The Russian language is a difficult subject. We spell words quite differently from how they are actually pronounced. In speech, the same phonemes manifest themselves in different sound forms. Compare, for example, the words "honey" - [m" from] and "honey" - [m" idok]. It all depends on whether phonemes occupy strong positions or weak positions within the word. Let's talk about this in more detail.
Speech is a continuous stream of phonemes, in which the pronunciation of a sound is largely determined by its place in the word, adjacent vowels and consonants. AT weak position articulation undergoes significant changes. Phonemes lose some of their characteristics, begin to appear in other variants. For example, [o] in an unstressed position begins to sound like [a]: [vada], [sava]. The final [g] is pronounced like [k]: [druk], [kruk]. It is in such places that we make mistakes in writing.
AT strong position the phoneme, on the contrary, is heard distinctly and stands in its basic form. It does not depend on the position in the word, its quality is not affected by neighboring sounds. This is, for example, the phoneme [o] in the words "water", "owl". Or the sound [g] in the words "friend", "around".
Morphological principle of spelling
What for ordinary person, far from linguistics, to know the strong and weak positions of phonemes? The fact is that the spelling of 90% of Russian words is regulated by the so-called morphological principle. According to him, we should not take into account phonetic alternations when we pick up a pen or type on a keyboard. Roots, suffixes, prefixes, endings are always written the same way. Vowel reduction, softening of consonants before some sounds, their voicing or stunning are not taken into account.
The conclusion follows from this: when writing, one cannot rely on hearing. Only sounds in strong positions are written as they are heard. All others need to be checked. Having determined that the phoneme is in a weak position, we begin to select a test word with the same morpheme. For example, tooth - tooth, lime - pine, hike - train, to the lamp - to the water. In the test word, the phoneme must be in a strong position, and be in the same morpheme. Otherwise, you can make a mistake.
Strong and weak positions of vowels
Already in elementary school, children know: the sound under stress is heard for a long time, clearly and does not need to be checked. We can safely write the words "som", "sam" in a notebook. This is a strong vowel position.
Quite another matter is an unstressed position. Such a vowel is in a weak position, we pronounce it shortly, with less force, indistinctly. Compare the words "soma" and "sama". They sound almost the same. In order not to make mistakes when writing them, schoolchildren are taught to select test words.
The Russian language is characterized by:
- "akanye", when unstressed [a] and [o] are pronounced the same after solid consonants (for example, the words "at home", "gave");
- "hiccups", in which unstressed [a] and [e] are indistinguishable after soft consonants (for example, in the words "ball" and "sword").
Vowels [and], [y] and [s] in a weak position are pronounced shorter, but do not change their quality sound. However, it is better to be careful here too. Unstressed [and], for example, can be easily confused with the phonemes [a] and [e] after soft consonants.
Consonant positions: voiceless and voiceless
Consonant sounds form pairs according to such features as "deaf-voiced" and "hard-soft". Accordingly, strong and weak positions of consonants are also determined by these two characteristics.
A strong position on the basis of "deaf-voiced" for consonants is the position:
- before a vowel: tom-house, fence-cathedral;
- before sonorants: firewood - grass, layer - evil;
- before the letter "v": the creator is the palace.
In these cases, consonants are heard clearly and do not require verification. It is hardly possible to make a mistake in writing which do not have a pair of deafness. These include [l], [l "], [n], [n"], [p], [p "], [m], [m"], [th"]. Phonemes [x], [ c], [x "], [u"] and [h "], on the contrary, do not have a voiced paired sound. They can occupy different positions in words, retaining their main characteristics and not coinciding with other consonants during pronunciation.
When can consonants be voiced or stunned?
Now we will learn to distinguish between strong positions and weak positions of paired ones according to the voiced-deafness of phonemes. When do we run the risk of making a mistake in writing? This position:
- at the end of a word, where both voiced and deaf phonemes coincide in their sound: eye - voice, oak - dull, bough - meadow;
- before a paired voiced sound, when the adjacent consonant is also pronounced loudly: shave - [br] shave, give - o[dd]at;
- before a deaf consonant, when a nearby sound is deafened: spoon - lo [shk] a, entrance - [ph] od.
To avoid mistakes, we must understand in which morpheme the questionable sound is located. Then find a test word where the required phoneme is in a strong position. To make it not take a lot of time, you need training. Let's select test words for the examples given above: eye - eyes, voice - voice, oak - oak, stupid - stupid, bough - bough, meadow - meadows; shave - fold, give - drive off; spoon - impose, entrance - to the left.
Consonant positions: hardness and softness
It's time to consider the strong and weak positions of consonants on such a basis as "hard-soft". There are many dangers here. The morphological principle does not always save. For example, the sounds [zh] and [w] are always hard, but we know that in some cases they are followed by soft sign(rye, listen). After a hard [c], the letter "y" (chicken) or "i" (circus) can stand.
The sounds [h "] and [u"] are always pronounced softly, but from the first grade we remember the spelling of the syllables "cha-scha" and "chu-shu". Another principle is at work here, called traditional or historical. Only a clear knowledge of the rules of the Russian language will save you from a mistake.
However, back to theory. In which case do consonants that have a pair of hardness-softness do not change their qualitative characteristics? This position:
- before a vowel: [small] - [m "al", [ox] - [v "ol], [bow] - [l "uk], [life"] - [b "it"];
- at the end of the word: [kon] - [kon "], [brother] - [brother"];
- absolutely any for phonemes [l], [l "]: in [ln] a - in [l "n] a, after [l "z] a - in [lz] at;
- before posterior lingual [g], [k], [x], [g "], [k"], [x"] and hard labial [b], [m], [p] for front lingual sounds: go [rk] a - go [r "k] o, and [zb] a - re [z "b] a;
- before hard dental [s], [s], [c], [d], [t], [l], [n] for dental: ko [ns] cue - ju [n "s] cue;
- before solid anterior lingual [c], [h], [t], [d], [c], [l], [r], [n], [w], [g] for sonorant anterior linguals: Jan [rs] cue - September [r "s] cue, ma [nzh] eta - de [n "f] ata.
Weak positions on the characteristic "softness - hardness"
There are positions in which hard consonants soften under the influence of neighboring sounds. They are considered weak. This position:
- Before [th "]: raven - voro [n" y "o]. The exception is the consonants at the end of the prefix before [th"]: [vy" est] - entry.
- Before soft teeth for sounds [c], [n], [s]: together with [s "t"] e, [s "d"] are.
- Before the phonemes [h "] and [u"] for the sound [n]: drum [n "u"] ik, roll [n "h"] ik.
In general, it is very difficult to distinguish between strong positions and weak positions on the basis of "hard-soft consonant". The fact is that not all cases can be found examples. So, in Russian, before [n] we meet only solid [m]: compote, shampoo, etc. Not a single word has a sound [m "] in this position. Therefore, we cannot be completely sure whether phoneme [m] or [m "].
Absolute positions for consonants
Let's summarize. With vowel sounds, everything is clear. If they are under stress, the position is considered strong. If the stress falls on another phoneme in the word, then the position is weak. Consonants are more difficult.
For example, in the word "tooth" the sound at the end is deafened. The position on the basis of "voicedness-deafness" will be weak. But it is also strong on the soft-hard scale. When weak positions on both characteristics coincide, the phoneme is considered to be absolutely weak. It realizes itself in various variations and requires the application of spelling rules.
It happens that the consonant is in a strong position both on the basis of "voiced-deaf", and according to the characteristic "soft - hard". Often this is observed in the position before the vowel sound. This position is called absolutely strong.
Knowing the strong positions and weak positions of phonemes is necessary for every person who wants to write correctly. This will allow you to determine the "erroneously dangerous" place in the word in time and remember the corresponding rule.
In the classroom, various forms of multi-level education of schoolchildren are used. The students work in three groups. The first group includes children with high learning abilities and high and average working capacity. The second group is the middle and low level learning abilities and average working capacity. The third group of students with low and average learning abilities and low working capacity.
In this lesson, work is underway to open a new position of paired consonant sounds and its further application in teaching schoolchildren.
Topic: Strong and weak positions of consonants.
Objectives: to teach to distinguish signs of strong and weak positions of paired consonants; acquaintance with the “weak” position of consonants in front of consonants, which is new for children; to work out the way of writing with gaps in spelling of weak positions.
During the classes:
1. Organizational moment.
Check readiness for the lesson. Teach children to be kind to each other. on cultural dialogue when working in groups.
2. Knowledge update.
- Change the words: meadows, sides so that they name one object. Record both changes of each word in sounds. Write down the changes next to it.
For group 3, task No. 1 is performed according to the model. Task number 2 in groups is different, taking into account their learning abilities.
For group 1: write down schemes of strong and weak positions of consonants.
Group 2: indicate the strong and weak positions of consonants next to the diagrams.
Group 3: connect the strong and weak positions with the diagrams with a line.
3. Checking the work of the group at the blackboard:
Children from group 1 start so that the rest of the students listen to the explanation again.
1 Gr. 2 Gr. 3 Gr.
[MEASOWINGS] [G] O Meadows
[LUG] [K]. Lu_
[TANK][K] O B_
[BOK] [K]. Bo_
From the schemes written on the board, choose a more complete one or answer the teacher's questions.
4. Statement of the problem:
- Do the consonants have any other weak positions? (Listen to the opinion of the children).
- Write down the name of the objects beep, skating rink with sounds. Change each word so that it names many things, and record the word changes with sounds. Circle the penultimate consonants in the changes.
Group 1 students work independently and observe the changes in each word.
Students of groups 2 and 3 work together with the teacher.
[BEEP] [Y]
[GUTK'I] [T]
[RINK] [T]
[KATK'I] [T]
– In vowels, strong and weak positions are determined by stress. And what determines the positions of paired consonants? (neighbor on the right, that is, Oh, no).
- Highlight and write down the penultimate consonant sounds.
Are there any vowel sounds in weak position? Mark them.
Are there any consonant sounds in strong positions? Explain.
Have you noted the positions of all consonants?
- In what position are both sounds from a pair possible? (In the strong). Write them out.
- And in what position does only 1 consonant sound out of a pair come to work? (In the weak).
- What is that sound? (consonant, deaf).
- Show with arrows which sound appeared instead of the sounds [Д] and [Т] before the consonants.
Children opening a new position.
– Compare and discuss in pairs the weak position of consonants with the one you learned earlier. (Group 1 independently concludes a new weak position). You made another discovery today. How many weak positions of consonants do you now know? Is it possible to designate sounds in weak positions with letters? (No, because spelling, put a dash).
Write a letter next to it. Who has a different letter entry, without gaps?
- What helped to write words without gaps? (the law of Russian writing).
6. Primary fastening:
Writing words, sentences with missing spellings of weak positions.
The first group works independently;
The second - according to the model;
The third group with the teacher.
If the groups have questions, they show a card with a question mark. Children from group 1 come to the rescue.
7. Reflection of activity:
What discovery has each made for himself?
8. Homework:
For the first group: write down a few words where paired consonants come before other consonants.
The second and third group task according to the textbook.
The next lesson of the Russian language begins with determining the positions of consonants in words written by group 1.
In a word, consonants can take different positions. In some positions, consonants are opposed to each other in terms of sonority-deafness and hardness-softness; such positions are called strong. The positions of the consonant before vowels and before sonorants are strong in voicing-deafness (i.e., voiced and deaf consonants always differ here): d am - t am, b silt - P silt, h loy - with loy, d relay - t rel. Consonant positions before vowels (except [e]) are also strong in hardness-softness: m al - m yal, l uk - l yuk, b yt - b it, in ol - in ate(but before [e] both soft and hard consonants are possible: ser - sir; meter(unit of measure; pronounced with soft [m"]) -meter(teacher, master; pronounced with [m] solid).
Positions in which consonants are not opposed in terms of voiced-deafness and hardness-softness are called weak. Thus, the position of a consonant at the end of a word is weak in terms of voicedness-deafness: voiced and deaf consonants are pronounced the same here - deafly (cf. hundred to and hundred G, pr t and pru d). Before voiced consonants, all consonants that are paired in voiced-deafness are pronounced as voiced (cf. h here and with make: in both words, in the position before the voiced [d "] the voiced [з"] is pronounced), and before the deaf ones - as deaf (cf. true b ka and sha P ka: in both words, in the position before the deaf [k], the deaf [p] is pronounced).
Position in front of soft lips and teeth, as well as in front of
In the same word, but in its different forms, consonants can alternate with each other - depending on what position they are in: voiced consonants before vowels alternate with voiceless ones in the position of the end of the word, voiceless ones alternate with voiced ones in position before voiced , hard ones alternate with soft ones in position before soft consonants. Such alternations of sounds are called positional. They do not violate the morphological integrity of the word and are not reflected in writing. Compare: true b a-true b (pronounced [true P]), mow t b-skew b a(pronounced [ka h"ba]), tra in a-tra in ka(pronounced [tra f kъ]), more[ m b]a–o bo[ m"b]e, [ d"in"] e - [dv] mind.
Some alternations characterize not the modern phonetic system, but its state in the past; such alternations are called historical. They are assigned to certain morphological forms and are reflected in writing in the form of different letters. Compare: sve t it - light h u, boo d it - boo well u, stere G and - erase well et and under. Such alternations are not determined by the position of the sound: and before<и>, and before<у>both [t "], [d"], [g "], and [h], [g] are possible (compare: shine - sharpen, guard - wake etc.). (For more on historical alternations, see below, § 94–97.)
In a word, consonants can take different positions. In some positions, consonants are opposed to each other in terms of sonority-deafness and hardness-softness; such positions are called strong. The positions of the consonant before vowels and before sonorants are strong in voicing-deafness (i.e., voiced and deaf consonants always differ here): d am - t am, b silt - P silt, h loy - with loy, d relay - t rel. Consonant positions before vowels (except [e]) are also strong in hardness-softness: m al - m yal, l uk - l yuk, b yt - b it, in ol - in ate(but before [e] both soft and hard consonants are possible: ser - sir; meter(unit of measure; pronounced with soft [m"]) -meter(teacher, master; pronounced with [m] solid).
Positions in which consonants are not opposed in terms of voiced-deafness and hardness-softness are called weak. Thus, the position of a consonant at the end of a word is weak in terms of voicedness-deafness: voiced and deaf consonants are pronounced the same here - deafly (cf. hundred to and hundred G, pr t and pru d). Before voiced consonants, all consonants that are paired in voiced-deafness are pronounced as voiced (cf. h here and with make: in both words, in the position before the voiced [d "] the voiced [з"] is pronounced), and before the deaf ones - as deaf (cf. true b ka and sha P ka: in both words, in the position before the deaf [k], the deaf [p] is pronounced).
Position in front of soft lips and teeth, as well as in front of
In the same word, but in its different forms, consonants can alternate with each other - depending on what position they are in: voiced consonants before vowels alternate with voiceless ones in the position of the end of the word, voiceless ones alternate with voiced ones in position before voiced , hard ones alternate with soft ones in position before soft consonants. Such alternations of sounds are called positional. They do not violate the morphological integrity of the word and are not reflected in writing. Compare: true b a-true b (pronounced [true P]), mow t b-skew b a(pronounced [ka h"ba]), tra in a-tra in ka(pronounced [tra f kъ]), more[ m b]a–o bo[ m"b]e, [ d"in"] e - [dv] mind.
Some alternations characterize not the modern phonetic system, but its state in the past; such alternations are called historical. They are assigned to certain morphological forms and are reflected in writing in the form of different letters. Compare: sve t it - light h u, boo d it - boo well u, stere G and - erase well et and under. Such alternations are not determined by the position of the sound: and before<и>, and before<у>both [t "], [d"], [g "], and [h], [g] are possible (compare: shine - sharpen, guard - wake etc.). (For more on historical alternations, see below, § 94–97.)
Loss of consonants.
In some positions during pronunciation, consonants are dropped out. As a rule, no sounds are pronounced d and t in combinations zdn and stn , For example: right zdn ik, u stn th. In addition, in some words, a consonant sound falls out when other consonants collide, for example: sun, se RDC e , scha st liv, hello sun wuy(compare: sun, heart, happiness, congratulations, where are the sounds l, d, t, v are pronounced).
To check the spelling of words with unpronounceable consonants, you need to select related words or word forms where these combinations of consonants would be separated by a vowel or would be at the end of the word, for example: mustache t ny - mustache t a - mustache t (genus case).
Exercise 72. Orally answer these questions.
1) What additional work of the language creates the softness of consonant sounds: d - d", l - l", s - z", d - d", x - x", b - b", m - m "? 2) What consonant sounds of the Russian language are only solid? 3) Which consonants are only soft? 4) After which consonants in Russian words there can be no sound s ? After which - the sound and ?
73 . Read; indicate soft consonants and explain how their softness is indicated in writing.
The louder the hubbub about you,
The more haughty be quiet.
Don't complete someone else's lies
Shame of explanation. (B. Pasternak)
74 . Write by inserting the missing letters. Explain why in some cases the softness of the consonant is indicated by the letter ь, and in others it is not indicated.
1) Ve ... vi lilacs closed the whole house. 2) Kits of white flowers stood out against the dark greenery. 3) Ma...chiki were looking for people for fishing. 4) An agronomist ... made a report on a bean ... with pests of gardens and orchards. 5) In...my pi...ma and put them in...po...polybox. 6) The tables were covered with white scat...s. 7) At the meeting they talked about ko ... be and young ... spring. 8) The hunters tracked down a big bear. 9) Ra ... ve ra ... she had a mustache here ... ba? 10) There were nails in the box. 11) Se ... d went in shoals. 12) But ... the air was fresh.
75 . Change these words so that the highlighted consonants soften, and write. Orally explain why between soft consonants is written b .
letter m o - in writing m e; struggle b ah, grind b a, prisons m a, scythe b ah, please b ah, cutting b ah, tes m ah, sur m a , finger m a , finger b ah, seat b ah, take it m y, Kuz m a, eight m oh.
76 . Write down and underline the adjacent soft consonants. Orally explain why there is no b .
Worm, branchy, bears, bony, unless, if, death, forgive, forgive, regions, jaws, tales, canes, honors, in a dream, shipyards, nails, thoughts, executions, illnesses, greengrocer, lamplighter, bricklayer, night, kidney , daughter, stove, finish, take into account, read, subtract.
77 . Read expressively; indicate what sounds stand for the underlined letters.
E sli boy
l Yu bit Labor,
in the book eh chik,
about such
write here:
good and th boy.
(V.V. Mayakovsky.)
78. Install according to the program and textbooks elementary school, with what cases of designation of softness of consonants students of I and II classes get acquainted.
79. Indicate which words have unpronounceable consonants; change, where possible, the indicated words so that these consonants are pronounced.
1) The sun flooded all the surroundings with bright light. 2) The guys felt happy in the fresh air. 3) Giant pine trees made a dull noise with their tops. 4) The nature of the area suddenly changed dramatically. 5) Late in the evening we were returning home. 6) There was a ladder by the window. 7) Someone whipped me with a branch. 8) A breeze swept from the forest - a messenger of a thunderstorm.
vowel sounds
WEAK POSITIONS OF CONSONANTS
For voiceless and voiced consonants weak positions are positions at the end of a word or before other consonants.
At the end of a word, voiced consonants become deaf, deafened. Pillar we pronounce like table[n], hike- as like[t], garage- as gara[w]. The same thing happens before voiceless consonants. Story reads like ska[s]ka, a a boat- as lo[t]ka.
With deaf consonants, the opposite is true - before voiced ones, they themselves voice themselves. In place of the phoneme C in the word request sounds [ h].
In what position can you see the real phoneme? This is the position before a vowel or sonorant consonants (super voiced sounds[ r, l, m, n,j], in which there are more voices than noise).
Let's select test words for our words: let's turn pillar in tableb ik, hike- in liked ny, boat- in lod point, a request- in aboutwith it. Then we will understand which letter needs to be written in place of a weak consonant in order to preserve the basic principle of Russian spelling - recording a real phoneme.
To reduce the number of cases of obscure
And so that the answers were not bad,
Listen to the consonants
In order not to confuse voiced and deaf ...
Deaf sounds are fidgets,
They don't want to live in peace
They seek a ringing neighbor
Stun by all means.
If you hear a paired sound,
Be careful my friend.
Double check immediately
Feel free to change the word:
Substitute a vowel next!
There are weak and strong positions hard and soft consonants. According to the laws of the Russian language, in many cases the subsequent soft consonant makes the preceding hard consonant soften. And the hard one has to give in.
For example, here is the word bridge. All consonants are solid. But it is worth changing according to t and turn into soft, as the mitigation immediately spreads to the neighboring [ with] - mo[s’t’]ik. the same process occurs in pairs of words forest - le [s'n '] ik, bow - ba [n't '] ik. People unknowingly can insert a soft sign between two soft consonants in these cases. This is not necessary, since the softness of the first consonant is not real, but acquired, “softness from a neighbor.”
There are times when in weak positions, phonemes disappear altogether. If there are several consonants nearby, then the middle sound is not pronounced at all. Heed the words local, tourist, dutch, holiday. Are all written letters representing phonemes really pronounced? Is it possible to choose among these words such words in which the phonemes would be in a strong position (we remind you that the main one is before the vowel)?
Mest ny - montht ah, turist sky - turist uh golland tsy - golland ets, holidayd equal
Sometimes found in words
Terrible consonants.
They don't pronounce
And what to write, it is not clear to you ...
To know how to write
We need to change the word.
And behind the incomprehensible sound
Look for a vowel quickly.
Chocolate biscuit: the secrets of cooking in a slow cooker and oven
Chemical composition and nutritional value
Apple chips at home
Braised cabbage with white beans, recipe
How to reduce the ass, hips and stomach at home?