled the places from which troubled heads once fled to the Zaporozhye Sich: from Kanev, Baturin, Pereyaslavl, Poltava, Korsun. This is how Kanevskaya, Baturinskaya, Pereyaslavskaya, Poltava, and Korsunskaya villages appeared in the Kuban. The villages that arose at the same time in another part of the right bank of the Kuban - the so-called Old Line - most often received names from the redoubts on the site of which they were established: Ust-Labinskaya, Prochnookopskaya, Kazanskaya, Tiflisskaya. Where did Voronezh, Kaluga, Ryazan, Khoperskaya, Arkhangelsk, and Ladoga villages get their names? The first thing that comes to mind is the names of the places from which the settlers came here. In relation to the Voronezh and Khoperskaya villages, this may be correct. However, it is difficult to imagine that the Arkhangelsk village would be settled by settlers from the Arkhangelsk province. The nature of the names of these villages is completely different. Simply the names of Russian cities - Yaroslavl, Smolensk, Saratov, Kaluga, Kostroma, Penza and others - were the passwords of the former Kuban borderland. Each password was provided with a response - any noun, but the password itself was necessarily the name of the city. For example, Kostroma is a bullet, Chernigov is a lily of the valley. These passwords were passed on to guard posts and patrols. The sequence and combination of words could change, but the principle of combining a password and a review remained unchanged from year to year. Any messenger with an urgent dispatch, any commander checking patrols, any reconnaissance scout, when meeting with a Cossack patrol, had to give one of the cities as a password in order to hear the necessary feedback and move on. This military terminology was familiar to everyone, from the ordinary Cossack to the ataman. And when in 1867 the ataman was asked to rename 19 villages with unpronounceable local names - Nizhnefarsskaya, Psefirskaya, Gabukaevskaya, Pshishskaya, Pchasskaya, Psebedakhovskaya, Psekupskaya and others, the choice fell on the names of Russian cities. The same villages began to be called in a new way: Yaroslavskaya, Kostroma, Ryazan, Chernigov, Suzdal, Troitskaya, Saratov, etc. For many, these names remained unmotivated, but the residents got used to them, and when, for example, Kaluzhskaya was proposed to be renamed in the Kuban manner, the population of Kaluzhskaya opposed this. To explain the names of their villages, residents referred to Grand Duke Mikhail, who was passing through the region in 1867, who supposedly bestowed these names on them. Residents of Smolenskaya associate the name of their village with the memory of the feat of Smolensk during the Patriotic War of 1812, and they are also right in their own way. Be that as it may, the names of most Kuban villages serve as clear confirmation of the historical circumstance that all of Russia took part in the settlement and development of our region. However, what a fascinating activity it is to unravel names that were once invented. It is not for nothing that they say that names are signs of fate. In the “Geographical Workshop” section I read in the “Rossiyskaya Gazeta” that the root of the names of many European rivers is a Slavic word meaning simply river, water, and that one of our Russian rivers is named by this word. I don’t know, what about Slavic, but in Ossetian the river is called “don”, which is why all the rivers in Ossetia have names with the root “don”: Gizeldon, Sadon, Nardon, Ardon, Songutdon, Ksandon, Patsadon, etc. The names of rivers and water in general - don, tone, dan, tan, dun, tun - were found throughout Europe at the threshold of the history of the Aryan peoples, but were retained only in the language of Ossetia. Kuban, according to Ptolemy (2nd century AD), was called Vardan (foaming river), Dnieper - Danapr (river with rapids), Dniester - Danaster (fast, light-flowing river), Danube, in Latin Danubium, in German Donau, in Ossetian Duneydon is a great river. Well, and finally, our Don, aka Tan, Tanais, Tanai, Danai. Just a river. The name of the water, the river - Don - was known to the prehistoric people, from whom the name of the mythical Eridanus came, and its preservation in today's Ossetian language does not at all mean that there once existed an ancient Ossetian civilization that occupied the entire territory of Europe, Western Asia and North Africa, but proves the historical connection of the Aryans with the Caucasus, the unconditional classification of Ossetians as Aryans. As, by the way, are the Circassians, Abkhazians, and Chechens. The Chechens got their name from the Russians, but they themselves call themselves Nakhchi or Nakhchii, people from the country of Nakh or Noah, that is, Noah, since they came to the lands of their current residence around the 4th century AD. through Abkhazia from the area of Nakhchivan, from the foothills of Ararat. Since ancient times, Abkhazians (Afgazians) lived where they live now. Sigismund Herbernstein, in his “Notes on Muscovite Affairs,” compiled in 1517-1528, placed them “near the swamps of Maeotis and Pontus” (Azov and Black Seas) near the Kuban River. Here, in the mountains, he placed the Circassians. The name Circassians is not a self-name, but a nickname (in Persian, serkesi means thug). Many classify them as Turks, but this is not true, since, of Aryan origin, they remained Christians even during the time of Ivan the Terrible and changed their language and their faith solely as a result of the expansion of the Turks. They have an Aryan profile and oval face, and most importantly, they have grips and habits that are strikingly similar to the Cossacks. This is understandable. After all, it was the Pyatigorsk Cherkassy who once came out of our lands, while still Christians, who first formed the Don and then the Zaporozhye Cossack subethnic groups. And when, several centuries later, the Zaporozhye (Black Sea) Cossacks again moved to the Kuban, they willingly adopted their clothes and weapons from the Circassians. And not only clothes, but also character. And not only weapons, but courage and daring. And yet, expansion has done its job, which is why there are so many Turkish names in the toonymy of our region. This is especially true for river names. So, Karasun translated from Turkish means black water. Albashi - red head. Chelbasy is a bucket of water. Beysug - prince's (beeva) water. Sasyk, long, a hundred miles long, a tributary of the Eya - stinking water. In Turkish it means Ivan, that is, the Turks themselves recognized it as a Russian river. True, the ancient Greek historian Strabo (1st century BC - 1st century AD) called the Eya River the Great Rombit, which meant a river rich in flounder. In the same way, Strabo called the river Beisug the Small Rhombit, that is, again, a river abounding in flounder. A fact indicating such an abundance of water in these rivers that they had constant communication with the sea, in which the presence of marine fish in the steppe rivers was only conceivable. In the time of Strabo, no one considered her Russian, because Rus' did not exist then. But several centuries will pass, and the Greeks themselves will begin to call the Black Sea the Russian Sea. Some local historians really don’t like the translation of the name of the Sosyki River as stinking (more precisely: like water with a putrefactive odor), and versions appear, each more wonderful and absurd than the other. Then, in all seriousness, they take Sosyka out of the Narzan spring, apparently believing that Narzan is equally pleasant to everyone both in taste and smell. Then, referring to Abkhaz mythology, they look for the roots of the name of our steppe river in the names of the heroes of the Nart epic - Sasrykva, Sosruko, Soska-Solsa. Phonetic fantasies take individual local historians wherever they can go. Meanwhile, the word Sasyk is so widespread in the languages of the Turkic group that in Kazakhstan alone we counted up to a dozen hydronyms with this root. On the way from Karkaralinsk to the Chu River, at the very beginning of the Hungry Steppe, there is the Bulak tract, in which the Sasyk-Bulak springs flow ("bulak", in Kazakh, stream). A few kilometers north of Akmolinsk (the current capital of Kazakhstan) there is Lake Sasyk-kul (“kul”, in Kazakh, lake). About half the way between Akmolinsk and the Mukan picket, on the old postal route (when naming these points, I use a geographical map published in 1903), there is a small Kazakh village of Sasyk, where horses used to be re-harnessed. Its name also comes from the name of the nearby salt lake. Why are there small bodies of water, when even on the huge Balkhash, the western half of the lake contains fresh water, and the eastern half contains bitter-salty water. Nearby is Lake Sasyk-Kul (bitterly salty, of course). Another name with this root - Sasyk-sor - is found a thousand miles away, near Kustanai. I am listing the names that can be found on the map. And how many of them are there - small rivers and lakes, the names of which are not marked on the maps? In the “Brief Toponymic Dictionary” of the publishing house “Mysl” (Moscow, 1966) we read: “The Sosyka is the left tributary of the Eya in the Krasnodar Territory. From the Turkic s a s y k “rotten, emitting a putrid odor” (see also Sasyk).” Let's look at Sasyk: “the name of many lakes and rivers, and according to them - the settlements located on them: Lake Sasyk in Crimea, Lake Sasyk in the Odessa region, Lake Sasyk-kol in Kazakhstan, Lake Sasyk-kol in the Astrakhan region, Sasyk railway station in the Sosyk River in the Krasnodar Territory." And again the same translation: “In the southern languages of the Turkic group, s a s to rotten, emitting a putrid smell.” The dictionary contains the names of the largest geographical objects, which Sosyk, of course, cannot be classified as, as well as toponyms, the origin of which seems controversial. As for the toponym “sasyk”, there are no discrepancies in its interpretation, and it is given solely due to the wide distribution of this name: sasyk is foul-smelling water. But is it because the water smells bad that we love the river of our childhood less? How interesting it is to trace the fate of a toponym, especially if, for reasons unknown to us, it has changed. Some local historians, based solely on the identical sound, derive the name of our village from the city of Minsk. And, oddly enough, they find supporters. Many years ago, the historian of secondary school No. 9, Pavel Ivanovich Petrenko, contacted the State Public Library named after M.E. Shchedrin about this and received a response signed by the then library employees - the head of the reference and bibliographic department P.S. Bogomolova and the bibliographer S.V. .Kalashnik, who were inclined to believe that the Minsk Kuren got its name... from the city of Minsk. They referred to the author of the “Concise Toponymic Dictionary of Belarus” V.A. Zhuzhkevich (Minsk, BSU Publishing House, 1974), who, in turn, argued that the assumption that existed in the past about the connection of the name “Minsk” with the verb “change” " is insolvent. In general, it is difficult to disagree with this, especially since Minsk was not always Minsk and is called Menesk in a number of Russian chronicles. However, we are not interested in the name of the city, but in the name of the kuren in the Zaporozhye Sich, from which there was a direct road to the Mensky (Minsky) kuren in the Kuban. And here the author of the dictionary simply surprises us, linking together very different types of names - the city of Minsk in Belarus, the city of Minsk-Mazowiecki in Poland and the urban-type settlement of Mena in Ukraine and all, without exception, refusing to connect with the word “mena”, with the verb “ change". The village of Mena in Ukraine is located on a river with the same name, and since the hydronym is always older than the name of the locality, it is time to consider the nature of the hydronym, and not the toponym. And with the hydronym, we hope everything is clear. Everything is clear, it seems to us, with the name of the Cossack settlement Mena in Zaporozhye - the ancestral home of the first registered Cossacks of the Minsk Kuren in the Kuban. Information about Mena can be found in the most ancient Zaporizhian historical chronicles. Here in the “reminders of a long time ago” the name of the Mensk prince Urustai flashed. It is reliably known that he was from the Tatars. Was it not from him that the Glinsky princes came, who owned the neighboring Mena Khorobor? Those same Glinskys, in whose veins Tatar (Mamai) blood flowed and in whose family the Sovereign of All Rus', Ivan the Terrible, was destined to appear? We scrupulously look for any mention of the Mensky Kuren in any of the printed sources known to us and therefore cannot ignore the message about the settlement of Glina in its connection with the kuren of interest to us, given in volume 3 of the Collection of Historical Materials by I. I. Dmitrenko, which F.A. Shcherbina refers to in his “History of the Kuban Cossack Army”, although it is of a very curious nature. The point is that 20 rubles were collected from the Cossack Mensky kuren Fyodor Kvasha for stealing a seine in the settlement of Glina. This “event” happened on February 28, 1792, exactly six months before the start of the mass resettlement of Black Sea residents to Kuban. The first batch of settlers, as is known, arrived in Taman on August 25, 1792. The whole district had heard about the resettlement to new lands. Well, one wonders, was it worth it for the Cossack to refrain from doing something bad? Archival documents of this kind very colorfully, and most importantly, with merciless directness, describe the life and customs of our distant ancestors. We have already provided an archival list of foremen, as well as ordinary Cossacks of the Mensky (Minsky) kuren “from the former Zaporozhye”, among the first to arrive to the new lands. Among the many surnames that are still on everyone’s lips today, let us pay attention to the surname Gorb. There was such a Cossack - a skilled artilleryman in the Cossack army. He was a brave Cossack, but he drank too much. Once he got so drunk that Anton Golovaty, to whom the artillery was subordinate, decided to remove him from service. Such a punishment was like death for the Cossack, and he lay at the feet of the Military Judge for a long time until he ordered him to “give a signature.” So the subscription with the following content was issued: “This was given from me to the undersigned master of this army, Military Judge of the army, Colonel and various orders, Knight Anton Andreevich Golovaty, that if from this I henceforth have a drunken attitude or drink any strong drinks and they have been noticed on me will be exposed and I will appear, then I subject myself to a fine for that crime, whatever his high nobility will deem. To which I sign Gorb.” And one more extract from the 3rd volume of the Collection of Historical Materials by I.I. Dmitrenko. It dates back to 1788, when there were still several years before the resettlement of the Cossacks to the Kuban, and indicates that in Slobodzeya the kurens were set up according to a military model. In particular, the Mensky kuren, including the Velichkovsky, Timoshevsky, Myshastovsky, Popovichi and Pereyaslovsky kurens, was under the command of a colonel from Second Major Ivan Sukhina. The colonel's assistants included captain Ivan Chaban, cornet Gritsko Gorb and clerk Vasily Tansky. And again we will return to the banks of the Mena River. By nature itself it was determined to be the border between Russia and the Wild Field, a place for the exchange of prisoners between Russians and nomads, and then for trading, when they no longer exchanged people, but objects of labor and everyday life. This is what determined the fate of the Cossack settlement in Zaporozhye. And when, at a different time, at the beginning of the 20th century, and in a completely different place, next to the village of Starominskaya, two railways ran at once - from Yeisk through Starominskaya to Sosyka station and from Kushchevskaya through Starominskaya to Timashevskaya, and from there to Ekaterinodar, and The village became a major railway center, the northern gate of Kuban, this breathed new strength into it for development. The root “mena,” as you know, has the same meaning in both Russian and Ukrainian languages. The issue of building railways in Kuban deserves special attention. It should be noted that almost from the very beginning of the creation of railways in Russia (the first half of the nineteenth century), the question became acute: who could build and operate railways more efficiently: the state or private individuals? At different periods, one or another point of view prevailed, and in the 80s - 90s of the nineteenth century, the initiative firmly passed to the state, which was accompanied by the purchase of many private roads to the treasury. This did not affect the private Vladikavkaz Railway, which was the first to announce its desire to build a railway line from Yeisk to Kushchevka. The residents of Vladikavkaz failed to comply with their request, and then it was decided to create a special joint-stock company for the construction of the Yeisk branch, and at the same time change the direction of the branch, laying it not to Kushchevka, but to the Sosyka station of the Vlidikavkaz railway. This direction made it possible to ensure the export of grain cargo from the largest villages of the Yeisk department, including Starominskaya, along a shorter route. The societies of the villages of Staroshcherbinovskaya, Starominskaya, Umanskaya, Pavlovskaya and the Sosyksky farm took part in the compilation of the share capital, allocating amounts from 75 to 100 thousand rubles for its creation. To obtain such amounts, village communities had to resort to obtaining military loans; part of the allocated amounts was secured by the gratuitous alienation of the land necessary for the construction of the railway. In addition, for the alienated land, village residents were entitled to shares in the joint stock company being created. The construction of the Sosyka-Eysk line, 135 miles long, was carried out at a truly rapid pace, and already on July 11, 1911, regular trains began running along it. Following this, an even more ambitious project was carried out to build the Black Sea-Kuban Railway from Kushchevskaya through Starominskaya to Timashevskaya and further to Ekaterinodar. The construction of the road, popularly called the “Cossack” road, was characterized by an even greater attraction of funds from village societies, which contributed more than 1.5 million rubles to form the share capital. The area covered by the road covered about 50 settlements with a population of 500 thousand people. Already in 1913, temporary operation of certain sections of the new railway began. Correct traffic along all lines of the Chernomorka opened on September 11, 1916. By the time regular traffic opened, the Black Sea-Kuban Railway had become the main carrier of grain cargo in the region. Meanwhile, the board of the new road was making more and more ambitious plans, in particular, for laying the Kanelovskaya - Donetsk basin railway line. If it had not been for the civil war that soon broke out, there is no doubt that these plans would have been carried out. The guarantee for this was the rapid development of the region’s economy, which was associated with the development of the railway network. But it began long before the start of the first engineering surveys for the future railway. However, we do not idealize the state of affairs in the Kuban, especially in our village, before the arrival of the railway network, which was distinguished by a certain patriarchal backwardness and the isolation of the Cossack life. For example, in 1861 in the village of Starominskaya there were only 700 households with a population of 4856 people. There was a public house, but there was not a single school (the first primary school with one teacher and 85 students opened in 1863). There were many shops and dukhans, but little attention was paid to landscaping. There were no paved streets, and given our rich black soil, this meant that in the summer residents were suffocating from dust, and in the spring and autumn they were stuck in the mud. In 1869, the Regulations on the land structure of villages were adopted, and the village yurts acquired more or less stable boundaries. Stretching over several kilometers, the village of Starominskaya occupied a large area and was divided into separate edges, or ends, which had their own names among the people. For example, the northern outskirts of the village were called Dovgalivka (from the word “long”, “dovgaya”), the southern - Chernomorka (after the name of the railway that passed near the village). However, the name of the outskirts, as well as the railway laid next to it, will appear much later, but for now... In the meantime, let’s walk through the village of the early twentieth century, as the emigrant writer Fyodor Kubansky (Fyodor Ivanovich Gorb) depicts it in his book “On free steppes of the Kuban", published in Paterson, New Jersey, USA, in 1955. Surrounded by the dense effervescence of gardens, it looked like a huge orchard, and if not for the blue domes of white churches, it would be completely impossible to recognize today’s village in it. However, we will walk through the village not in summer, but in winter, when young Cossacks were called up for active service. Needless to say, seeing off for service was not an ordinary event for them. The conscripts were blessed by respectable parents. The father hung a cord with a small silver icon around his son’s neck and, full of pride, in full dress uniform, led his son’s horse by the reins to the village government, where they were met by the ataman, his assistants, the clerk, representatives of the assembly point of the regimental district, which was located in the neighboring Umanskaya, meticulously examining the equipment of the young Cossack. The escorts crowded around. After the inspection, everyone went to the Church of the Nativity, which was located on Red Square. At the main gate of the church fence there was a large square table with an icon of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos. A prayer service was served in the open air. The conscripts approached the cross one by one, and the priest sprinkled holy water on each one. From now on they were under the protection of their heavenly intercessor. From the prayer service on Red Square, the Cossacks again returned to the courtyard of the Ataman’s administration, where they immediately began to line up for the march. On the sidewalk, near the fences, young boys and girls stood in groups. The boys enthusiastically shouted out the names of familiar horsemen, and the girls waved colorful handkerchiefs at them. The Cossacks left the village. About five versts later they crossed the Durnotsapka row, and the first sound of a large church bell reached them. Everyone took off their hats and crossed themselves. The church bells meant that they would soon begin to bless water in the church fence (the farewell to the service fell on the “Hungry Kutya” - Epiphany Eve), but for the recruits it symbolized the beginning of the service. The Cossacks went into the army with full Cossack ammunition and on their own horses. At the back of the saddle, on the sides of the horse, hung leather bags - saddlebags, and to the rear pommel of the saddle, using narrow straps - toroks - were tied a sakva with oats for the horse and a small chest in which the Cossack’s personal belongings and a holy icon, the father’s “blessing” were kept. . A rolled-up overcoat (or burka) was attached to the top of the sakva. The service of a Cossack was not easy, but honorable, and if someone did not get to serve due to illness or due to some physical defect, it was perceived as a personal tragedy. Unlike the Zaporozhye Sich, where the Cossacks were forbidden to create their own families, in the Black Sea region, on the contrary, the basis of people’s life was based on the family principle, and the Cossacks moved to new lands with their wives and children, although there were, of course, homeless singles who started families already in place. The service, no matter how long it was, would end someday anyway, and the Cossacks would return home to a peaceful life. If in the service the first duty of a Cossack was to defend the Fatherland, then in peaceful life such a duty was to raise children and bread. One can get a more or less clear idea of this side of Cossack life, connected with the peaceful existence of the Cossacks, from the archival materials available in the museum of a detailed audit of the state of the settlements of the Yeisk department, including the villages of Starominskaya and Kanelovskaya, carried out in June 1903 by the ataman of the Yeisk department, Colonel Alexander Yakovlevich Kukharenko. It seems symbolic to us that we are talking about a direct descendant of the appointed ataman of the Black Sea Cossack Army, and in order to complete the story begun above about one of the authors of the first printed history of the Black Sea Army - “Historical Notes on the Black Sea Army”, let us turn to the last days of the life of Yakov Gerasimovich Kukharenko. In mid-September 1862, General Kukharenko went on business to the city of Stavropol. He moved without an escort, accompanied only by his son-in-law, Captain Joganson, and a Cossack messenger, which was not at all safe at that time. At eleven o'clock at night, between the villages of Kazanskaya and Kavkazskaya, along the old cordon line, the travelers were unexpectedly attacked by a party of Abadzekhs. The general tried to defend himself with a revolver, but already on the first shot the revolver misfired, and during the second cocking of the hammer, an enemy bullet shattered the general’s hand. The general drew his saber, but the forces were clearly not equal. Kukharenko and his son-in-law were taken prisoner, and the Cossack was chopped into pieces. The sick and wounded general died on the seventh day of captivity, after which his lifeless body was transported to Yekaterinodar and interred 11 days after his death. This is how the fighting ataman, the first chronicler of the history of the Black Sea Cossacks, Yakov Gerasimovich Kukharenko, ended his life. Forty years have passed, and the appearance of the Black Sea region has changed beyond recognition. Let's look at this using the example of mechanization of agriculture in the Kuban region, the degree of which clearly characterizes the progress that has come to these regions. According to the magazine “Bulletin of Finance” No. 21 for 1897, used by V.I. Lenin in his work “Development of Capitalism in Russia”, the number of steam threshers in the Kuban region at the end of the nineteenth century exceeded a thousand units and even in small farms it was often possible see five or more threshing machines with locomotives. In 2-3 years, the entrepreneur had every opportunity to recoup the costs of purchasing a thresher worth five thousand rubles and purchase a new one in return. The acquisition of steam threshers thus became industrial in nature. In 1902, the son of Yakov Gerasimovich Kukharenko, Colonel Alexander Yakovlevich Kukharenko, who devoted himself entirely to public service for the benefit of the Cossacks, was elected ataman of the Yeisk department. He did a lot to develop the economy of the region and, as a zealous owner, strictly monitored order in the villages of the department entrusted to him. The result of the planned audit he carried out in 1903 was his audit review of the settlements of the Yeisk department, printed in the same year at the Chaga printing house in the city of Yeisk. Naturally, we are primarily interested in the revision materials on our page. A circular dated June 12, 1903 ordered all instructions contained in the review to be taken into account and strictly followed. Fortunately, no major shortcomings were identified during the audit, and few comments were made. All of them were, in our opinion, easily removable. The review began with a description of the public property owned by the village society. Over the years, the adobe buildings have not survived, but their number, and most importantly, their purpose, spoke for themselves. As of the first half of 1903, public buildings in the village included adobe buildings of the village administration and barracks for winter training of the Cossacks, meetings of the village collection, premises for the detention of persons evicted from the village by court verdict, adobe premises for a pharmacy and for the village and honorary court, two stables with residential adobe premises, with a glacier, with a plank barn and a well above it, a fire station with a wooden barn attached to it and a watchtower, a women's school located in the courtyard of the men's school (four adobe buildings with residential premises in the courtyard of the men's school ), an adobe house for rent near the trading shops, two glaciers and two wells attached to it, three wooden bakeries with one guardhouse attached to them, two guardhouses near public groves, a barn for horses with glanders, a slaughterhouse, eight public wells in different places in the village and outside the village, a wooden guardhouse for the Cossacks performing police service at the bazaar, the same guardhouse at the fairgrounds, a brick factory with a residential building attached to it, a furnace shed, three brick forges, two sheds for storing produced bricks and two wells for drinking and technical needs. Whether it’s a lot or a little, we won’t judge. Compared to today, of course, it’s not enough. However, a whole century has passed since then, moreover, several eras have changed, and we, of course, should be interested in comparisons not with what happened after, but, above all, with what happened before. Let's start with the fact that the current building of the village government, a beautiful building that is still the hallmark of our village today, did not exist at the beginning of the century, and in its place was the old adobe building of the village government, located, as noted in the audit materials, in unkempt appearance. It was necessary to maintain it more carefully so that the building would have a neat appearance, and this requirement was written down in the audit report, as they say, in red line. This probably did not require much expenditure. The fire train in the village, as follows from the audit materials, consisted of 3 fire extinguishing engines, five barrels, one ladder, six hooks, 2 rakes, 4 tarpaulins and 5 horses. The convoy was kept in good order. In 1902, 42 rubles were spent on repairs to the wagon train. Provision for horses was provided by residents in kind, and there was no shortage of provisions noted. For the philistine mail, the society maintained 17 horses, two carts, two spring carriages, two carriages without springs, six sleighs, one spring line, one drog and 5 coachmen. Coachmen received a salary of 120 rubles per year. Last year (1902), as noted in the audit report, 716 rubles 80 kopecks were spent on the purchase of new carriages, harnesses and repairs of old harness. In the current year (1903) 108 rubles 35 kopecks were spent on the purchase of harness. Residents delivered hay and grain fodder for postal needs in kind. There was no shortage of their provision. In the shops of the village there were 2739 quarters of winter and 2047 quarters of spring bread. No grain shortages were noted. The stanitsa society, it was noted in the act, had five public stallions and seven queens, from which in 1903 one stallion and one little horse were obtained as offspring. Of the offspring from public stallions, 16 horses were in service with the Cossacks. Of the stallions, one was donated to the Starominsky Society by the Derkul State Stud Farm, and four were purchased from the horse breeder Pekhovsky at a price of 310 to 500 rubles for each head. Of the total number of queens, three were donated to the society by the State Stud Farm, one was purchased for 150 rubles, three were obtained from the offspring of public mares. Many documents of that time mention village folk groves. So the audit report recorded the presence in the village of two public groves, planted back in 1893 on an area of 22.5 dessiatines. At different times, including, naturally, the current year (1903), the groves were planted with different tree species, including fruit trees. However, they did not bring any income, since they served primarily for recreation. Over the past three years, 60 rubles have been spent on their breeding. The community did not hire a gardener, and the cost savings were made in terms of salary in the estimate for the maintenance of green spaces. It should be especially noted that it was at that time that forms of public self-government were actively introduced into life in the Kuban region, and many functions, in particular the functions of gardeners, were performed in Cossack villages, as a rule, on a voluntary basis. There were 27 bridges and two roads in the village. When repairing bridges and gates, all earthworks were carried out by residents, and wooden works were carried out using public funds. On average, 200 rubles were spent annually on bridge repairs. In 1902, 58 acres of land were under public plowing, and 822 quarters of grain were obtained. 245 quarters were sold for 1139 rubles 12 kopecks, and the rest of the bread was poured into stores. Sowing, harvesting and threshing of grain were carried out by hired workers according to the distribution at the expense of future recipients. In 1903, public plowing was already carried out on 100 acres, that is, it almost doubled in a year. Mainly due to the introduction of so-called inconveniences into circulation. Medical care for the population was on the rise. The village had a village pharmacy with an outpatient clinic. In addition to the stanitsa, a so-called free (private) pharmacy was also opened. For the community pharmacy, the community purchased medicines using public funds. During the reporting period, as noted in the audit report, the pharmacy received medicines worth 496 rubles 47 kopecks. Poor people from other cities, strange as it may seem, used medicines for free. It is very commendable, it was noted in the audit report, that in addition to the paramedic, the company also maintained a doctor with a salary of 600 rubles per year. The salary of a paramedic was 300 rubles a year. During the reporting period, 1,289 military personnel and 109 nonresidents benefited from medicines and the services of a doctor and paramedic. This was higher than the department's average per capita health care delivery rate. In 1903, three smallpox vaccinators worked in the village. They did not receive wages, working on a voluntary basis. By the day of the audit, a total of 290 children had received smallpox vaccinations. This acutely contagious disease was often epidemic in nature, and was fought against, as they say, by the whole world. For example, the Starominsky Loan and Savings Partnership annually allocated up to 5 percent of its total profits from its income to fight the smallpox epidemic. There were two schools in the village, operating at the expense of the public treasury. One of them was 2-class, the other was one-class. The schools were located in standard public buildings. The teaching staff of the 2nd grade school consisted of 7 teachers, 2 teachers of law, a singing teacher and an instructor teaching gymnastics. The staff of the girls' school consisted of one teacher and one law teacher. The society spent the following amounts on the maintenance of a 2-year school: 2,150 rubles were spent on teachers’ salaries, 205 rubles on the salaries of law teachers, 100 rubles on singing teachers, and 60 rubles on gymnastics instructors. 100 rubles were spent per year on the library and teaching aids, 465 rubles on writing and educational materials, and office expenses amounted to 25 rubles per year. Naturally, less money was spent on maintaining a one-class girls' school. 60 rubles were spent on the teacher's salary, 40 rubles on the library and handicrafts, and 100 rubles on educational and writing materials. The teacher received a salary from the directorate of public schools. There were 386 boys and 62 girls studying in these schools. Among them were three children of nobles, five children of clergy, 437 children of the military class, three from nonresident families. Apart from two teachers who lived in private apartments, everyone else lived in official public buildings. The society gave so-called apartment money to those without apartments at 75 rubles per year per person. In 1902, 200 rubles were spent on the repair of school buildings, from the beginning of 1903 - 41 rubles 53 kopecks (the main repair work was expected at the end of the school year). All school buildings were heated and lit at public expense. Fuel for schools and teachers' apartments was supplied in kind as needed, money was given for lighting teachers' apartments: for teachers of a 2-grade school 108 rubles per year, for teachers of a one-grade school 18 rubles per year. Servants for teachers, including the teacher, were assigned according to their duties. Watchmen were also appointed to guard schools at night. No fees were charged for the education of Cossack children in the schools of the Cossack society. It was charged to non-residents at a very moderate rate. It cost a family 18 rubles to educate a child in a 2-grade school, and 15 rubles a year in a one-grade school. In addition to the ministerial schools, there was also one parochial school and one elementary school open to nonresidents in the village. The parochial school was located in a church building and was supported by church funds. The elementary school was supported by funds allocated from the directorate of public schools. The society allocated its own allowance in the amount of 100 rubles for teaching aids for the parochial school. 98 boys and 20 girls studied at these educational institutions. The village had a bazaar with the right to sell cattle. From 5 to 8 head of cattle were sold on each market day. There were also 47 different trading shops. For the places they occupied, the society received 1,359 rubles of income per year. Trade turnover for 1902 amounted to a total of 577,871 rubles. Every year, within the established time limits, the mandatory distribution of public duties among residents was carried out. There was such an allocation on the day of the departmental audit. There were no deviations in the performance of public duties. People understood the motivation of certain tasks and carried them out religiously, allocating both manpower and draft force for these purposes. In 1902, as noted in the audit report, the company received income in the amount of 39,577 rubles 28 kopecks. The expenditure of public funds amounted to 28,331 rubles and 22 kopecks. The amount of income invariably exceeded the amount of expenses, and on the day of the audit the amount of public funds was 46,364 rubles 62 kopecks. For six months, it was noted in the audit report, 590 so-called philistine postal troikas were issued. Of these, 69 postal triples are “for runs”, the rest are “without runs” (presumably, free of charge). In the total amount of public funds, residents owed 357 rubles 89 kopecks in debt. The arrears of the “planted payment” amounted to 429 rubles 11 kopecks. Compulsory measures to collect debt were used, but there were no cases of sale of property of arrears. Morals were strict, but fair: no one was thrown out onto the street for arrears, no one was put into a debt hole. There were two churches in the village - the Nativity of Christ built in 1810 and Svyatopokrovskaya with a chapel in the name of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, built in 1886. Both were wooden. The Church of the Holy Protection had a beautiful iron fence. Both churches were insured for a total amount of 45,000 rubles. The annual insurance premium was 290 rubles 48 kopecks. All other public buildings were also insured. The insurance amount was 8840 rubles. The annual insurance premium was 10 percent of the total insurance amount and equaled 88 rubles 40 kopecks. The church parable consisted of three priests, one deacon and three psalm-readers. The clergyman was allocated a plot of land of 238 acres. The size of the plot did not change and, apparently, suited the clergy. In total, in the village there were 12,570 souls of the military class and 3,186 souls from other cities. Since the beginning of 1903, there have been four family divisions of land. The size of the share plot was 14 acres. Residents used 10,570 heads of horses, 2,680 heads of bulls, 10,050 heads of cows and gulling cattle, 8,030 heads of sheep and goats, 5,710 heads of pigs. Residents were mainly engaged in arable farming, and cattle breeding suffered losses from year to year. The reason for the deplorable state of livestock farming was the lack of pasture space and large losses of livestock, which killed the residents' desire to engage in livestock raising. As noted above, there was a public brick factory in the village, but it did not generate income, since all the bricks produced, with the exception of those spent on public needs, were not sold, but were stored for the construction of a new temple. Construction of a new stone church in the village of Starominskaya will begin three years later, in 1906, and three years later it will be consecrated. The Church of St. Panteleimon will be located on the site of the future creamery. However, it will take almost half a century before the village has its own cheese-making production, when the beautiful church and its foundation will be gone. And after a century, that is, already at the present time, we will lose our cheese production. Today you can no longer call it your own, since Syrodel CJSC has become the property of outside investors. These are the grimaces of our time, and grimaces are just that, grimaces, that is, at all times they express nothing more than ugliness. The audit report noted the presence of 254,000 pieces of burned, or, as they said then, “scorched” bricks in the warehouses of the brick factory and at the construction site of the future Panteleimon Church. We do not know how many bricks were used in total for the construction of the Panteleimon Church, but we know that more than 500 thousand bricks have already been used in the construction of the new Holy Protection Church, which is underway in the village these days, and the end of the construction is not yet in sight. And that is to say, not all the brick goes into the body of the Church of Christ. A new church has been built in Starominskaya for more than ten years. During this time, the priests in the church have changed more than once, but the godly work is still stalled. Maybe that’s why it’s stalled because every new priest needs his own mansions. A two-story residential building for the last holy father appeared in the village in a matter of time, but time is not measured on the construction of the temple. Like brick, too. Let us turn again to the document we are analyzing. As noted in the audit review, there were no public agricultural implements in the village at the beginning of the century, but residents had in their personal use 13 steam and 11 horse-drawn threshers, 179 seeders, 266 horse-drawn rakes, 7 sorting machines, 1,410 winnowing machines, 2 hay-mowers, 802 reapers machines), 1310 bushcrafts, 1423 German plows. There was little good water in the village, but there were several springs with good water, both in the village itself and near it, first of all, the well-known Shavlacha spring in the sixth quarter (now the territory of the Starominsky orphanage). Krinitsa has not survived to this day, but people remember her. The springs that fed it served people for a long time and did not dry up at their whim. It is a spring of the same root as the word homeland, and it does not tolerate ownerless treatment. Despite the satisfactory condition of the fire brigade and the measures taken in the village to prevent fires, it was noted in the audit review, one fire still happened, it occurred due to careless handling of fire and caused a loss of 380 rubles. There were no cases of murders or robberies in the village, but thefts, unfortunately, were observed. So, in 1903, 16 horses worth 860 rubles and other property worth 37 rubles were stolen. Some of the things were found. The female thief was detained. The audit recorded the presence of 52,138 rubles of so-called orphan money in circulation. Most of the money was given out on growth. Control was established over the targeted spending of guardianship funds, and in 1902 the embezzlement of guardianship funds in the amount of 353 rubles 95 kopecks was discovered. The guardian committed the embezzlement (in the handwritten copy of the audit review, the embezzler’s name is written illegibly). A criminal case was opened in the magistrate's court regarding the embezzlement. By a court decision, the person guilty of embezzlement was removed from guardianship; the money was supposed to be collected from him before September 1, 1903, and handed over to the savings bank in the name of the orphans. The audit found that not all cases considered by the village board are promptly submitted for approval to the ataman. Thus, on the day of the inspection, decisions numbered 24 dated March 13, 1903 on allocating a planned site for the installation of a mill to the Cossack Shipitko, number 39 dated April 10 of the same year on renting a place for Petrenko’s shop, number 42 dated March 26 1902, were not approved. year on the allocation of planned places for mills to Baev, Maltsev, Alekseev and others. The audit report noted that many more nonresidents live in the village than are recorded in the accounting books, but few passports are declared, and the village authorities do not monitor this situation. It is necessary to check all nonresidents to see if they have passports, enter everyone in the accounting books, and hold those who do not have passports accountable. Insist that homeowners promptly inform the village board of all tenants arriving to them. The noted shortcomings mainly took place in 1902, when a certain Berezhnoy was a clerk in the Starominsky board. He conducted office work very unsatisfactorily, and it was proposed to pay close attention to this area of work. The audit review was compiled in 1903, and for comparison it would be useful to provide statistical data on Starominskaya for other years. But first we will dwell on the general situation with village self-government. It was carried out by a village meeting, with functions in accordance with the regulations on administrative management in the Kuban region of 1870; village ataman, elected by the village assembly for three years, enjoying the rights of a cornet with a salary of 150 to 1000 rubles per year; the village board consisting of the village ataman, his two assistants, the treasurer and at least 3 trustees of the village society; village court, annually elected by the village assembly in the number of 4 - 12 judges. The authorities, in general, coped with their responsibilities, but most importantly, they were democratic, accessible to criticism and completely uncorrupted. Honesty and decency were the main standards of morality and were instilled in a person from childhood, absorbed with mother’s milk. At the same time, of course, there were plenty of problems. The prevailing system of yurt communal land use was, in principle, progressive, but the state of affairs with its implementation was more than alarming, since there was a catastrophic lack of suitable land for use. Most of the land was pastures, hayfields and fallow lands, and only a small part of the land was plowed. In different villages, the ratio of agricultural and non-agricultural land, that is, arable and non-arable land, was different, but everywhere there was an imbalance in favor of non-arable land. Especially in the Starominsky yurt. In 1879, in Starominskaya there were 5 noble, 84 non-resident and 857 magistrate and Cossack households. The number of Cossack households with working oxen was 804; the rest of the Cossacks did not keep oxen. The largest number of oxen, 8 pairs, had one yard, 7 pairs of oxen each had two yards, 6 pairs each had six yards, 5 pairs each had 23 yards, four each had 11 yards, three each had 158 yards, two each had 292 yards. , 210 households kept one pair of oxen. Thus, there were few poor people in terms of draft labor in the village. Above we talked about outdated weight measures. Complex and cumbersome, they were not convenient to use and were soon replaced by measures of the metric system. However, they remain in the history of metrology and standards, and therefore we consider it necessary to present the measures of bulk solids characteristic of that time. First of all, data regarding such a measure as a quarter. The quarter was the most common, but not the largest, unit of weight. The largest was the flipper, which was equal to 12 quarters. In turn, one quarter was equal to two osminas of four quadruples each. One quadrangle was equal to eight garnets. One garnz - thirty parts. Thus, one quarter contained 1920 parts. When loading ships with grain, the measures had a slightly different gradation and depended on the type of grain. So, one last was equal to sixteen quarters of rye, wheat, barley or oil seeds. But the oats were hung in sacks, and for oats one fin was 20 sacks. In general, according to the law, one fin was equal to 123 poods and 26 pounds. In trade it was generally accepted that one quarter contained 9.5 pounds of wheat, 6.25 pounds of rye, 7.25 pounds of barley, 6 pounds of oats. It is clear that in everyday life the use of these measures created certain difficulties and required popular explanations with the help of various kinds of reference books. We present data from the Kuban reference book for 1891. It is unknown whether they were contained in reference books for other years. There is a common opinion about the primitive state of public education in the Kuban at that time, which can be considered valid only with the obligatory proviso: the situation was changing for the better before our eyes. For example, until 1881, in Starominskaya there was only one classroom school for Cossack children with a three-year period of study. Created on the model of a one-class rural school of the Ministry of Public Education, it existed at the expense of the village Cossack society and had a standard premises, which, by the way, has survived to this day. A little more than twenty years will pass, and a standard women's school will appear in Starominskaya, a whole complex of buildings of a 2-year school with a five-year period of study, schools and colleges built for public needs directly by the Cossacks will begin to open. Thus, the director-trustee of the first 2-year school in Starominskaya was the Cossack Alexey Alekseevich Shamray, who built a whole complex of buildings for educational purposes, two of which are still in use. In the building built for public needs by the Cossack Shavlach, the first men's gymnasium of the Ministry of Public Education system in the village was opened, and two more buildings built by him were used for school needs already in Soviet times. Also in Soviet times, buildings built by the Cossacks Petrenko, Galushko, Krivonos and Starchenko, and village atamans Sergei Klimovich Dmitrenko and Emelyan Ivanovich Us were used for school needs. Some of these buildings have survived to this day. Let us present the statistical data preserved in the archives for the village of Starominskaya for 1909, 1913 and 1914. These were pre-war (meaning the First World War) and pre-revolutionary (meaning the October Revolution) years, and with a comparative analysis, the data presented give a certain idea of the dynamics of the development of the village, and with it our entire region. Here are the data for Starominskaya for 1909: Total population - 20,480 people, including: a) indigenous residents of the Cossack class - 15,376 people, incl. men - 7687 people, women - 7689 people; b) non-residents - 5103 people, incl. men - 2640 people, women - 2463 people. Total households - 2237, including: households of indigenous residents - 2020, households of non-residents - 217. Total land in dessiatinas - 55686 dessiatinas, including: a) arable land - 45710 dessiatinas, b) haymaking - 1500 dessiatinas, c) grazing - 1210 dessiatines, d) forests, gardens, bushes - 25 dessiatines, e) floodplains, swamps - 2500 dessiatines, f) other lands - 4741 dessiatines. Administrative and other institutions: one village board, one savings and loan partnership, one post office. (Kuban calendar for 1910, pp. 360-361). Information of the same order according to Starominskaya for 1913: Total population - 24,834 people, including: a) indigenous residents of the Cossack class - 17,314 people, incl. men - 8658 people, women - 8656 people; b) non-residents - 7520 people, incl. men - 4051 people, women - 3469 people. The total number of households is 2928, including: households of indigenous residents - 2740, households of non-residents - 188. Total land in dessiatines - 56,760 dessiatines, including: a) arable land - 49,060 dessiatines, b) haymaking - 649 dessiatines, c) grazing - 320 dessiatines, d) forests, gardens, bushes - 50 dessiatines, e) floodplains, swamps - 180 dessiatines, f) other lands - 6507 dessiatines. The number of share plots is 4419. Administrative and other institutions: one village board, one savings and loan partnership, one post office, one 2-grade school, four one-grade schools, three parish schools, three churches. (Kuban calendar for 1914, pp. 560-561). And finally, data for Starominskaya for 1914: Total population - 24,729 people, including: a) indigenous residents of the Cossack class - 18,246 people, incl. men - 8848 people, women - 9396 people; b) non-residents - 7383 people, incl. men - 4288 people, women - 3195 people. Total households - 3400, including: households of indigenous residents - 3197, households of non-residents - 203. Total land in dessiatinas - 56760 dessiatinas, including: a) arable land - 49752 dessiatinas, b) haymaking - 1010 dessiatinas, c) grazing - 620 dessiatines, d) forests, gardens, bushes - 50 dessiatines, e) floodplains, swamps - 180 dessiatines, f) other lands - 4148 dessiatines. Administrative and other institutions: one village board, one savings and loan partnership, one postal and telegraph office, one men's gymnasium, two 2-grade schools, four one-grade schools, three parochial schools, three churches. (Kuban calendar for 1916, pp. 542-543). The outbreak of the war with Germany, which went down in world history as the First World War, in Soviet history as the First World War and imperialist, and in Cossack history as the Great War, brought with it the well-known hardships of wartime hard times, but did not significantly disrupt the usual way of life of the village. In 1914, the construction of the representative brick building of the village government, begun two years earlier, was completed. Before us is a copy of act number 4 dated June 13, 1914 on the payment of 9,000 rubles to the contractor Nikolai Koryazhnin for the work performed on the construction of the administration building. The work was accepted by engineer G. Milovanov. The act was approved by the ataman of the village Emelyan Ivanovich Us. And one more, of some interest, information from that period. The population of the village of Starominskaya, in addition to in-kind contributions for the repair of roads and bridges, incurred additional expenses in the amount of 2,277 rubles 58 kopecks in 1914. This is exactly how much the war cost the fellow Starominsk residents, not counting the irretrievable losses in the troops. However, this was the first, and far from the most difficult for us, period of the war, when Russia had undoubted military successes at the fronts. The main difficulties will come later, and with them the complete disintegration of the army, and a split among the Cossacks, and the deceptive, demagogic promises of the Reds, and the inability of the Whites to resist the fundamentally false communist idea. However, we are now interested not in perspective, but in retrospect, that is, exclusively looking back into the distant past and what was experienced long ago. And let us return again to the beginning of the twentieth century, so that, taking it as the starting point of the biography of our village, we slowly walk through its decades, as if along the marble steps of the main staircase of a museum, thus reaching at least the middle of the century. How much the history of the oldest and most typical village of Kuban, like our Starominskaya, has contained in this short time. The winter of the first year of the new, twentieth, century began very early for our village: already on November 24, 1900, Sosyka and Eya stood up and were covered with ice, but the subsequent sharp warming led to their opening, and then winter, as noted in the agricultural review for 1901, “...was distinguished by moderation and dampness” and was replaced by an early and very warm spring, which had not been observed since 1857. However, such springs are extremely rare in our area. Sometimes even in winter it rains and a thaw sets in, but spring comes and suddenly frosts strike, so strong that they destroy the seedlings in the fields, and in the gardens flowers and even emerging fruits. K.N. Cherny spoke about one of these weather “surprises” in his essay in the Kuban collection for 1883, who recalled how on May 8, 1876, 1,517 sheep froze among the residents of the village of Starominskaya. However, our nature is from God, and therefore there is no need to complain about it. We agree that our region is, in general, fertile. It is believed that countries located at 45 degrees north or south latitude - the line that divides half the globe, from the pole to the equator, not two equal parts, have a very advantageous position, suggesting the presence of a temperate climate, rich soils, and a variety of flora and fauna. If the statement is correct that architecture and construction express the degree of economic prosperity of the population, then the beginning of the century for Starominskaya was marked by high rates of economic growth, which was not slowed down even by the Russian-Japanese War. By 1903, three buildings of the so-called Shamraya school (now secondary school number 2) were put into operation, and by 1906, the building of the future national gymnasium was put into operation. In 1907, a brick gas-powered mill, built by the Cossack Ion Ivonski, came into operation, the millstone grinding building of which is still in operation. In 1909, the brick-built Panteleimon Church was consecrated, destroyed along with two other churches, Svyatopokrovskaya and Nativity of Christ, by the Bolsheviks. 10s. Intensive construction of social facilities continues in the village - a complex of brick shops on Bazarnaya Square, a number of new educational institutions of the Ministry of Public Education. In 1914, the most beautiful two-story building of the ataman village administration was put into operation (now a children's music school and a regional folk museum - a kind of visiting card of our village). Railway lines are being put into operation from Yeisk to Sosyka station via Starominskaya and from Kushchevskaya via Starominskaya to Timashevskaya and further to Yekaterinodar. 20s. The October Revolution of 17 led to a split of society into Reds and Whites, to a bloody fratricidal civil war that lasted in the Kuban until the 20th year inclusive. Soviet power was finally established in Starominskaya only in March 1920. In 1924, a modern territorial and administrative division was introduced in the region, and Starominskaya became the center of the district of the same name, the largest in the Don Okrug, which at that time included Yeisk, Shcherbinovsky, Starominsky and Kushchevsky districts. The Starominsky district included Starominsky, Albashsky, Elisavetovsky, Otradovsky, Novoderevyankovsky, Kanelovsky, Novoyasensky, Novominsky and Tsar-Darsky village councils. Some time will pass, and the areas will begin to disaggregate. In the Starominsky district there will only be two village councils: Starominsky and Novoyasensky. And in the future, the region will either be enlarged or disaggregated, until one day it completely disappears from the map of the Krasnodar Territory. Finally, it will again be recreated within its current borders. This time, hopefully, forever. 30s. In Kuban, as throughout the country, forced collectivization is being carried out at an accelerated pace, the first results of which are even impressive. The era of gigantomania begins. The entire territory of the district within its current borders is occupied by only two collective farms - “Leninsky Shlyakh” (Starominsky Kut) and “Kombinat” (Kanelovsky Kut). Being completely uncontrollable, the giant collective farms will soon disintegrate, and as a result, the majority of currently operating collective farms will emerge (including the Red Banner collective farms, named after Chapaev and others). 40s. The most difficult test of the strength of the Soviet system was the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet people against the Nazi invaders. The structure withstood the strength, however, at what cost? The lives of more than 27 million Soviet people were laid on the sacrificial altar of Victory, including almost half a million Kuban residents, including more than 6 thousand Starominsk residents. Eternal glory to the heroic sons of Kuban! ...We could reach the steps of history right into our present time, but is there much reason for this if we still end up in a completely different era and in a completely different state. Analyzing the above data, you can easily understand what the natural course of events is, or the evolutionary path of development of society. This is exactly the path that our country, and together with the entire country, our Kuban, followed at the beginning of the century, and it was so until crazy heads were found who, in order to please their exorbitant ambitions, decided to destroy the world order established on earth and plunge the world into chaos. They say that out of chaos a new order arises. Maybe so. But this is the work of God, not man. E.A. Shirokoborodov. Starominskaya. July 2007. http://www.shirokoborodov.ru/prose/minsky-kuren
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