Meadow bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). Meadow bluegrass: description of the plant, application Meadow bluegrass as lawn grass

Poa de los prados C. A. M. Lindmans, en Bilder ur Nordens Fl ... Wikipedia Español

Poa pratensis- Pâturin des prés Pâturin des prés … Wikipédia en Français

Poa pratensis- Wiesen Rispengrases Rispe des Wiesen Rispengrases Systematik Klasse: Einkeimblättrige (Liliopsida) ... Deutsch Wikipedia

Poa pratensis- Grass Grass, n. s,grs; akin to OFries. gres, gers, O.S., D., G., Icel., & Goth. gras, Dan. grs, Sw. grs, and prob. to E. green, grow. Cf. (Graze).] 1. Popularly: Herbage; the plants which constitute… …

Poa pratensis- pievinė miglė statusas T sritis vardynas apibrėžtis Miglinių šeimos dekoratyvinis, pašarinis augalas (Poa pratensis), paplitęs šiaurės Afrikoje, Europoje, Azijoje ir Šiaurės Amerikoje. atitikmenys: lot. Poa pratensis engl. Kentucky bluegrass;… … Lithuanian dictionary (lietuvių žodynas)

Poa pratensis- Blue grass Blue grass (Bot.) A species of grass ((Poa compressa)) with bluish green stems, valuable in thin gravelly soils; wire grass. (Kentucky blue grass), a species of grass ((Poa pratensis)) which has running rootstocks and… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

Poa pratensis- Kentucky Ken*tuck y, prop. n. One of the United States. (Kentucky blue grass) (Bot.), a valuable pasture and meadow grass ((Poa pratensis)), found in both Europe and America. See under (Blue grass). (Kentucky coffee tree) (Bot.), a … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

Poa pratensis- pievinė miglė statusas T sritis augalininkystė apibrėžtis Miglių rūšis, geriausiai tinkanti kultūrinėms ganykloms, taip pat tinka žolių gazonams, sporto aikštelėms apsėti. atitikmenys: lot. Poa pratensis engl. bluegrass rus. meadow bluegrass… Žemės ūkio augalų selekcijos ir sėklininkystės terminų žodynas

Poa pratensis- ID 65548 Symbol Key POPR Common Name Kentucky bluegrass Family Poaceae Category Monocot Division Magnoliophyta US Nativity Native and Introduced to the U.S. US/NA Plant Yes State Distribution AK, AL, AR, AZ, CA, CO, CT, DC, DE, FL, GA, HI, IA, ID, IL … USDA Plant Characteristics

Poa pratensis- noun valuable meadow and pasture grass in Europe and especially central United States having tall stalks and slender bright green leaves; a chief constituent in lawn grass mixtures Syn: Kentucky bluegrass, Kentucky blue, Kentucy blue grass,… … Useful english dictionary

Poa pratensis L.- many L.; VI–VII Sem. Poaceae (Gramineae) – Grasses 44. Genus Poa L. – Bluegrass 79. Meadowgrass Floodplain and watershed meadows, roadsides. Very often, throughout the reserve... Flora of the Central Forest State Reserve

- a loose bush rhizomatous plant of the winter type, forms a large number of shortened shoots capable of repeated regrowth during the growing season. This predetermines the ability meadow bluegrass to intensive pasture use (5-6 cycles or more per season). It is well eaten by livestock, preferably mixed with other herbs, so it should not be sown on pastures in its pure form.

In spring it begins to grow early and develops quickly. It grows back well after grazing, providing green food until the end of the growing season. The basal leaves of the main shoot and the leaves of the vegetative shoots are abundant, dark green, folded more or less lengthwise, with a prominent midrib, smooth or inversely rough in the upper part, briefly pointed, narrowly linear. The width of the leaves reaches 4 mm; the tongue is blunt, 0.5-2 mm long. Generative shoots are straight, smooth, 30-90 cm high. The panicle is compressed before and after flowering, and during flowering it is wide-pyramidal, up to 20 cm in length. The spikelets are crowded greenish, elongated-elliptical. At the base of the fruit there is a tuft of numerous whitish hairs. This is a typical mesophyte, but is adapted to exist in conditions with less moisture. Prefers medium-moist, fairly fertile, aerated sandy and loamy soils. It also grows well on more fertile varieties of peat soils. Meadow bluegrass withstands prolonged flooding by melt water. It grows better when groundwater occurs at a depth of 0.5-1.0 m. It has a negative attitude towards soil salinity. Very sensitive to soil acidity. Grows best in soils rich in lime. Severely susceptible to powdery mildew and rust. It is undemanding to temperature conditions, but during heat or prolonged summer drought, plants can burn without watering. Characterized by high winter hardiness. Excellently withstands harsh winters and frosts during the growing season. Meadow bluegrass- perennial grassland grass. Due to its biological characteristics meadow bluegrass forms and sustainably maintains high-quality grass coverings with dense, intensely green grass and durable turf. Meadow bluegrass stops growing in late autumn, much later than other lawn grasses, and goes green under the snow. It is durable. Under favorable conditions, it grows in artificial grass stands for several decades. Grass stand meadow bluegrass tolerant to moderate trampling. Grass stand meadow bluegrass does not tolerate soil drought well, but the rhizomes are highly viable, so replant lawns under these conditions it is not necessary: ​​with the resumption of watering, the grass grows back. Meadow bluegrass suitable for creating parterre and ordinary lawns.

Meadow bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) (American name Kentucky bluegrass) – grassroots perennial rhizome-loose bush grass. Prefers medium-moist, fairly fertile, aerated sandy and loamy soils. Not demanding on temperature conditions. It is characterized by high winter hardiness, excellently withstands harsh winters and frosts during the growing season. It is durable, the grass stand is resistant to trampling, it forms high-quality grass coverings with thick, intensely green grass stand and durable turf. Meadow bluegrass is an indispensable component sports lawns, only he is responsible for the wear resistance of the lawn.

Meadow bluegrass is not resistant to drought; at this time it goes into a dormant state. At the same time, the leaves and stems turn yellow and die. During dry periods, watering lawns from meadow bluegrass required.

Meadow bluegrass prefers open, sunny places.

Is a highly productive component in the composition feed grass mixtures: Green Deer Agro "Combi", "Haymaking" And "Grazing"

There are about 300 species of bluegrass, which are common in cold and temperate zones of both hemispheres; in the tropics they are found only in the mountains. Many perennial bluegrass are valuable forage plants. Poa grasses are common in habitats (ecotopes) with different ecological conditions. All of them are distinguished by the presence of free sheaths, when the lower part of the leaf, covering the stem, can be flattened, does not grow together at the edges, the spikelets are collected in a paniculate inflorescence, 2-5 (up to 8)-flowered, at the base of the flowers there are twisting hairs that are revealed when pulled out flower from a spikelet.

In relatively dry forests, more often on sandy soil, it is often found Poa angustifolia, usually a large perennial, 40-80 cm tall, with a creeping rhizome, narrow leaves up to 1.2 mm wide, a slightly spreading panicle with branches rough from small spines.

On the edges, clearings and less dry meadows, a similar meadow bluegrass, with spreading inflorescence.

Often found in various forests and among shrubs bluegrass, with relatively small spikelets collected in a loose, often drooping panicle.

Occasionally found on damp and wet bottoms of ravines, ditches in deciduous and mixed forests bluegrass arranged, characterized by geniculately ascending stems, 50-140 cm tall, relatively wide leaf blades, 4-10 mm wide, and flattened, almost winged leaf sheaths.

Common in wet meadows, grassy swamps, along the banks of reservoirs, and in wet ditches. swamp bluegrass, with gradually pointed leaf blades (in most bluegrass they are short pointed).

Along paths and roads, in disturbed areas, wastelands, and waste places, turf of one-year-old trees is common. Poa annua.

In open areas with exposed soil, embankments, and roadsides, perennial bluegrass oblate, having a creeping rhizome, a flattened stem 10-40 cm tall and a relatively small inflorescence.

Common in damp meadows and roadsides common bluegrass, with a shortened rhizome, a rounded stem 30-100 cm tall and a relatively large panicle.

Note that bluegrass is often included in mixtures of lawn grasses, especially when creating sports lawns.

Common bluegrass (Poa trivialis L.)

Description of appearance:
Flowers: Panicle 6-20 cm long, spreading, with thin branches. Spikelets 2.5-4.5 mm long; 2-4-flowered. The lower lemma is 2-3.5 mm long, usually with five clearly visible veins, hairy along the keel and marginal veins; upper lemma with numerous but very small tuberculate spines.
Leaves: Leaf blades 2-6 mm wide, sharply rough on top; vaginas rough or almost smooth, slightly keeled; tongue up to 5-6 mm long, sharp.
Height: 20-100(120) cm.
Root: With shortened rhizome.
Lifespan: Perennial.
Habitat: Common bluegrass grows in damp and damp meadows, clearings, and along the banks of reservoirs; prefers rich soils.
Prevalence: Distributed in Europe, the Caucasus, Asia Minor, Middle and Central Asia; spread widely, especially in the northern hemisphere, as an alien plant - in North America, Japan, and many other extratropical countries. Often found in all regions of Central Russia.
Addition: Forms loose turf. Well eaten by all types of livestock in hay and pasture. Tolerates trampling, but grows back slowly. Used to create cultivated pastures in areas with high humidity.

Meadow bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.)

Description of appearance:
Flowers: Spikelets 3.5-6 mm long, 3-5 flowers. The upper glume along the keel has elongated, but not tuberculate, spines. The lower lemma is 2.8-4.3 mm long, with five veins, without noticeable intermediate veins, with long sinuous fibers at the base.
Leaves: Leaf blades on the leaves of fruiting shoots are 2-4 mm wide, and on vegetative ones - 1.5-3 mm wide; the upper stem leaves with a blade are 2-3 times shorter than their sheath; vaginas are closed from the base by at least a third, smooth; tongue 0.5-2 mm long, blunt.
Height: 20-100 cm.
Stem: Stems are rounded.
Root: With single or several shoots collected in loose turf and creeping rhizomes.
Flowering and fruiting time: Blooms in June-July, bears fruit in July-August.
Lifespan: Perennial.
Habitat: Meadow bluegrass grows in meadows, in light steppe forests, in swamps, clearings and forest edges, along the banks of reservoirs, near roads and in wastelands. Can form pure thickets.
Prevalence: Widely distributed in the northern hemisphere, introduced and brought to other extratropical countries. A common species throughout Russia.
Addition: A good forage plant for pasture and hay use. Often grown in grass mixtures. Polymorphic appearance. More often than others, in addition to the typical form, especially in dry places, it occurs Poa angustifolia L., with bristle-like leaves up to 1.2 mm wide, weakly spreading panicle, twigs rough from scattered spines. It is confined to dry meadows, clearings, and steppes. The form growing in sphagnum bogs is often identified as a special species Peat bluegrass (Poa turfosa Litv.), having a loose panicle with spikelets located at the ends of the branches; the upper stem leaf usually sticks up and is almost pressed against the stem.

Bluegrass (Poa nemoralis L.)

Description of appearance:
Flowers: Panicle up to 10 cm long. Spikelets 3-4(5) mm long, (1) 2-5-flowered, pale green, with a short hairy axis; occasionally the spikelets are viviparous. The lower flower scales at the base are almost always with a tuft of long sinuous hairs.
Leaves: Leaf blades 1.5-2(3) mm wide, rough, deflected from the stem; the tongue is short, less than 1 mm wide.
Height: 30-100 cm.
Stem: Stems erect, sometimes rooting at nodes.
Flowering and fruiting time:
Lifespan: Perennial.
Habitat: A common forest species, characteristic of deciduous and mixed forests, less common in other types of forest. Grows well in shade.
Prevalence: Bluegrass is widespread in many areas of the northern hemisphere, including throughout Russia.
Addition: A soft, tender, green loose turf plant. It is readily eaten by all types of animals, but does not produce large green mass.

Poa annua L.

Description of appearance:
Flowers: Panicle up to 7 cm long, relatively small-spikelet, with smooth branches located in nodes of 1-2. Spikelets are 3-6(7) mm long, 3-7-flowered, with blunt spikelet scales. The lower flower scales are 2-3.5 mm long, with five veins, usually covered with long hairs along the keel and marginal veins. Anthers up to 1.1 mm long.
Leaves: Leaf blades 0.5-4 mm wide; vaginas are bare and smooth; tongue 1-3 mm long.
Height: 5-35 cm.
Stem: The stem is often lodging or spread out.
Flowering and fruiting time: Blooms in May-September, bears fruit in June-October.
Lifespan: One-, two-, or less frequently perennial plant.
Habitat: Annual bluegrass grows on riverine sands and pebbles, roads, fields, wastelands, ditches, embankments; grows abundantly in areas of intensive grazing and trampling.
Prevalence: Almost cosmopolitan, spread across the globe, probably from Europe. A common plant throughout Russia.
Addition: Forms small turfs. Well eaten by all types of livestock. Used for making lawns. In the middle zone of the European part and in Siberia, a similar Poa supina Schrad., with three veins on the lower lemma and longer, 1.2-1.7 mm, anthers. It is occasionally found in populated areas, along roads, sand and pebbles.

Swamp bluegrass (Poa palustris L.)

Description of appearance:
Flowers: Panicle up to 20 cm long, spreading, multi-spikelet, with rough branches. Spikelets up to 5 mm long, (1)2-3(4-7)-flowered, greenish. The lower lemma is 2.5-3.7 mm long, with three indistinct veins, short-haired along the keel and lateral veins, with sinuous hairs at the base.
Leaves: Leaves 2-3 mm wide, grayish-green, flat, rough, tender, pointed; the tongue on the lower leaves is short, on the upper ones it is 3-4(6) mm long.
Height: 15-80(100) cm.
Stem: Stem erect, ascending, less often semi-recumbent, cylindrical, smooth under the panicle.
Root: With a short rhizome.
Flowering and fruiting time: Blooms in May-June, bears fruit in June-July.
Lifespan: Perennial.
Habitat: Grows in meadows, in sparse damp and swampy forests, in swamps, along the banks of reservoirs; prefers fresh, moist soils; occurs very often.
Prevalence: A circumboreal species, introduced or introduced into many extratropical countries. Widely distributed throughout the forest zone, extending to the south of the tundra strip. Common in all regions of Central Russia.
Addition: Externally very changeable appearance. Forms loose turf. A good forage plant, readily eaten by animals both in the green state and in hay.

Poa compressa L.

Description of appearance:
Flowers: Panicle 3-10(12) cm long, usually more or less compressed. Spikelets are 3-5(8) mm long, 2-8-flowered, greenish or light purple. The lower flower scales are 2-3 mm long, broadly lanceolate, obtuse at the apex, with three veins.
Leaves: Leaf blades are relatively short, (1) 2-3 (5) mm wide, dark green or bluish; vaginas flattened, keeled; tongue 0.5-2(3) mm long.
Height: 10-40(70) cm.
Stem: Stem usually erect, flattened.
Root: With strongly branched long rhizomes.
Flowering and fruiting time: Blooms in May-June, bears fruit in June-July.
Lifespan: Perennial.
Habitat: It grows in dry meadows and dry forests, steppes, on rocky outcrops and pebbles, as well as in wastelands, near roads.
Prevalence: A predominantly Euro-Asian Minor plant, widely distributed in the northern hemisphere and known in the Caucasus, Central Asia, and North America. In Russia, a common species in the European part, introduced into Siberia and the Far East.
Addition: It bushes weakly.

Spread bluegrass (Poa remota Forsell.)

Description of appearance:
Flowers: Panicle 15-35 cm long, widely spreading, with long rough branches. Spikelets are 3.5-5(6) mm long, 2-3-flowered, green, less often pale purple. Glumes at the top with spines. The lower floral scales are 2.5-4.5 mm long, with rough veins, glabrous, with a few sinuous hairs at the base.
Leaves: Leaves are tender, light green; plates 5-10(15) mm wide, flat, shortly pointed; leaf sheaths are flattened, about 5 mm wide; tongue 1.5-3.5 mm long, blunt.
Height: 60-150 cm.
Stem: Stems are smooth.
Root: With creeping rhizome.
Flowering and fruiting time:
Lifespan: Perennial.
Habitat: Grows in swampy forests, along the banks of forest streams, on peat bogs; mainly in non-chernozem regions, it is rare to the south.
Prevalence: Predominantly European-Central Siberian species, distributed east to Central Asia and Mongolia. In Russia it is found in the central European part and in Siberia.
Addition: Forms loose turf. In some central regions, wild Western European Poa chaixii Vill., with bare lower flower scales, 2-5-flowered spikelets, shortened rhizome.

Poa bulbosa L.

Description of appearance:
Flowers: The panicle is usually dense, compressed, up to 6 cm long, with short rough branches and viviparous (i.e., turned into bulbs) spikelets. Spikelets up to 6 mm long, 4-7 flowers, green or purple.
Leaves: Leaf blades 1-2 mm wide, (2)5-10 times shorter than the sheaths, curled, rough along the edges; tongue 2.5-3.5(4.5) mm long.
Height: 10-30(50) cm.
Stem: Stems without leaves at the top, with a bulbous thickening at the base from the sheaths of old leaves.
Flowering and fruiting time: Blooms in spring and early summer.
Lifespan: Perennial.
Habitat: It grows in the steppes, in dry meadows, in wastelands, near roads.
Prevalence: A European-ancient Mediterranean-Iranian-Turanian species, distributed in Russia mainly in the southern half of the European part and in the south of Western Siberia. In Central Russia, often in chernozem regions, much less often in the north, mainly as an alien plant.
Addition: Loose turf grass. Our most common form with spikelets turned into bulbs is often considered as a special species - Curly bluegrass (Poa crispa Thuill.).

Steppe bluegrass (Poa stepposa (Kryl.) Roshev.)

Description of appearance:
Flowers: Panicle compressed, up to 10 cm long, with sharply rough branches up to 4 cm long. Spikelets are 3-5 mm long, 3-5 flowers, yellowish-green, less often purple. The lower floral scales have indistinct veins, are short-pubescent along the keel and veins, and have a small number of sinuous hairs at the base.
Leaves: Leaf blades 0.5-1.25 mm wide, flat or rolled, rough; tongue 2-3 mm long.
Height: 15-50 cm.
Stem: Stem glabrous, sharply rough, without leaves at the top; the uppermost node is located in the lower third of the stem.
Flowering and fruiting time: Blooms in June, bears fruit in July.
Lifespan: Perennial.
Habitat: It grows in the steppes, on outcrops of limestone and chalk.
Prevalence: A predominantly Asian species, distributed in Siberia, Middle and Central Asia, Mongolia, as well as in the eastern regions of the European part of Russia, reaching the Don basin in the west.
Addition: Turf plant.

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Meadow bluegrass Poa pratensis L.

Meadow bluegrass is a perennial grass. Based on the type of tillering and root formation, it is classified as rhizomatous-loose bush or lower rhizomatous. In nature it grows on forest edges, meadows, and open, illuminated areas.

Its root system is fibrous, most of it is located in the upper layer of soil and forms a dense turf together with the rhizomes. This frost-resistant plant, resistant to late autumn and early spring frosts, is widespread throughout almost the entire territory of Russia. Grows in meadows, fields and forest edges. Bluegrass bluegrass produces a dense green cover with dense turf and is excellent for creating decorative lawns around the home, for sports fields and other high-use areas such as campgrounds, picnic areas, and parks. Because of its dense turf and ability to vigorously regenerate, bluegrass is an excellent erosion control cover. Bluegrass meadow grass is not picky about temperature conditions and actually falls asleep in too hot and dry weather; it survives even after severe drought. It prefers sunlight, but is also adapted to light shade with sufficient moisture and nutrients. Meadow bluegrass tolerates soil compaction better than other grasses. It perfectly tolerates low mowing (up to 12 mm), after which it well and evenly forms many vegetative shoots, tightening the soil “bald spots” to form a smooth turf. It grows in a variety of soils, but prefers humus-rich, fairly moist and non-acidic soils. Due to its high vitality and resistance to trampling, meadow grass is an indispensable component of sports lawns.

Geographically, it is naturally found in temperate climate zones. Prefers loose, moderately moist fertile soils, although it also grows on sandy soils. The plant is resistant to negative weather conditions: harsh winters, late spring frosts, drought, flooding in spring, and can withstand soil compaction.

Reaches a height of up to 90 cm, after mowing the growth slows down, the shoots do not grow more than 30 cm. In the first year of growth it develops slowly, in the third - fourth year of life it reaches its full development.

The average lifespan of bluegrass is 8-10 years.

The plant is affected powdery mildew, rust. It has great nutritional value; bluegrass varieties are indispensable when creating cultivated lawns.

To combat disease, bluegrass should be mowed low before the onset of winter, especially in areas where heavy snow cover is not expected.

New elite varieties of meadow bluegrass KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS have been developed, characterized by greater standing density than the old ones; short stature, disease resistance.

Varieties of meadow bluegrass:

Variety MIDNIGHT

The elite variety of bluegrass MIDNIGHT (Midnight) is the leader among varieties of bluegrass (KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS) in terms of wear resistance, it can withstand high recreational loads, which makes it indispensable for creating turf on football fields, golf courses, sports grounds, and parks. It tolerates mowing well and is highly resistant to low cutting (12 mm - 50 mm). Also distinguishing features of this variety are its unusually dark green-blue color and low growing habit, which allows for less mowing and lower maintenance costs. Thanks to its high sprout density and narrow leaf texture, MIDNIGHT provides a dense carpet that holds up under heavy loads. It has high heat and drought resistance. Ideal for creating a lawn with other varieties of meadow grass. This variety has shown very good disease resistance.

Variety BOUTIQUE

The elite variety of bluegrass BOUTIQUE (Boutique) forms a low-growing dark green lawn and differs from other varieties of meadowgrass by its rapid germination and the creation of dense grass. The Butik variety is distinguished by its high tolerance to low-cut mowing (12 mm - 50 mm). It has high heat and drought resistance while maintaining its color and density of the grass stand. Recovers quickly after intense exercise. It is resistant to diseases. Ideal for creating a lawn with other varieties of meadow grass.

Variety BLACKBERRY

Forms a low-growing, uniform and dense lawn with a fine leaf texture. It has high stability when cut low (12 mm). It is used to create turf on football fields, sports fields, parks, including fairway golf courses. Grows well both in sunny places and in the shade. This variety is highly resistant to powdery mildew.

Variety Balin (Balin)

A medium-rooting grass that tolerates winter well, remaining green under the snow. The color is medium green. Takes root quickly. When mixed with other grasses, it is suitable for constructing sports and playgrounds with extensive loads. With regular mowing, it forms a dense lawn with a good appearance.

Variety Platini (Platini)

It develops quickly, has high wear resistance, above average shade tolerance in many climatic zones, good leaf structure, and cutting height. Due to its performance, the Platini variety occupies a high position for use in grass mixtures in the construction of football fields and golf courses.

Variety Sobra

Forms a grass stand of medium density with an average leaf width. When mixed with tall fescue, they produce a very uniform lawn that is drought-resistant.

Providing a high degree of wear resistance, Sobra is a good component for installing rolled lawns, lawns for sports and decorative purposes.

Variety Panduro (Panduro)

A resistant variety to bluegrass diseases, especially against leaf spot, rust, and rot. Gives a good attractive appearance. Recommended for sports lawns due to its excellent wear resistance.

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Distribution and ecology

In 1955, meadow bluegrass was accidentally introduced to the north of the Antarctic Peninsula, where a local population still exists, occupying an area of ​​about 1 square kilometer. m.

Grows in meadows, fields and forest edges.

Representatives

Within the species there are a number of subspecies:

• Poa pratensis subsp. alpigena (Blytt) Hiitonen- Alpine bluegrass.

• [syn. Poa alpigena (Blytt) Lindm.- High mountain bluegrass]

• Poa pratensis subsp. angustifolia () Dumort.- Poa angustifolia

• [syn. Poa angustifolia - Angustifolia bluegrass]

• Poa pratensis subsp. colpodea (Th. Fries.) Tzvel.- Poa colpodium
• Poa pratensis subsp. pratensis - Meadow bluegrass
• Poa pratensis subsp. rigens (Hartm.) Tzvel.- Bluegrass is harsh
• Poa pratensis subsp. sabulosa (Roshev.) Tzvel.- Sandy bluegrass
• Poa pratensis subsp. sergievskajae (Probat.) Tzvel.- Bluegrass Sergievskaya
• Poa pratensis subsp. skrjabinii Tzvel.- Scriabin's Bluegrass
• Poa pratensis subsp. sobolevskiana (Gudoschn.) Tzvel.- Bluegrass Sobolevskaya

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Notes

Literature

• Rozhevits R. Yu.// Flora of the USSR: in 30 volumes / ch. ed. V. L. Komarov. - M.-L. : Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1934. - T. II / ed. volumes R. Yu. Rozhevits, B. K. Shishkin. - P. 388. - 778 + XXXIII pp. - 5175 copies.
• Tsvelev, N. N. Rod 88. Bluegrass - Poa // / Rep. ed. An. A. Fedorov. - L.: Nauka, 1976. - P. 456-458. - 788 p. - 2900 copies.
• Gubanov, I. A. et al. 197. Poa pratensis L. - Meadow bluegrass // . - M.: Scientific T. ed. KMK, Institute of Technology. research, 2002. - T. 1. Ferns, horsetails, club mosses, gymnosperms, angiosperms (monocots). - P. 291. - ISBN 8-87317-091-6.

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An excerpt characterizing the meadow bluegrass

The rolling fire of cannons and rifles intensified throughout the entire field, especially to the left, where Bagration’s flashes were, but because of the smoke of the shots, it was impossible to see almost anything from the place where Pierre was. Moreover, observing the seemingly family (separated from all others) circle of people who were on the battery absorbed all of Pierre’s attention. His first unconscious joyful excitement, produced by the sight and sounds of the battlefield, was now replaced, especially after the sight of this lonely soldier lying in the meadow, by another feeling. Now sitting on the slope of the ditch, he observed the faces surrounding him.
By ten o'clock twenty people had already been carried away from the battery; two guns were broken, shells hit the battery more and more often, and long-range bullets flew in, buzzing and whistling. But the people who were at the battery did not seem to notice this; Cheerful talk and jokes were heard from all sides.
- Chinenka! - the soldier shouted at the approaching grenade flying with a whistle. - Not here! To the infantry! – another added with laughter, noticing that the grenade flew over and hit the covering ranks.
- What, friend? - another soldier laughed at the man who crouched under the flying cannonball.
Several soldiers gathered at the rampart, looking at what was happening ahead.
“And they took off the chain, you see, they went back,” they said, pointing across the shaft.
“Mind your job,” the old non-commissioned officer shouted at them. “We’ve gone back, so it’s time to go back.” - And the non-commissioned officer, taking one of the soldiers by the shoulder, pushed him with his knee. There was laughter.
- Roll towards the fifth gun! - they shouted from one side.
“At once, more amicably, in the burlatsky style,” the cheerful cries of those changing the gun were heard.
“Oh, I almost knocked off our master’s hat,” the red-faced joker laughed at Pierre, showing his teeth. “Eh, clumsy,” he added reproachfully to the cannonball that hit the wheel and the man’s leg.
- Come on, you foxes! - another laughed at the bending militiamen entering the battery behind the wounded man.
- Isn’t the porridge tasty? Oh, the crows, they slaughtered! - they shouted at the militia, who hesitated in front of the soldier with a severed leg.
“Something else, kid,” they mimicked the men. – They don’t like passion.
Pierre noticed how after each cannonball that hit, after each loss, the general revival flared up more and more.
As if from an approaching thundercloud, more and more often, lighter and brighter, lightning of a hidden, flaring fire flashed on the faces of all these people (as if in rebuff to what was happening).
Pierre did not look forward to the battlefield and was not interested in knowing what was happening there: he was completely absorbed in the contemplation of this increasingly flaring fire, which in the same way (he felt) was flaring up in his soul.
At ten o'clock the infantry soldiers who were in front of the battery in the bushes and along the Kamenka River retreated. From the battery it was visible how they ran back past it, carrying the wounded on their guns. Some general with his retinue entered the mound and, after talking with the colonel, looked angrily at Pierre, went down again, ordering the infantry cover stationed behind the battery to lie down so as to be less exposed to shots. Following this, a drum and command shouts were heard in the ranks of the infantry, to the right of the battery, and from the battery it was visible how the ranks of the infantry moved forward.
Pierre looked through the shaft. One face in particular caught his eye. It was an officer who, with a pale young face, walked backwards, carrying a lowered sword, and looked around uneasily.
The rows of infantry soldiers disappeared into the smoke, and their prolonged screams and frequent gunfire could be heard. A few minutes later, crowds of wounded and stretchers passed from there. Shells began to hit the battery even more often. Several people lay uncleaned. The soldiers moved more busily and more animatedly around the guns. Nobody paid attention to Pierre anymore. Once or twice they shouted at him angrily for being on the road. The senior officer, with a frowning face, moved with large, fast steps from one gun to another. The young officer, flushed even more, commanded the soldiers even more diligently. The soldiers fired, turned, loaded, and did their job with tense panache. They bounced as they walked, as if on springs.
A thundercloud had moved in, and the fire that Pierre had been watching burned brightly in all their faces. He stood next to the senior officer. The young officer ran up to the elder officer, with his hand on his shako.
- I have the honor to report, Mr. Colonel, there are only eight charges, would you order to continue firing? - he asked.
- Buckshot! - Without answering, the senior officer shouted, looking through the rampart.
Suddenly something happened; The officer gasped and, curling up, sat down on the ground, like a shot bird in flight. Everything became strange, unclear and cloudy in Pierre’s eyes.
One after another, the cannonballs whistled and hit the parapet, the soldiers, and the cannons. Pierre, who had not heard these sounds before, now only heard these sounds alone. To the side of the battery, on the right, the soldiers were running, shouting “Hurray,” not forward, but backward, as it seemed to Pierre.