The difficulty of using high-quality adjectives also lies in the ability to form them. degrees of comparison.
- Positive degree it is the simplest for all adjectives, since it simply says that this feature is present in the subject: cheerful, light etc.
- comparative suggests that some feature is manifested in the object to a greater or lesser extent. This degree is formed only from quality adjectives. It can be simple and complex. A simple one is formed using parts of a word - morphemes, and a complex one - using additional words. Moreover, words in the form of a simple comparative degree do not change, that is, they are not inflected.
Methods of education of a simple comparative degree:
⇒Do not form a simple comparative form:
- adjectives that have passed into the category of qualitative from possessive and relative: golden (guy), fox (character);
- adjectives that do not change in degrees, as they denote constant feature: blind, deaf, single;
- adjectives with suffixes - SK-, -ESK-, -ОВ-, -К-, -ОНЬК-, -ОВАТ-, etc .: prickly, friendly, businesslike, tiny, whitish;<.li>
- adjectives denoting the color of animals: black, gray, bay.
Moreover, words in the form of a complex comparative degree can be easily declined in cases, genders and numbers.
Methods for the formation of a simple superlative:
⇒Words that do not form a simple superlative:
- those that do not form a simple comparative degree (see above);
- separate adjectives with suffixes -CHIV-, -LIV-, -К-: hot, gullible;
- adjectives with suffixes -IST-, -AST-: big-eyed, vociferous.
Comparison degrees are a variable morphological feature of qualitative adjectives. There are different forms of positive, comparative and superlative degrees: new - newer - newest; warm - more / less warm - warmest.
The initial form is the form of a positive degree, which calls a feature without correlating it with homogeneous features of other objects ( new house); from it, by adding inflectional suffixes or auxiliary words, simple and compound forms of comparative and superlative degrees are formed.
The comparative degree indicates that the designated feature is characteristic of this object to a greater extent than for another object (or for the same object, but in a different period of time): Our apple tree is higher than the neighbor's; This girl was more talkative today than yesterday.
Simple form the comparative degree is formed by adding to the base of the adjective inflectional suffixes -ee / -ey, -e, as well as the unproductive suffix -she: warm - warmer, warmer (colloquial); loud - louder; thin - thinner. In the deeper form (from deep), the suffix is used. If there is a suffix -k- or -ok- at the end of the stem, then it is often truncated: low - below; distant - further. From adjectives small, bad, good forms of the comparative degree are formed with a change in the root: less, worse, better. In colloquial speech, the prefix po is often added to the simple form of the comparative degree, which means the incompleteness of the manifestation of the sign (`a little`): older - older, less - less.
Often, the formation of a simple form of a comparative degree is hampered by lexical meaning the words; for example, it is not formed from adjectives with an “absolute” qualitative meaning such as deaf, bald, dead, blind, or from adjectives denoting a speaker's subjective assessment of the attribute: enormous, blue.
The composite form of the comparative degree is formed with the help of auxiliary words more, less: more beautiful, less loud. The meaning of this form is broader than the meaning of forms of the type is louder, since not only a greater, but also a lesser degree of intensity of a feature is expressed (a simple form of a comparative degree indicates only a greater degree of a feature).
The syntactic functions of the compound form are also broader than that of the simple form of the comparative degree. The simple form is usually part of the compound predicate: This composition was more meaningful than the previous one. The compound form can perform the functions of not only a predicate, but also a definition: This time the student wrote a more meaningful essay. The compound form can be formed from almost any qualitative adjective, however, it is perceived as a somewhat bookish form and is used less often in colloquial speech than the simple form of the comparative degree.
The superlative degree of adjectives indicates that the attribute of the object, indicated by this form, is presented in its maximum manifestation, in the highest degree compared to the same attribute in other compared objects: the smartest of the students in the class, the brightest room or the given object in others periods of its existence: Today the workers received the highest wages in six months.
The superlative degree can also be simple or compound. The simple form is formed by adding the inflectional suffix -eish- to the base of the adjective: beautiful - the most beautiful or -aish- (the last suffix is attached only to the stems on k, r, x): thin - the thinnest. To this form, the prefix is often added: the most beautiful, the most subtle. From adjectives small, bad, good superlatives are formed with a change in the root: smaller, worse, better.
The superlative compound form is formed in several ways:
1) adding to the form of the positive degree of the auxiliary word the most: the most intelligent;
2) adding to the form of a positive degree of auxiliary words the most, least: the most intelligent, the least capable;
3) adding to the simple form of the comparative degree of the auxiliary word everything (if the characterized object is inanimate) or all (if the characterized object is animate): The smartest of all was the investigation conducted by a private detective; The pupil Ivanov turned out to be the most capable of all.
The most common compound form of the type is the most intelligent, used in the role of both predicate and definition. Forms like smartest / of all are used only as a predicate. Forms of the most / least capable type have the broadest meaning, denoting both the highest and the lowest degree of manifestation of a trait, however, these forms are used mainly in book speech(in business, scientific, newspaper and journalistic styles).
Modern russian literary language/ Ed. P.A.Lekanta - M., 2009
ONLY QUALITATIVE APPENDICES HAVE DEGREES OF COMPARISON!
Qualitative adjectives differ in that they can denote a sign in varying degrees of its manifestation ( large - larger - largest). These forms are called degrees of comparison:
Comparative
Excellent
The paradigm of degrees of comparison also includes the adjective from which forms of degrees of comparison are formed. The semantic basis of the degrees of comparison is a quantitative assessment of the measure of a feature. In the paradigm of degrees of comparison, the original adjective is called the positive degree form.
Comparative degree (comparative) - denotes a quality that is in any object to a greater extent than in another, the name of which is put in the form of gender case or name case; the latter is preceded by a comparative union How(the truth is more expensive than gold).
Superlative degree (superlative) - denotes the highest degree of quality in any subject in comparison with another: favorite writer; inflected like ordinary adjectives.
Comparative and superlative degrees can be expressed in simple (synthetic) and complex (analytical) forms.
comparative
The simple form of the comparative degree does not change in gender, number and case; and therefore it must be able to distinguish it from the form of the comparative degree of the adverb. If a word of this type is syntactically related to noun, then compare the degree of the adjective, if connected with a verb, then compare the degree of the adverb ( oak is stronger than birch- an addendum; he gripped the handle tighter- adverb)
Forms of a comparative degree tend to be used in a position with a ligament, i.e. in the role of a predicate, but it can also be a definition.
Formed from the stem of the original adjective using suffixes - her (s) - bolder,whiter(productive way) or - e, - more - more expensive, richer(unproductive way).
From adjectives based on k, r, x and some words stemming from d, t, st comparative degree formed by suffix –E(while the final consonant stems alternate with hissing) ( loud - louder, quiet - quieter, steep - cooler). In adjectives on -OK and -To the generating stem is truncated, the remaining final consonant alternates with a hissing or paired soft ( high - higher, low - lower).
Comparative forms with suffix –Yes single ( far - farther, early - earlier, long - longer).
From three adjectives, the form is formed in the supplementary way ( small - less, good - better, bad - worse).
Forms of a comparative degree are not formed from adjectives that call signs that do not change in degrees. Sometimes they are not formed in accordance with the usus, and not the meaning ( decrepit, alien, scanty).
The complex form of degrees of comparison is formed by the addition of the word more... Moreover, such combinations can be formed with a short form ( faster, more red).
Superlative degree
The simple form of the superlative degree has features in its meaning: in addition to the above-mentioned basic meaning of the superiority of quality in an object compared to other objects, this form can denote the highest, limiting degree of quality in any object without comparison with others. In other words, it can mean an irrespectively high degree of quality: worst enemy, the kindest creature.
The simple form is formed by attaching a suffix -Eish (-eish). At the same time, it is not formed from all adjectives, usually it is not for those lexemes from which the form of the comparative degree is not formed. It may also be absent in those forms that have the form of a comparative degree. These are quality adjectives with suffixes -Ast-, -ist, as well as many words with suffixes - liv-, -chiv-, -k-(narrow - narrower, hairy - hairy, silent - more silent).
A complex form is formed by a combination of a quality adjective and a word most... It is not related to lexical restrictions: the reddest, the kindest, the narrowest.
For adjectives with suffixes –Owat - (- evat-) no superlative form is formed because the value of the incomplete characteristic is incompatible with the value of the high degree of the characteristic ( deafest, most deafish).
The superlative shape denotes the highest quality. In contrast to the comparative degree, the forms of the superlative degree cannot express a comparative assessment of the degree of a feature in the same subject and in two subjects.
Qualitative adjectiveshave degrees of comparison... They express a greater or lesser degree of quality in this subject compared to another subject.
For example: (My house is more beautiful than your house). sometimes a comparison is made within the same object (increasing or decreasing) at different periods of its development, i.e. at the present moment, compared to its past state.
For example: (The demand for the product has become higher than last year).
Adjectives have two degrees of comparison:
comparative;
excellent.
1.Comparative degree of an adjective means that some feature is manifested to a greater or lesser extent in one object than in another.
For example: I am happier than you. Your briefcase is heavier than mine. My dog is smarter than yours.
The comparative degree is:
A) simple
B) difficult
A) Simple comparative degree formed using suffixes:
"her" (s): For example: handsome - prettier, smart - smarter, cold - colder;
"e" (with or without alternation of the last consonant stem):
For example: big - bigger, short - shorter, sweet - sweeter;
"she": For example: old - older, young - younger.
Sometimes a different root is used to form the comparative degree of an adjective.
Good is better, bad is worse, small is less.
Adjectives in the form of a simple comparative degree do not change and do not have endings!
B) Difficult comparative degree is formed from the full form of the positive degree of the adjective with the help of particles more and less.
Big - more (less) big, beautiful - more (less) beautiful.
2) Superlative degree of adjectives.
An excellent degree shows that some feature is manifested in a given object to the greatest extent, in comparison with the same feature in other homogeneous objects.
This is mine Best game; He is the smartest boy in the class.
An excellent degree happens:
A) simple
B) difficult
The superlative degree of an adjective can vary in gender, number, and case.
(We came to the highest mountains).
A) Simple superlative formed with the suffixes "eish", "aish".
For example: The dumbest, the deepest, the rarest, the closest
Sometimes a different root is used to form the superlative of an adjective.
For example: The good is the best, the bad is the worst.
B) Complex superlative is formed from the full form of the positive degree of the adjective with the help of particles most, most and least.
For example: The smallest is the smallest, the smallest, the smallest, the smartest is the smartest, the smartest, the least smart.
Superlative adjectives, like full forms positive degree of adjectives, change in gender, number and case.
Date of publication: 28.01.2012 17:58 UTC
- Morphological analysis of an adjective in Russian.
- Full and short forms of adjectives. Declination and spelling of case forms of adjectives in Russian.
- The concept of an adjective. Morphological signs of adjectives. Categories of adjectives in Russian.
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