When analyzing the position of a consonant phoneme, it should be remembered that strong position is a position of distinction, i.e. a position in which both phonemes, paired according to a certain feature, can be realized while maintaining their distinctive ability. Position<т>front<о>is a strong position on the participation of voice and noise, since in this position, a steam room can act for her in deafness / sonority<д>, For example:<то>m -<до>m. In the position of the absolute end of the word<т>will be in a weak position on this basis, tk. in this position it is impossible to contrast phonemes<д> - <т>. However, the phoneme<т>in the position of the absolute end of the word is in strong position in terms of hardness / softness, because at the absolute end of the word can be realized as a solid phoneme<т 1 >, and its paired soft phoneme<т’ 1 >: <т 1 > <сут 1 >,<сут’ 1 >. The absence of one of the members of a pair of phonemes in a certain position allows us to consider the position as weak, since in it the phoneme loses its distinctive ability.
Note: Strong and weak positions are determined only for phonemes that are paired according to a certain feature.
A position that is weak on the basis of deafness / voicedness, but strong on the basis of the presence / absence of palatalization, is indicated by the index 1 .
A position that is weak on the basis of hardness / softness, but strong on the basis of the participation of voice and noise, is indicated by the index 2 .
The position of consonant phonemes, which is weak both in deafness/voicing and in hardness/softness, is indicated by the index 3 .
For deafness/voicedness
Paired deafness / voiced phonemes clearly differ in position before any vowel phoneme, before a sonorous phoneme and before strong phonemes<в> - <в’>. In these positions, paired consonant phonemes perform a significative function, i.e. retain the ability to distinguish between sound shells of words, word forms and morphemes, for example:
In the position of the absolute end of the word, phonemes that are paired in deafness/voicedness lose their distinctive ability, cease to perform a significative function, because voiced consonant phonemes cannot appear in this position, for example: dó<г>a - to<к>but to<к 1 >. The position of neutralization, i.e. indistinguishing noisy voiced / deaf, is also a position in front of any noisy phoneme, except<в> - <в’>. In a position in front of noisy voiced consonants, only noisy voiced sounds can appear, in a position in front of noisy deaf ones - only noisy deaf ones, for example: ú<з>ok - u<с 1 >to; sing<с>ok - poya<с 1 >ki. Therefore, phonemes<з>and<с>lose their distinctive ability, being replaced by one weak phoneme<с 1 >.
Information about the positions of phonemes will be summarized using a table.
Strong and weak positions of consonant phonemes
By hardness / softness
In a strong position, both phonemes can act, paired on the basis of hardness / softness, while maintaining the semantic ability. For example, in position before a vowel phoneme:<лу́к> - <л’у́к>. It should be noted that the position in front of<е>, because in this position, both soft and hard phonemes can appear in root morphemes, for example:<ме́>tr (teacher, mentor) -<м’е́>tr. In the position of the absolute end of the word, where deaf / voiced phonemes are not distinguished, both hard and soft phonemes can appear, paired according to this feature, for example: kroʹ<фı>-kro<ф’ı>. In front of the back lingual phoneme, front lingual and labial phonemes retain their distinctive ability, having pairs of hardness / softness, for example: Ce<рг’>she - se<р’г’>e; ple<т 1 к>a - sya<т’ı-к>a; so<пı к>a - sy<п’ıк>a.
In a weak position in terms of hardness / softness, it is neutralized from the opposition of phonemes on this basis, phonemes lose their distinctive ability. For example, in a position in front of a dental or palatine-dental anterior-lingual phoneme, only a hard labial phoneme can appear:<п 2 р’>ivet; O<п 2 р>os. In a position in front of a hard front-lingual phoneme, only hard dental phonemes are realized:<з 2 на́л> - <с 2 -на́м’и>. In this position, hard and soft anterior lingual are not distinguished.
Information about the strong and weak positions of consonant phonemes, paired on the basis of hardness / softness, can be presented in the form of a table:
| Strong positions in hardness/softness | Weak positions in hardness/softness |
| 1. Before a vowel phoneme, including before a phoneme<е> <да́>ma -<д’а́>ya;<со́>To -<с’о́>To; inter<не́>T -<н’е́>T | 1. The position of any consonant phoneme in front of the phoneme |
| 2. At the absolute end of the word plo<т 1 >- plo<т’ 1 >; mo<л>- mo<л’> | 2. Lip phonemes before anterior lingual ones (only hard labials can appear)<п 2 р>avo;<п 2 р’>went |
| 3. Front lingual phonemes before back lingual steʹ<нк>a - Ste<н’к>a; wah<рк>a - wah<р’- к>a | 3. Anterior-lingual dental phonemes in front of dental and palatine-dental (only soft allophones of phonemes appear in front of soft phonemes, only hard allophones in front of hard phonemes):<з 2 л’и́т’>; < с 2 л’и́т’>; <з 2 ло́j>; <с 2 ло́j>. Exception: phonemes<л> - <л’>; <н> - <н’>(see: "Strong positions in hardness / softness", No. 6) |
| 4. Lip phonemes before posterior coʹ<п 1 к>a - sy<п’ 1 -к>a; hundred<ф 1 к>a - hundred<ф’ 1 -к>a | 4. Palatodental<р> - <р’>in front of the labio-dental and front-lingual (only solid allophones of phonemes can appear):<р 2 в’о́т 1 >; <р 2 ва́л> |
| 5. Front-lingual phonemes before lip-labial phonemes<см>oh - in<с’м>Oh; then<рб>a - gu<р’б>a | 5. Labial consonant phonemes before labials:<р’и́ф 2 мα 1 >(Im.p.);<р’и́ф 2 м’α 1 >(L.p., E.p.) |
| 6. Phonemes<л>and<л’>before any consonant phoneme except | 6. Back-lingual phonemes before any consonant phoneme:<к 2 ну́т 1 >, <мок 2 н’ α 1 т 1 > |
| 7. Phonemes<н>and<н’>before phonemes<ж>and<ш>pla<нш>et - me<н’ш>e; ma<нж>em - de<н’ж>ata |
Note: For more information about the weak positions of consonants in terms of hardness / softness, see: Avanesov R.I. Phonetics of the modern Russian literary language. M., 1956, p. 175-182.
A phoneme can be in a strong position at the same time in terms of deafness/voicing and hardness/softness. This position is called absolutely strong, for example, the position before a vowel phoneme:<до́>m -<то́>m;<до́>m - and<д’о́>m. There are positions in which the deafness / voicedness of paired phonemes differs, but the hardness / softness does not differ, for example:<с 2 р>azu -<з 2 р>basics. In certain positions, the phoneme retains the ability to differentiate from paired ones in terms of hardness/softness, but appears in a weak position in terms of deafness/voicedness, for example, in the position of the absolute end of a word: kroʹ<ф ı >- kro<ф’ ı >, scale<ф ı >- ver<ф’ ı >. Absolutely weak phonemes appear in positions in which oppositions are lost both in deafness/voicedness and in hardness/softness. For example, noisy anterior-lingual dental in position in front of noisy anterior-lingual dental and palatine-dental ones do not differ from their paired phonemes in terms of deafness/voicedness and hardness/softness:<с 3 т>he. Phoneme<с 3 >is in an absolutely weak position, because before a noisy deaf consonant, only a noisy deaf consonant can appear, and before a hard dental consonant, only a hard dental one is used as part of the root, i.e. no distinction<с>- <з>; <с> - <с’>.
1) strong position- pronunciation conditions in which all the differential features of phonemes appear: for vowels under stress and in an open syllable; for consonants- intervocalic position, before vowels and sonorous consonants;
2) weak position- pronunciation conditions in which not all differential features of phonemes appear: for vowels- unstressed position, in a closed syllable; for consonants at the end of a word, before voiceless consonants.
Strong and weak phonemes
Strong phonemes are phonemes with the highest distinctiveness. Stressed vowels are strong phonemes.
Weak phonemes have less distinctiveness, because in a weak position, a phoneme is a substitute for two or even three strong phonemes. So [b] can replace<а>, <о>, <э>: [tantsy e va´t], [shulk/\v´i´ty], [myl/\ka´].
As noted earlier, each phoneme has a number of permanent, position-independent, constitutive features. Among the constitutive features, a differential feature stands out, which is both relevant (correlative) and constitutive at the same time. For<п>such a sign is deafness in relation to<б>: fell, ball. But deafness<п>eliminated in position before a voiced consonant.
If the feature of the phoneme is not relevant, then the constitutive feature is non-differentiating. For example, deafness<ц>- a constitutive irrelevant feature.
The concept of relevance is associated with two rows of phonemes: the first row consists of consonants, paired by deafness-voicedness, the second - consonants, paired by hardness-softness. A position that is strong for one member of the series is strong for all members of the series: h, s´║z´, w║zh, k║g, k´║g´].
Outside of this row, extra-pair consonants remain:<л>, <л´>, <р>, <р´>,m>,<м´>, <н>, <н´>, <ч´>, <х>, <х´>, <ц>, <ш´>,
Strong positions in deafness-voicedness:
1. position before vowels: [do´t] - [to´t];
2. position before sonorants: [gro´t] - [kro´t];
3. position before [j]: [bjo´t] - [pjo´t];
4. position before [in], [in´]: [dv´e´r´] - [tv´e´r´].
Weak positions are:
1. end of word : the code[cat] - cat[cat];
2. for the deaf, the position is in front of the voiced; for the voiced, the position is in front of the deaf: change[task], over the table[ntst/\lo´m].
The second row - phonemes paired in hardness-softness: [п║p´, b║b´, v║v´, f║f´, m║m´, s║s´, z║z´, t║t ´, d║d´, l║l´, n║n´, r║p´, g║g´, k║k´, x║x´].
Outside the pairs remain: consonants:<ц>, <ч>, <ж>, <ш>, <ш´>,
Strong positions in hardness-softness:
1. end of the word: [sta´n] - [sta´n´];
2. position before the vowels of the non-front row: [ma´l] - [m´a´l];
3. anterior lingual before posterior lingual [re´t´kj] - [re´dk] and hard labials [r´i e z´ba ´ ] - [hut ´ ] ;
4. sonorants (except [m]) before dental ones: [yi en nva ´ R ´ ] - [yi e nva´rsk´y].
5. <л>always in a strong position: [l´va ´ ] – [m/\lva´], the exception is the position before [j]: [l´ j y´].
Weak positions in terms of sonority-deafness appear very clearly, in terms of hardness-softness they are not so obvious.
Phonetic transcription conveys the sound composition of words, phonological (phonemic) transcription conveys the phonemic composition of words.
In phonological transcription, it is customary to designate:
α - all weak vowel phonemes,
α 1 - weak vowels 2 and 3 of prestressed and all stressed syllables:
index 1 - consonant phonemes weak in hardness-softness:
work<т 1 ру´т>, index 2 - consonants weak in deafness-voicedness:
allowance <нαт 2 ба´ф 2 кα 1 >,
index 3 - weak in hardness-softness and deafness-
voiced consonants: guarded <с 3 т´α 1 р´αгл´и´>.
If in phonological notation the same morpheme appears in different phonemic forms, determined by the phonological position in the word form, then in morphophonemic transcription, a generalized phonemic notation of the word form is used, abstracted from the types of its constituent morphemes determined by the phonological position. For example, the word stack in phonetic transcription - [with t o´k], in phonemic transcription -<с/з т о´ к 2 >, in morphophonemic transcription -<(с 3 т)ог>, where brackets indicate a combination of consonants with common phonetic features of deafness and hardness.
Allophone(Greek άλλος another and φωνή sound) - the realization of a phoneme, its variant, due to a specific phonetic environment. Unlike a phoneme, it is not an abstract concept, but a specific speech sound. The set of all possible positions in which allophones of one phoneme occur is called the distribution of the phoneme. Native speakers are good at recognizing phonemes, that is, semantic units of a language, and are not always able to recognize individual allophones of one phoneme. Phonemes in the minds of speakers are usually represented by basic allophones.
The main allophone is such an allophone, the properties of which are minimally dependent on the position and phonetic environment. The main allophones in Russian are:
- vowels in isolated pronunciation;
- hard consonants before stressed [a];
- soft consonants before stressed [and].
The main allophones are usually realized in a strong sound position. A strong position is a position in which the maximum number of phonemes of a given type is possible. In Russian, for vowels, a strong position is the position under stress, for consonants - before a non-front vowel.
Differ combinatorial and positional allophones.
Combinatorial allophones- implementations of phonemes associated with coarticulation under the influence of the phonetic environment of sounds.
Examples of combinatorial allophones in Russian can be:
- advanced forward back vowels [a], [o], [y] after soft consonants;
- labialized (rounded) consonants before vowels [o], [y];
- voiced affricates [dz], [d'zh "] in place of [c], [h] before voiced noisy ones.
Combinatorial allophones are also considered nasalized vowels before nasal [n], [m], [ŋ] in English language. In some languages of the world, combinatorial features (for example, nasalization) can extend over several syllables.
Positional allophones- realizations of phonemes related to their phonetic position in a word or syllable. By phonetic position it is customary to understand:
- the position of the sound in relation to the absolute beginning of the word (after a pause);
- the position of the sound in relation to the absolute end of the word (before the pause);
- the position of the sound in relation to the stress.
The positional allophones of the vowels [а], [o] in Russian are the vowels [ъ], [ʌ] in unstressed syllables.
Obligatory and free allophones
Depending on the degree of predictability of implementation, allophones are divided into obligatory, that is, implemented in accordance with the rules of the grammar of the language, and free, that is, implemented in accordance with the preferences of the speakers.
Obligatory allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution relationships, when two different allophones of the same phoneme cannot exist in the same position. In Russian, rounded and non-rounded consonants are in complementary distribution relations: rounded consonants are possible only before rounded vowels [o], [y], and unrounded consonants are pronounced in all other cases. The pronunciation of such an allophone in a different position is perceived by native speakers as an unnatural sound or a foreign accent.
Free allophones can be considered as facultative variants of phonemes that are widespread in various social and dialect groups (for example, fricative /г/ or hard /ш/ in certain Russian dialects), as well as individual variants of phonemes that make up the pronunciation features of individual speakers (for example, non-syllabic [ w] in place of the trembling [r] in Russian).
Background, background in phonetics - a unit of the sound level of a language, distinguished in a speech stream regardless of its phonemic affiliation (that is, without attributing it to a particular phoneme) or as a specific implementation of a phoneme in speech.
Unlike phonemes and allophones that belong to a language, phonemes are speeches. By associating a background with an allophone and a phoneme, the phoneme is said to be "general" (or class), allophones are "special" (or subclasses), and backgrounds are said to be "singular". Every phoneme in speech appears in one of its allophones, which is realized as one or another background.
The mimic realization of a phoneme (background) is called viseme. Visemes are used in lip reading and computer speech recognition techniques.
Speech sounds are studied in the section of linguistics called phonetics. All speech sounds are divided into two groups: vowels and consonants. Vowels can be in strong and weak positions. Strong position - a position under stress, in which the sound is pronounced clearly, for a long time, with greater force and does not require verification, for example: city, land, greatness. In a weak position (without stress), the sound is pronounced indistinctly, briefly, with less force and requires verification, for example: head, forest, teacher. All six vowels are distinguished under stress. In an unstressed position, instead of [a], [o], [h], other vowels are pronounced in the same part of the word. So, instead of [o], a somewhat weakened sound [a] - [vad] a is pronounced, instead of [e] and [a] in unstressed syllables, [ie] is pronounced - a sound that is intermediate between [i] and [e], for example: [ m "iesta], [h" iesy], [n "iet" brka], [s * ielo]. The alternation of strong and weak positions of vowels in the same part of the word is called positional alternation of sounds. The pronunciation of vowel sounds depends on which syllable they are in relation to the stressed one. In the first pre-stressed syllable, vowel sounds change less, for example: st [o] l - st [a] la. In the remaining unstressed syllables, the vowels change more, and some do not differ at all and in pronunciation approach zero sound, for example ^: transported - [n "riev" 6s], gardener - [sdavot], water carrier - [vdavbs] (here b to b denote an obscure sound, zero sound). The alternation of vowels in strong and weak positions is not reflected in the letter, for example: to be surprised is a miracle; in an unstressed position, the letter that denotes the stressed sound in this root is written: to be surprised means “to meet with a diva (miracle)”. This is the leading principle of Russian orthography - morphological, providing for the uniform spelling of significant parts of the word - root, prefix, suffix, ending, regardless of position. The morphological principle is subject to the designation of unstressed vowels, checked by stress. There are 36 consonants in Russian. The consonant sounds of the Russian language are such sounds, during the formation of which the air meets some kind of barrier in the oral cavity, they consist of a voice and noise, or only of noise. In the first case, voiced consonants are formed, in the second - deaf. Most often, voiced and deaf consonants form pairs of voiced-deafness: [b] - [p], [c] - [f], [g] - [k], [d] - [t], [g] - [ w], [h] - [s]. However, some consonants are only deaf: [x], [c], [h "], [w] or only voiced: [l], [m], [n], [r], [G]. There are also hard and soft consonants. Most of them form pairs: [b] - [b "], [c] - [c"], [g] - [g "], [d] - [d "], [h] - [h"] , [k] - [k "], [l] - [l "], [m] - [m *], [n] - [n *], [n] - [n "], [r] - [p "], [s] - [s"], [t] - [t"], [f] - [f"], [x] - [x"]. Solid consonants [g], [w], [c] and soft consonants, [h "], [t"] do not have paired sounds. In a word, consonant sounds can occupy different positions, that is, the location of a sound among other sounds in a word. The position in which the sound does not change is strong. For a consonant, this is the position before a vowel (weak), sonorant (true), before [v] and [v *] (twist). All other positions are weak for consonants. At the same time, the consonant sound changes: the voiced before the deaf becomes deaf: hem - [patshyt "]; the deaf before the voiced becomes voiced: request - [prbz" ba]; voiced at the end of the word is stunned: oak - [dup]; the sound is not pronounced: holiday - [praz "n" ik]; hard before soft can become soft: power - [vlas "t"].System and characteristics of consonant phonemes.
Scientists tend to believe that there are 32 consonant phonemes in Russian, except for<г’>,
Strong in sonority / deafness:
Any phoneme before vowels;
Before sonorants;
Front <в>, <в’>,
Weak positions in loudness / deafness:
At the absolute end of the word (house);
In the middle of a word for any noisy before noisy (ska h ka);
Strong in hardness/softness:
For paired hardness / softness at the absolute end of the word (drill);
Before vowels except E;
Front lingual consonants before back lingual hard and hard labials (up to With ka, With the fight);
Phonemes <л>and<л’> before any consonants (flax);
Weak in hardness/softness:
Before E (case);
Phoneme position <н>, <н’> front <ч>, <щ> (pocket, deceiver);
Dental (not lateral) in front of soft teeth (steppe);
Dental (not lateral, except <л’>, <л> ) before soft labials (knock down, beat off);
Strong and weak positions of consonant phonemes.
There are perceptual and significative ones (from Latin to mean, distinctions). There are significatively strong and weak positions. Significantly strong position- the position of the greatest distinction between phonemes. For vowel phonemes - the stressed position, for consonants - the position before the vowels. Significantly weak position. For vowel phonemes - unstressed position; for consonants - the absolute end of the word, in the middle of the word before deaf consonants. Perceptual position (from lat. perception, identification) - we identify one word with another. Perceptually strong position the position of a phoneme that is not influenced by neighboring phonemes. For consonants - no stunning, voicing, softening, hardening. Perceptually weak- the position in which phonemes are influenced by neighboring phonemes. For consonants - shifting; for consonants - stunning, voicing, softening, hardening. Distinguish positions: strong and weak. Strong phoneme- a phoneme that acts in the position of the greatest differentiation, i.e. the position where more phonemes are distinguished. Weak phoneme- a phoneme that is in the position of the least differentiation, i.e. for vowels - unstressed position; for consonants - the absolute end, in the middle is subject to change. Absolutely weak phoneme A phoneme that is in an absolutely weak position. Absolutely strong phoneme- a phoneme that is in an absolutely strong position.
5. Positional alternations of consonant sounds of the Russian language: phonetic (consonants in terms of voicing-deafness, hardness-softness, place and method of formation, longitude-brevity, consonants with zero sound) and morphological. Historical alternations.
The sound of speech this is a specific sound that is realized in specific phonetic conditions, depending on the environment, the speech characteristics of the speaker, the speech situation, therefore, one should distinguish between the alternation of sounds of the language, which are caused by objective reasons and are explained by the laws of phonetics and the alternation of speech sounds, which are subjective in nature, often depend on the will speaker.
The alternation of sounds PR are divided into positional and non-positional.
Positional - due to phonetic position (water-water [vo't] - [v ^ yes], [t] - [d]; [o] - [^]. Positional alternations can be determined not only by phonetic position) absolute end of the word, unstressed position, proximity to another sound), but also morphological position.
Non-positional - are not determined by a phonetic position, they are associated with specific morphemes (hook - hook, friend - friend, rumor - rumor ...).
Positional alternations are divided into: phonetic and morphological.
positional alternations.
Phonetic alternations - appear in a certain phonetic position, they are explained by phonetic laws (reduction of vowels, for consonants - stunning, voicing). Phonetic alternations can be in vowels and consonants.
consonant sounds. There are 5 types:
1) alternation in voicedness / deafness, such alternations are observed: at the absolute end of a word, in the middle of a word, before any consonant. These alternations are natural, objective. They can go through 2 models:
a) positional name of a crossing type, characterized by paired voicedness / deafness [b] - [p], [c] - [f] ... For example, [oaks] - [b] - [dup] - [p] - [B].
b) positional exchange of a parallel type, characterized by unpaired consonants in voicedness / deafness. For instance, [p’eituh] - [x] - [p’eitugby] - [g].
2) alternation in hardness / softness - only before another soft consonant - positional change. For instance, [bridge] - [s] - [mos't'ik] - [s '].
3) alternation in place and method of education. For instance, open [^open']-clear [^h'is't'it']-[t]-[h]. Explosive-affricate; dental-palatal;
4) alternation of consonants with zero sound - occur in a group of consonants. For instance, [(s),(t),(l)]-[sl]; [ndsk]-[nsk]; [t]// with zero sound;
5) the alternation of long and short consonants occurs in 2 cases:
At the absolute end of a word;
In the middle of a word before a consonant. For instance, group - many groups P; cool - cla With ny; [t- long] // [t].
Morphological. Due to morphological position, not phonetic. For example: 1) alternation [g] // [g] before the verbal suffix - I. Flag - flag, total - total; 2) before the suffix - H of the adjective. Friend is friendly; taiga - taiga; 3) alternation - consonant in root 1 and consonants in root 2 with //SS before the suffix - U. Blink - blink; step - step; - called morphological. They can be considered historical, because. they cannot be replaced at present.
Non-positional alternations.
Historical alternations - associated with a specific morpheme, they are usually denoted by letters. There are several models in total:
1) alternation of a consonant with a consonant s / / s.
- x//w – fur - bag; hearing - hearing;
- g//g – friend - friend; girlfriend - girlfriend;
- s / / f - friends - to be friends; goat - skin;
- s / / w - forest - goblin;
2) alternation of a consonant with 2 consonants s / / ss.
- w//st – mother-in-law - father-in-law;
- w//sk – area - flat;
- b / / bl - love - love;
- p / / pl - buy - buy;
- m//ml – feed - feed;
- in//vl – to poison - persecution;
3) alternation of a vowel with a vowel g / / g.
- e//a - flattery - climb;
- e//o- weave - whip - raft;
- o//a - word - words; through - well;
- a (i) / / y - shaking is a coward; dirt is a load;
1. Strong and weak positions of consonants in terms of voicedness-deafness.
Strong and weak positions of consonants are varied. Distinguish between strong and weak positions of consonants
by loudness / deafness and hardness / softness.
The strong position of consonants in terms of voicing-deafness is the position that does not deafen and does not voice sounds- before vowels and sonorants, and sounds [v], [v`], as well as in voiced before voiced, and in deaf before deaf: pick up [pdbirat`], elephant [elephant].
Weak position on voiced-deafness- at the absolute end of the word: oak - [dup], tooth - [zup], lov - [lof], as well as for the deaf before voiced (except sonorants and c) and for voiced before the deaf: snow [sn`ek].
Absolutely strong position happens with consonants when strong in voiced-deafness and hardness - softness of positions coincide.
Absolutely weak position it happens with consonants when weak in voiced-deafness and hardness - softness of positions coincide.
Weak positions in deafness / sonority:
1) at the end of the word: ko[s] from goat and braid;
2) in front of the noisy deaf: lo [t] ka, but lo [d] points;
3) before a noisy voiced: [h] give, but [s] believe.
Strong positions in deafness / voicedness:
1) before a vowel: [g] od, [k] from;
2) before sonorant consonants: [c] loy, [z] loy;
3) before [in], [in]: [t] howl, [d] voe.
2. Positional exchange and changes in voiced and voiceless consonants.
Positional exchange for consonants is reflected in the following sound laws:
1. Phonetic law of the end of a word: noisy voiced at the end of the word is deafened. This pronunciation leads to the formation of homophones: threshold[n/\ro´k] - vice[n/\ro´k]; hammer[mo´lt] - young[mo´lt]. In words with two consonants at the end of the word, both consonants are stunned: breast[gru´s´t´] - sadness[gru´s´t´], entrance[p/\dje´st] - drive up[n/\dje´st].
2. The law of assimilation of consonants according to sonority and deafness.Assimilation It is likening one sound to another. In the modern Russian literary language, assimilation has a regressive character, that is, the previous sound is likened to the next one: a deaf before a voiced double becomes voiced: to grandfather [gd´e´du], a voiced double before a deaf becomes deaf: a spoon[lo´shk]. Note that the voicing of the deaf before the voiced is less common than the stunning of the voiced before the deaf. As a result of assimilation, homophones are created: bow [du´shk] - darling [d´shk], carry [v´ and e s´t´i´] - lead [v´ and e s´t´i´].
Assimilation occurs:
1. At the junction of morphemes: did[z´d´e´ll],
2. At the junction of a preposition with a word: with business[z´d´e´lm],
3. At the junction of a word with a particle (postfix): a year or so[go´tt],
4. At the junction of significant words uttered without a pause: five times[rasp´at´].
All pairs soften in softness: before the front vowels: [b´e´ly], [x´i´try], [v´i e sleep´].
Assimilation by place of education
Assimilation of dental before hissing [g], [w], [h´, [w´] and consists in the complete assimilation of dental [h] and [s]:
1.
At the junction of morphemes: sew[shy´t´], unclench[R/\ JA T], check[shot], with a ball[ USA´rm], without fever[b´ and e JA´ръ];
2.
Inside the root: later[on Zhb ],I drive ,
3.
Dental [d], [t], being before [h], [c], are likened to the latter: report .
4. Reduction of groups of identical consonants. With a confluence of three identical consonants at the junction of a preposition
or prefixes with the following word, at the junction of the root and suffix are reduced to two: from the link[links].
Assimilation of consonants by softness-hardness. Dental [s], [s], [n], [p], [d], [t] and labial [b], [p], [m], [c], [f] are usually softened before soft consonants : [in´ and e z´d´e´], [s´n´e´ k], [gro´s´t´], [us´p´e´h], [m´e´s´ T].
However, assimilation by softness occurs inconsistently. So, dental [s], [s], [n], [d], [t] before soft dental and [h´], [w´] soften in the roots: [z´d´e´s´], [s´t´e´p´]; dental before soft labials can soften in the roots and at the junction of the prefix and the root: [s´v´e´t], [m´ and e d´v´e´t´], [from´m´a´t´] . However, sometimes in the same position a consonant can be pronounced both softly and firmly: [v/\z´n´i´k] - [v/\zn´i´k]. Back-lingual and [l] do not soften before soft consonants.
Since assimilation by gentleness does not have the character of a law, one can speak not of positional change, but of positional changes of consonants in softness.
Paired in hardness, soft consonants can be assimilated in hardness. Positional changes in hardness are observed at the junction of the root and the suffix, which begins with a hard consonant: [s´l´e´syr´], but [s´l´ and e sa´rny]. Before the labial [b], assimilation does not occur: [pro´z´b].
Assimilation by hardness is not subjected to [l´]: [n/\po´l´ny].
3. Positional exchange of consonants with zero sound.
In other words, the neutralization of the phoneme represented by the consonant zero and the absence of the phoneme. There are several cases here.
1. The combination of phonemes (stn) and (zdn) is realized by the sound combination [sn], [zn]: honest - honest - che [sn] th, star - star [zn] th.
Compare: che [sn] y and those [sn] y; we hear in both cases [sn], but in a strong position (not between [s ... n]) there is a difference: honest, but cramped. This means that in the words che (stn) th and those (sn) th phoneme combinations (stn) and (sn) coincided in sound; phoneme (t), realized in a position between [s...n] zero, coincided with the absence of a phoneme!
These alternations reflect well the rhymes (from the poems of N. A. Nekrasov; the poet’s rhyme is accurate): famous - wonderful, impassive - beautiful, honest - cramped, unhappy - voiceless, autocratic - beautiful, more charming - song, rainy - clear.
Remarks require the word abyss. It's actually not one, but two words. 1) The abyss is a lot. The word of everyday speech: I have an abyss of all sorts of things. Pronounced: [b’ezn]. It is hardly possible to say that here the phoneme (e) is represented by the zero of the consonant, since at present this word abyss has no connection with the combination without a bottom.
Another similar alternation: the combination (ntk) is realized by the sound [nk]: student [nk] a, laboratory [nk] a. Such an alternation is positional (i.e., it is presented in all words with a phonemic combination (NTK)) only in some people who speak literary language, predominantly of the older generation.
Words such as building, building, building, under construction or tram, tram, tram; or own, own, own ... clearly have roots ending in a phoneme (j); it is realized by the non-syllable vowel [and]. But in the words build, builder, build; trams; no iota is heard of their own. This is because the phoneme (j) in position after the vowel before [i] is represented by zero: sui - [piles] = (cBojft).
Words can contain combinations of two identical phonemes, for example (nn): bath - [van: b] = (bath);
Such combinations are realized by long, "double" consonants (they are not necessarily twice as long as short, ordinary [n]). But long consonants are possible only between vowels, one of which (preceding or following) is stressed. When such a combination of two identical phonemes, for example (nn), falls into the vicinity of a consonant, then instead of a long one, a short one sounds: Finns (s [n:]) - Finnish (s [n]); semolina - semolina, a ton - two-ton, etc. Here are examples where the alternation
reflected in spelling, but it also exists where spelling does not mark this alternation: a wind of two ba [l:] a - two-point (with the usual short [l ']). ;
Consequently, in the position "next to the consonant" \ combination of phonemes like (nn), (ll), etc. represented by a short consonant; one of the phonemes is realized by zero.
Often, speaking of positional alternations, they use emphatically procedural verbs: “the stressed vowel [o] goes into [a] without stress”, “the sound [z] at the end of the word turns into [s]”, etc. In fact, there is synchronous relationships, not processes. The correct wording is as follows: [o] stressed in unstressed positions changes to the vowel [a]; the voiced consonant [h] alternates with the voiceless consonant [s].
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