Formation of verbal adjectives in Russian. How to distinguish a participle from an adjective - examples

15.10.2019

In Russian, the participle can turn into a verbal adjective due to the weakening of the properties of the verb. In other words, communion gradually loses its temporary properties and acquires permanent qualities. Accordingly, this changes the spelling "nn" in participles and verbal adjectives. It is important to know that doubled is written in participles " nn", in addition to the words: smart, named, and in adjectives - one "n" except for the words: unexpected, unexpected, unexpected, desired and others.

Properties of parts of speech

In order to distinguish between a passive participle and a verbal adjective, you need to know their properties. Participle and adjective properties:

The adjective is characterized by two more features:

It can be included in a number of homogeneous members (well-mannered and shy).
It can have a figurative meaning (lost sight).

Participle and verbal adjective

The participle has its own specific affixes used for formation. For example, the chlorine component is not a participle, because the verb "chlorine compound" does not exist, unexpected is not a participle due to the fact that the word "unexpected" does not exist in the language.

To distinguish between these two categories, you need:

Thus, if the word corresponds to at least one of the above items, it is a participle, which means you need to write " nn"; if the word does not match any item, then it is verbal adjectives ("n" and " nn" in which cases to write, we have already found out), you need to write one letter. If it is necessary to determine the partial affiliation of the written word with two letters, it will be a participle, with one - no.

Dependence on semantic meaning

As for the suffixes of the analyzed parts of speech, the spelling of verbal adjectives should be noted. For example, words like oil pancakes and oil paint. Here we distinguish between participles and adjectives not according to the rule, but according to the meaning. In the first phrase, this is a verbal adjective derived from the verb "oil", and in the second - an adjective derived from the noun "oil". And in the phrase, for example, "butter pancakes in the morning" oily- participle. In other words, when the word is used in the sense of "made of oil or running on oil" - the suffix -yang is written in it. If in the meaning "soaked in oil", then the suffix is -en.

The word wounded has two spellings. For example, in the sentence "Remaining wounded, he has already begun to prepare for the campaign" in the word wounded - doubled "nn", although there is no prefix and no dependent word, it is formed from the verb "injure" not perfect look, the word does not end with -wounded, -wounded. doubled "nn" is explained by the fact that the word carries a verbal meaning, that is, it denotes a temporary sign and is a participle. A verbal adjective does not denote an action and answers the question: which? which?

Short and long forms

Having one or two "n" in a word depends on the form: full or short. So, in short adjectives, so many are written "n", how many in total. And in short participles, only one is always written "n". The girl was spoiled(spoiled - a short adjective, means constant sign). The boys must have been spoiled by life(spoiled - participle, denotes a temporary sign).

Suffixes of verbal adjectives have their own characteristics. It should be added that in some combinations of repeated words, such as: patched-patched, washed-washed, despite the presence of the prefix re- in the second part of the combinations, one is written. Combinations have the meaning of the degree of quality and are adjectives.

Changing the lexical meaning

In cases where the participle becomes an adjective, it may change lexical meaning. For example, the participle "forgiven" in the phrase "forgiven person" means "a person who was forgiven", but the adjective forgiven in the phrase "forgiveness Sunday" takes on a different meaning and means the name of the day of the week before the big Orthodox fast.

Compound verbal adjectives "n" and "nn" type: lightly salted, smooth-bleached, freshly dyed, are written with one "n". But: g bleached, freshly painted, lightly salted written with double "n", since the second part of these words is formed from verbs with prefixes.

Noun suffixes

Nouns formed from passive participles and from verbal adjectives can also be written with one "n", and with two "nn". It all depends on the basis of the word from which it is formed. For instance, henchman- from an adjective set, but the producing verb is put in the perfect form, so we write with two "nn". Ice cream- from communion " ice cream", but since the generating base freeze(what to do?) - imperfect form, then we write one "n". The same applies to the spelling of derivative adverbs.

Transition of a participle into an adjective

If the participle becomes an adjective, then it takes on its features:

It gives rise to a simple comparative (surprised, surprised).

It can be combined with the words less and more ( less surprised).

He has synonyms and antonyms from adjectives ( upbeat mood, that is funny- synonym, sad- antonym).

You will need

Text with participles and adjectives;
Knowledge of the rules for the formation of participles;
Knowledge of similarities and differences in both parts of speech;
Knowledge of the formations of adjective adjectives;
Knowledge of exceptions to the rules.

Instruction

A part of speech denoting a property, belonging or attribute of another part of speech - a noun, but is not associated with it by any process. The adjective is a part of speech dependent on the noun, therefore it inherits all its features. This means that it has three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter, numbers: singular and plural, and also changes according to the noun to which it refers. The adjective answers the question "what?" or "whose?"

« oil paint» (R.p.)

"Buttered Pancake" (Tv.p.)
4. Also, the participle can have a short form like an adjective. For example: “made” (from “made”) - participle, “bright” from “bright”.
5. As members of the sentence, the participle and the adjective are.

Differences between participles and adjectives
Now, using an example, consider participles from adjectives that characterize the presence of (participles) signs of a verb:
1. Perfect view - “running”, “running” - imperfect view.
2. Return form - "rotating", "rotating" - non-returning form.
3. Time - “running” (present time), “running” (past time).
4. Real or passive meaning tearing a shirt, a shirt being torn.
5. Transitivity: a reading person reading a book.
Exist in adjectives formed from participles. They are called verbal adjectives or adjectives formed adjectively.

Such adjectives are formed for the following reasons:
The emergence of a new meaning for the subject of action, for example, “driving force”;

The occurrence of a figurative meaning in a word that is participle, for example, "brilliant performance";

If the participle denoted the destination to perform some action and became a constant accompanying word for a noun, for example, "condensed milk." Please note that in this example, even the spelling of the word changes, because in the case of a participle, it would be correct to write "condensed";

If the participle is the ability of an object to be subjected to some kind of influence, for example, "an indeclinable adjective."

It is quite possible to distinguish a participle from an adjective in a simple way. Try inserting a word in the sentence after the intended participle or adjective that makes sense for it. For example, in the sentence "We saw birds flying", you can insert the appropriate word "in the sky". "We saw birds flying across the sky." The word "flying" in this case is a participle.
In the sentence “She approached us with a flying gait”, we cannot insert a suitable word for the word “flying”, because it is an adjective and is directly dependent on the noun "gait"

The second way to distinguish an adjective from a participle is rather difficult, because based on knowledge of the formation of participles and adjectives. In most cases, participles have a double "n" in the suffix, unlike adjectives, but there are exceptions to both of these rules that you need to know.

Types and ways of forming participles

Lexical meaning - a sign of an object by action - consists of the grammatical features of this part of speech. For example: “singing birds” (those that sing now), “singing birds” (those that sang in the past), “discussed issue” (the one that someone is discussing now), “discussed issue” (the one that already discussed).

Accordingly, there are 4 forms of participles: real present and past tense, passive present and past tense.

The first group of participles (valid present tense) are formed from the basis of the present tense using the suffixes -usch- (-yushch-), -ashch- (-yashch-). The choice of suffix depends on the verb. For example: “cry-ut - cry-usch-y”, “kol-yut - kol-yushch-y” - I conjugation; “Let-at - let-ash-th”, “kle-yat - glue-box-th” - II conjugation.

Real participles in the past tense are formed from the infinitive by replacing the suffixes -т, -ти with the suffixes -вш-, -ш-. For example: “run-be-bezha-vsh-th”, “carry-ti - carry-sh-th”.

Present passive participles are formed from present tense verbs using the suffixes -em- (I conjugation) and -im- (II conjugation): “lele-em - lele-em-th”, “stor-im - store -im-th."

Passive past participles are formed from the stem of the indefinite form of the verb with the suffix -nn-, if the verbs end in -at, -et. Verbs in -it receive the suffix -enn-, as well as verbs in -ti, -ch, and verbs ending in -ot, -ut-, -yt- receive the suffix -t-. For example: “write - write-nn-th”, “capture - capture-en-th”, “save - save-en-th”, “forget - forget-t-th”.

Short participles, as well as short adjectives, are in the sentence the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate.

Passive participles have a short form with truncated: -a, -o, -s. For example: "sent, sent-a, sent-o, sent-s."

Which does not conjugate and denotes a sign by action (procedural sign). Therefore, the participle can be replaced by a turnover with the verb from which it is formed. For example, a built house is a house that is built.

Distinguish between the verbal adjective and the real participle of the present tense:
- there is a dependent word. For example: eyes shining (from what?) with joy - communion;
An adjective can be replaced by another adjective. For example: eyes shining (participle) with joy - brilliant (adjective) performances (brilliant performances - magnificent, spectacular, successful, excellent);
- terms are always adjectives (typewriter);
- the particle DOES NOT reduce the verb, so the word is used already in the role (inappropriate conditions - adjective).

Distinguish adjective and real participle of the past tense:
- communion on -SHII often turn into adjectives (the past year is an adjective);
- communion, which are formed from the stems of intransitive perfective verbs, acquire a qualitative meaning and become verbal adjectives. For example: extinct (from go out - intransitive perfect form, adjective) eyes, but extinct (participle) fire.

Distinguish between the verbal adjective and the passive participle of the present tense (in -MY):
- a word is an adjective if it is formed from a perfect form verb and from intransitive form verbs;
- a word is a participle if it is formed from an imperfective verb;
- if there is a dependent word in the instrumental case (subject), then the main part will be a participle. For example: unloved (adjective) toys, not loved (participle) by a child (subject) toys.

Distinguish adjective and passive past participle:
- if the word can be replaced by a verb without changing the essence of the phrase, and substitute the dependent word in the instrumental case, then this is a participle (refined reserves - to find reserves, refined (by whom?) Head reserves);
- if you can replace it with another adjective, apply degrees of comparison or from the word to -O, then this is an adjective (refined manners - noble manners, extremely refined manners, exquisitely);
- distinguish the adjective in figurative meaning(open (passive past participle with suffix -T-) door - open (adjective) face).

Write with -Н- and -НН-:
-N- in adjectives formed from imperfective verbs, without a word (knitted cap);
-HH- in communion x, formed from imperfective verbs, with a dependent word (knitted cap);
-HH- in communion x, formed from perfective verbs (tied (tie) jacket);
-NN- in verbal adjectives formed from imperfective verbs in -OVA-, -EVA- (pickled (pickled) cucumbers).

Sources:

verbal adjectives are

You will need

1. Words
2. Communions

Instruction

Sources:

"Modern Russian language", Beloshapkova V.A. 1989.

Communions and gerunds, as well as participial and adverbial phrases, perform different functions in a sentence, play different roles. They also have pronounced morphological differences.

Instruction

Participle(revolution) necessarily refers to the word being defined - a noun or pronoun, depends on it, changes in numbers, genders and, has a full and - some - a short form.
For example: a smiling person; us, the signatories of this document, ...
Other nominal parts of speech can also act as a defined word, if they are in the meaning of a noun.
For example: a tidy dining room; The “154th”, who asked for landing, ... (o). Unlike a participle, a participle is an invariable word form.
For example: lying without moving; froze standing in the wind.

Grammar signs of the sacrament

As a special form, it has some features of this part of speech. They are of a perfect and imperfect kind: “- prompted”, “to excite - worried”; returnable and irrevocable: “decided”, “falling asleep”; present and past tense: “thinking”, “running”.

Unlike a verb, the participle does not have a future tense form.

Denoting a sign of an object, the participle, like adjectives, grammatically depends on and agrees with it in gender, number and case. For example: “boiling stream - boiling stream - boiling stream - boiling streams; boiling lava, boiling milk."

Types and ways of forming participles

Accordingly, there are 4 forms of participles: real present and past tense, passive present and past tense.

Present passive participles are formed from present tense verbs using the suffixes -em- (I conjugation) and -im- (II conjugation): “lele-em - lele-em-th”, “stor-im - store -im-th."

Short participles, as well as short adjectives, are in the sentence the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate.

Passive participles have a short form with truncated: -a, -o, -s. For example: "sent, sent-a, sent-o, sent-s."

What is a verbal adjective? What is the difference between this part of speech and participles formed, it would seem, in the same way? What is the significance of the origin of an adjective for the spelling of its suffix?

In order to answer these questions, it is necessary to define the terms and what they mean.

An adjective is a part of speech that denotes an independent attribute of an object. The words of this morphological group are either non-derivative (their origin is not motivated by other lexical units), or are formed from (nouns).

Participles simultaneously combine the properties of adjectives and verbs. Their role in the language is the designation of a sign due to action.

A verbal adjective is a special word that can, under certain conditions, become a participle or express an independent attribute of an object. How is this possible?

To understand this phenomenon, it should be remembered that the passive participles are formed exclusively from the action to which a certain object was subjected is complete, and now the result of this process is expressed by the participle:

overcooked fish - overcook (sov.v.);
painted fence - paint (sov.v.).

The verbal adjective reminiscent comes from the Action on which the attribute of the object is based is not complete. Therefore, sending a specific characteristic to the process that happened to the object loses its meaning:

knitted sweater - knit (non-sov.v.);
wicker basket - weave (non-sov.v.).

Such a sign breaks the connection with the form from which the verbal adjective came, and now the word indicates the final state of the subject, without regard to its origin: "chiseled pencil", "torn shoe", "pickles".

The spelling of verbal adjectives is a stumbling block in Russian orthography. The problem is to distinguish between homonymous parts of speech.

Students do not understand why both “n” and “nn” can be written in the same word:

ruble n oh meat;
ruble nn axed meat.

In fact, everything is very simple. By default, adjectives, except for the exceptions to “ovated” and “ovanny”, are written with one letter “n”. But when dependent words or prefixes appear, this part of speech becomes passive participles, in full form which "n" by the rule is doubled.

Noshe n th dress (from the verb “to wear” an inconsistent type, there are no dependent words and prefixes);
Noshe nn oh (by whom?) grandfather's coat (there is a dependent word);
Zanosha nn th trousers (from the verb "bring in" a Soviet species, there is a prefix).

Of course, as in any rule of the Russian language, this algorithm has its own characteristics. For example, the word “wounded”, formed from a non-prefixed perfective verb, does not fit this rule.

Based on the rule governing the spelling of two similar parts of speech, you can completely eliminate the suffixes of these words.

Very often in Russian participles turn into adjectives (they are called verbal adjectives).

Moreover, if these are passive participles of the past tense, then it must be borne in mind that when they turn into adjectives, their spelling changes. Choice nn or n often depends on what part of speech the verbal word is: participle or adjective. Conversely, if it is known how much n in a verb ( nn or n), you can determine what part of speech it is.

Signs by which you can determine the part of speech (verbal adjective or participle):

1) Verbal adjectives are formed only from imperfective verbs: boiled milk from boiling, burnt cork from burning.

But there is whole line verbal adjective-exceptions: done, cutesy, seen, desired, swaggered, chased, cursed, slow, sacred, unseen, unheard of, unexpected, unexpected, unintentional, counted, wakeful eye.

If the form is formed from a perfective verb, then this is a participle: a solved problem from solve, abandoned things from throwing away. Exceptions: smart, named - with one n.

2) For verbal adjectives no prefixes: fried cutlet, confused answer. If the prefix non- is added to the adjective, then it remains an adjective and is written with one n: slaked lime - quicklime; ironed linen - unironed linen.

Participles can have prefixes: fried meat, tangled traces.

3) For verbal adjectives no dependent words: dried mushrooms, sauerkraut. Participles can have dependent words: dried in the sun mushrooms, pickled for the winter cabbage.

4) Verbal words on -ovanny, -evanny- adjectives, they are always written with two n (pressed, uprooted).

adjectives forged, chewed, are written with one n, since -ov and -ev enter the root, which we are convinced of by analyzing the words by composition.

Hence, if we are considering a form formed from a verb that does not have a prefix or dependent word, then before deciding whether it is a participle or an adjective, one should determine the kind of verb from which this form is formed.

It is useful to compare the mixed forms:

oil(paints) is an adjective derived from the noun oil with the suffix -yang;

oily(pancake) is a verbal adjective derived from the verb to oil; greasy (apron) - participle formed from the verb to grease.

V short adjectives is preserved as much n as it was in full, and short passive participles always written with one n.

Exercises for training:

1. Turn adjectives into participles by adding dependent words or prefixes.

soaked apples, salty fish, a wounded bird, a quilted jacket, a confused answer.

2. Turn participles into adjectives.

Sauerkraut in a barrel, a whitewashed ceiling, melted butter, a paved street, an overloaded car, potatoes fried in oil.

3. Form verbal adjectives or participles from these verbs, pick up nouns for them.

Praise, decide, mow, deprive, let go, captivate, sharpen, weave.

4. Turn adjectives into participles, and participles into adjectives:

a sawn log is sawn sugar, a forged sword is chained.

Woven tablecloth, knitted scarf, etched wolf, darned sleeve, untrodden path.

5. Form full and short participles from adjectives, pick up nouns for them: broken line - broken pencil, broken toy.

frozen fish, boiled egg, seeded herbs, confused story, unironed shirt.

6. Explain the spelling H and HH.

a) Path cleared, boots cleaned, boots cleaned today, potatoes not peeled, shoes not cleaned.

b) Painted floors, painted walls, unpainted tables, whitewashed windows, painted shelves.

c) Dinner party, summoned student, uninvited guest guests invited to dinner.

7. Insert H or HH.

1) On the walls hung bunches of dry ... herbs, bundles of wrinkled ... roots and kitchen utensils (K. Paustovsky).

2) The patch ... the cabbies with tin ... numbers rattled in the eyes (K. Paustovsky).

3) Our brigade entered a brooch ... th by inhabitants, ruined ... th and half-burned ... turkish village (V. Garshin).

4) On large tables without tablecloths, several wooden ... more beautiful ... and golden ... bowls with liquid millet ... slurry were placed (V. Garshin).

5) At this strange hour of light and fog ... oh autumn ... her night was running late ... the park seemed sad and mysterious ... like an abandoned ... cemetery (A. Kuprin).

6) The walls turned yellow, painted ... with oil ... with paint, captured ... with dirty ... fingers (K. Paustovsky).

7) They were overtaken by a man in a moat ... coat and a straw ... hat (A.N. Tolstoy).

8) On an empty ... oh street, a strange figure of fright ... of a man appeared (A. N. Tolstoy).

9) The palaces looked at the Neva of the execution ... with empty ... windows (A.N. Tolstoy).

10) He was lying in someone's sheepskin coat, surrounded by a whole crowd of people (A. Kuprin).

11) The army was melting like brooches ... tin soldiers thrown into the oven (A.N. Tolstoy).

12) The walls are whitewashed ... with lime, and painted from below ... with brown oil ... with paint (A. Kuprin).

A source:

pack-me.ru - "The transition of participles into adjectives."

Additional sources:

rosental.virtbox.ru - § 52 "Spelling Н and НН in participles and verbal adjectives" in the "Handbook of Spelling and Style", ed. D.E. Rosenthal (1997);
traktat.com - "Spelling H and HH in participles and verbal adjectives";
hi-edu.ru - "Н and НН in participles and verbal adjectives".

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