In the copulatory cycle, the first stage, the psychic stage, appears first. Its beginning is the emergence of sexual dominance. A characteristic feature of this stage is the awareness of sexual desire directed at a specific sexual object. And the sexual dominant orients behavior towards the mastery of this object, and is the physiological basis of this stage.
In the psychic stage, the sexual behavior of a man is manifested in such a way as to incline the sexual object to intimacy. To achieve this goal, speech influence is used (affectionate words, persuasion), which is then reinforced by touches and irritation of various erogenous zones (hugs, kisses, caresses).
If the copulatory cycle unfolds without obstacles, then the nervous excitement gradually increases, and at some point an erection occurs. This is the second, erection stage. When the erect penis is inserted into the vagina (this is called immission, introjection, or introitus), copulatory frictions (i.e., translational movements of the penis into the vagina) begin. This is the third, copulative, or frictional stage. The intensity of nervous excitation increases, then, due to the ongoing summation of frictions, the sharpness of sexual arousal sharply increases, coinciding in time with ejaculation - this is the stage of ejaculation. This is followed by a decline in nervous excitation. The refractory stage of the copulative cycle begins.
During the refractory stage, substages of absolute and relative non-excitability are distinguished.
Some men are able to perform repeated intercourse without removing the penis after the first ejaculations. But in most men of mature age, after ejaculation, a period of absolute sexual non-excitability begins. During this period, no impact can cause an erection. After an orgasm, for a certain time, a man is indifferent to the erotic and sexual activities of his partner, and if he is left alone, most often he simply falls asleep.
But if the partner does not let the man fall asleep, then after the absolute sexual non-excitability comes a period of relative sexual non-excitability. Here it is already possible to cause an erection in a man, but for this the partner needs to make every effort, since arousal is possible only under the influence of intense stimulation of the erogenous zones.
The connection between the stages and the onset of a new stage of the copulative cycle is determined by the law of summation of stimuli.
In the mental stage, a single stimulus (for example, olfactory or auditory) is most often not able to cause an erection. And the summation of individual stimuli (olfactory, auditory, visual and touch - touch), interacting with neurohumoral stimuli (nervous system and sex hormones), gradually increasing, reaches the threshold of the erection center of the spinal cord and causes an erection.
If any interference occurs, and the action of these stimuli is suspended or terminated, then the erection weakens and then disappears.
Here, too, if there is no summation of irritations, for example, a man stops friction or removes the penis, then, accordingly, there will be no ejaculation and orgasm.
K. Imelinsky writes: “Sexual potency is a clear measure of self-awareness and self-confidence for most men. She reacts, like a seismograph, to fluctuations and changes in the environment, and above all when a man's sense of his own worthiness is insufficient or labile (changeable - author's note). This is precisely what explains the almost stereotypical appearance and course of potency disorders, which, in this regard, are simultaneously a diagnostic criterion for psychogenic impotence: an erection decreases before immission, during it, or immediately after it; for some it occurs in preparation for sexual intercourse, for others only at the thought of impending intercourse, and for others immediately after immission. While in a healthy man, an erection increases as the desired sexual intercourse approaches and during the preparatory period, in men with psychogenic impotence, the erection disappears. Outside of situations involving sexual intimacy, erections in these people are quite normal.
Sveshnikov A. A., Sharypova N. V.,
1.5. Copulative function of men
1.5.1. Factors that determine sexual activity
Human sexuality is determined by the integrative interaction of biological, psychological and socio-cultural factors (K. Imelinsky, 1986). The formation and manifestation of sexuality is largely determined by the somatic characteristics of the individual, which in sexology is called the sexual constitution, which is expressed by the strength, duration and frequency of sexual reactions. Its systematic description and interpretation is given by G.S. Vasilchenko (1977). The author defines the sexual constitution of an individual as a set of stable biological properties that are formed under the influence of hereditary factors and conditions of development in the prenatal period and early ontogenesis. The sexual constitution limits the range of individual needs at a certain level of sexual activity and characterizes individual resistance to pathogenic factors that are selective in relation to the sexual sphere. The concept of the sexual constitution is essential, first of all, in that it focuses on an individual approach in the study of certain manifestations of sexual function.
On the other hand, an important determining factor in the development of mature sexuality is the psychological status of the individual, since sexual behavior is directly related to communication. Here a special role is played by a different extravertive orientation of the personality. Since extraversion is associated with less excitability of the cerebral cortex and, consequently, with less self-control and emotional restraint, the sexual behavior of extroverted individuals is usually more active and uninhibited than that of introverted ones (I.S. Kohn, 1988).
Unlike all other physiological functions, sexual function is determined by age. Before the onset of puberty, most of the sexual manifestations are in a latent state, then they develop in the pubertal phase and, after the reproductive period, are gradually but steadily reduced. In the process of individual development of a person, the following age periods of formation and dynamics of sexuality can be conditionally distinguished.
1. Parapubertal period(1-7 years), during which sexual consciousness is formed.
2. prepubertal period(7-13 years old) is characterized by the choice and formation of a stereotype of gender-role behavior.
3. puberty(12-18 years) - the most rapid in the sexual development of the body, during which puberty and the formation of the platonic, erotic and initial phases of sexual libido occur.
4. Transition period the formation of sexuality (18-26 years) is characterized by the onset of sexual activity, masturbation practice, a combination of sexual excesses with periods of withdrawal.
5. The period of mature sexuality(26-55 years old) is characterized by a regular sexual life with a regular partner, entry into the UFR (conditional physiological rhythm) of sexual activity.
6. Involutionary period(51-70 years) - a decrease in sexual activity and a weakening of interest in the sexual sphere, combined with a regression of libido.
Thus, explicit sexological manifestations in a man are observed starting from the puberty period. At earlier stages, in the parapubertal and prepubertal periods, psychophysiological processes occur that are only indirectly related to the sexual sphere, but play an extremely important role in the formation of sexuality.
1.5.2. The main manifestations of normal sexuality in men
Without a detailed study of the physiological foundations of sexuality, it is impossible to understand the full complexity of its phenomenon. Until the middle of the last century, there was little information about the physiology of sexual manifestations in humans, and they were often erroneous.
In 1966, the results of studies of human sexual physiology were published for the first time, based on more than 10,000 laboratory observations of the sexual activity of 382 women and 312 men (W. Masters, V. Jonson, 1966). According to the data obtained, the human sexual response is characterized as a cycle consisting of four phases: arousal, plateau, orgasm and resolution. These phases correspond to different levels of sexual arousal and indicate the typical reactions that people experience during sexual intercourse. The reactions that stand out during intimacy are extremely diverse and include almost all physiological systems of the body.
The main manifestations of normal sexuality in men include: erection, ejaculation, orgasm and sexual desire (libido).
Erection - an increase in the volume of the penis with a sharp increase in its elasticity. Creates an opportunity for the introduction of the penis into the vagina and the implementation of sexual intercourse. Most often, tension in the penis occurs under the influence of mental stimuli (visual, auditory, olfactory and tactile), which, entering the cerebral cortex, stimulate the subcortical sexual centers, and then excite the erection center in the spinal cord. An erection can also occur with mechanical irritation of the glans penis, under the influence of sexual ideas and fantasies that cause sexual arousal in a man. Erection is the most elementary, most persistent and at the same time the most vulnerable phenomenon of male sexuality ). Significant stability of erections is due to their protection from damaging factors of "organic nature", determined by their reliance on the most ancient phylogenetic structures. That is why of all the manifestations of male sexuality, they are formed and detected first - long before libido, ejaculation and orgasm, observed in boys already in infancy. But at the same time, it is erections that are extremely sensitive to all kinds of psycho-traumatic influences, which is determined by their control by higher cerebral mechanisms, for example, due to negative emotions. Erection is a reflex-vascular act. The main mechanism of erection is explained by increased arterial blood flow, and the slowing down of blood outflow through the veins plays only an auxiliary role.
Ejaculation, or ejaculation - the release of ejaculate (products of the activity of the testes and accessory gonads). Ejaculation, like an erection, is a reflex act, but much more complex, the center of which is located in the lumbar region of the spinal cord. In addition, paracentral lobules of the brain play a certain role in the regulation of the process of ejaculation. The process of ejaculation consists of two phases: during the first, the seed is removed from the epididymis into the prostate urethra; during the second - the ejection of the seed as part of a mixture of many secrets of various glands into the female genital organs or out. In the first phase, a man can learn to control his sexual arousal, holding back the onset of orgasm. The second phase, refractory, once started, can no longer be stopped.
In a series of ejaculations following one after another with short breaks, spermatozoa disappear in the third or fourth portion and are again found in the ejaculate after 2-3 days of sexual rest (G.S. Vasilchenko, 1990).
Ejaculation disorders are one of the most common sexual disorders. There is a definite correlation between a subject's age and the type of sexual dysfunction they have. So, in young men under the age of 25, functional sexual disorders usually predominate in the form of premature or too early ejaculation (Z. Starovich, 1991). According to P. Hertoft (1968), 56% of healthy men reported premature ejaculation. This phenomenon cannot be attributed to failures, since the onset of sexual activity is associated with emotional exaltation, which, of course, accelerates the onset of ejaculation and which, along with this, is facilitated by periods of withdrawal.
Ejaculation can be early (before the onset of sexual intercourse), premature or accelerated (if a man cannot prolong sexual intercourse for more than one minute), and delayed or difficult, in which sexual intercourse is of a protracted debilitating nature and may not end with ejaculation at all. The causes of premature ejaculation include: low frequency of sexual intercourse, leading to an excessive increase in sexual excitability; feeling of anxiety, fear during intercourse, the habit of rapid onset of ejaculation, inflammatory diseases of the genital area; neurotic reactions and neuroses.
Orgasm - the highest degree of voluptuous sensation at the moment of completion of sexual intercourse (or forms of sexual activity replacing it). In sexology, orgasm is understood as the result of a complex interaction of a number of structural and functional formations at various levels (pelvic, spinal, diencephalic, cortical). Orgasm lasts only a few seconds and occurs at the moment of the highest sexual tension. The biological significance of orgasm is not limited to the role of the motive that prompts sexual intercourse. It is based on an unconditioned reflex, which reinforces the entire previous sequence of sexual reactions, thereby forming a holistic psychophysiological act from many disparate manifestations. In this consolidation of the involuntary components of the biological order, on the one hand, and individual personal manifestations of the behavioral order, on the other hand, merging in the process of intimacy, the main role of orgasm lies.
Libido is the desire for sexual intimacy. There are three functional components in male sexual desire. The first, energetic, has an innate character, and its anatomical and physiological substrate includes deep structures of the brain (limbic complex, visual tubercles, hypothalamus, neurohypophysis) and peripheral endocrine glands, primarily testicles. It is the subcortical component of libido that ensures the awakening and deployment of the sexual instinct, the presence and severity of all specifically sexual manifestations.
The second component inherent in mature sexual desire is selectivity, both in the choice of the object of sexual desire itself, and in specific forms of sexual contact, as well as in the perception and evaluation of one's role in the ongoing forms of sexual behavior. The anatomical and physiological substrate of the second component, along with some subcortical structures, necessarily includes cortical formations and, therefore, is of an innately acquired nature.
The male libido is characterized by the frequency of its ups and downs - the third component. It manifests itself in a very narrow time frame, measured in days and weeks. This periodicity is based on two regularities described by domestic researchers. The first of them was discovered by I.R. Tarkhanov in 1885. It lies in the fact that the accumulation of ejaculate increases sexual excitability by mechanical pressure on the nerve endings in the walls of the excretory ducts and seminal vesicles, and ejaculate emissions, reducing this pressure, thereby lead to a decrease in the severity of libido. But such a linear relationship (the longer the abstinence, the more uncontrollable sexual desire) is complicated by another mechanism, which is based on the mechanism of prostate-testicular interaction discovered by N.A. Belov (1912).
During the period of sexual abstinence, the secret of the prostate gland is absorbed and enters the bloodstream. This process has a depressing effect on testicular function.
Thus, the secret of the prostate gland enhances the activity of the testicles during periods of increased sexual activity and suppresses their tone during periods of sexual abstinence. Belov's phenomenon is adaptive in the absence of sexual activity and masturbation. Tarkhanov's phenomenon is clearly revealed with the onset of the sexual stage of libido. The manifestation of this stage usually exceeds the individual physiological norm (youthful hypersexuality).
Being closely connected with consciousness, the libido also undergoes a long individual evolution, gradually becoming more complex and improved. In men, the following stages can be distinguished.
1. conceptual the stage is entirely connected with the formation of consciousness in the child and has nothing to do with libido as such at this stage.
2. romantic(or Platonic) is characterized mainly by fantasies in which imaginary feats are performed in honor of the idialized object of the first love. The significance of the Platonic stage is in the elevation of physiological instinct to truly human love.
3. Erotic stage is expressed in the desire for tenderness and caresses.
4. Sexy the stage proceeds against the background of specific emotions of a lower order, which, having arisen during puberty, are then supported by constant stimulation by external secretion products (Tarkhanov's phenomenon).
5. Stage mature sexuality characterized by a harmonious relationship of conceptual, sublimely romantic, erotic and sexual elements with the entire system of moral and ethical value orientations of the individual!
1.5.3. Stages and components of the copulatory cycle
Specific sexual manifestations (erections, ejaculations, orgasm, libido), including the phenomena that accompany them, are nothing more than separate fragments of a single behavioral response. In this regard, in order to assess the whole complex of sexual manifestations as a whole, in scientific sexology there is a tendency to replace the expression "sexual intercourse" with such concepts as the sexual or copulatory cycle. In the copulatory cycle, men distinguish its stages and components (G.S. Vasilchenko, 1977). The natural sequence of deployment of the copulatory cycle with the inclusion one after another of all the functional elements that ensure the physiological course of sexual intercourse can be visualized in the form of a curve. The stages of the copulative cycle are preceded by a state of preliminary neurohumoral readiness.
This is immediately followed by the first, mental, stage, the beginning of which is the moment the sexual dominant arises. Then the following stages come in succession - erection, copulative (friction), ejaculatory and final refractory stage of the copulative cycle. The intensity of nervous excitation during the frictional stage continues to increase, at first steeply, and then somewhat flattening (physiologically - a consequence of the phenomenon of sensory saturation). However, after the continued summation of frictions, a sharp increase in the severity of sexual arousal occurs, coinciding in time with ejaculation. This is followed by a decline in nervous excitation, and the final, refractory stage of the copulative cycle begins. The refractory stage is divided into two substages - absolute and relative non-excitability. This is due to the fact that the state of post-ejaculatory refractoriness is characterized by a wide variability, determined by individual constitutional, age and situational factors. In a normal copulatory cycle, the change of stages is strictly sequential: ejaculation occurs with an erect penis, its onset is preceded by a period of copulatory frictions. The main physiological factor that determines the sequence of onset of the stages of the copulative cycle is the height of the thresholds of the interacting centers. The erection stage precedes the ejaculatory stage, primarily because, normally, the excitability threshold of the erection center is lower than the excitability threshold of the ejaculatory center. The connection between the stages, the onset of a new stage is determined, first of all, by the law of summation of stimuli.
The division of the copulative cycle into stages (that is, periods of time within which a certain sexological phenomenon is realized) does not give a complete picture of the copulative component of the sexual function. This is facilitated by an additional understanding of the components of the copulative cycle. In this case, abstracting from the concept of a stage as a period of time, the semantic emphasis is transferred to the anatomical and physiological substrate and the task it performs. In a single reproductive system, four components are distinguished: neurohumoral, mental, erection and ejaculatory.
1. Neurohumoral the component associated with the activity of the deep structures of the brain and the entire system of the endocrine glands ensures the severity of sexual desire and the corresponding excitability of all parts of the nervous system that regulate sexual activity.
2. mental the component associated with the activity of the cortex determines the direction of sexual desire, facilitates the onset of an erection up to the moment of introitus, and provides forms of sexual activity that are specific to a person.
3. Erection component (its anatomical and physiological substrate are the spinal erection centers with their extraspinal sections, as well as the penis with its vascular apparatus) is the final executive apparatus, providing mainly the mechanical side of sexual intercourse.
4. ejaculatory a component based on the integration of structural elements, from the prostate gland with its own nervous apparatus to the paracentral lobes of the cerebral cortex, provides the main biological task of all sexual activity - the isolation of the male fertilizing principle.
There is an important regularity in the distribution of the process of excitation during sexual intercourse to more and more extensive areas of the nervous system: the innervation elements, once included in the unfolding constellation, during the normal course of sexual intercourse not only maintain the achieved level of activity, but also intensify it until the end of the cycle with ejaculation and orgasm . Normally, each of the subsequent components is modeled only when relying on the previous ones, and none of the components is turned off until the end of the copulatory cycle with ejaculation and orgasm.
We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"
Copulation cycle(from lat. copulatio connection) - a complex set of specific physiological reactions that underlie the intimacy of a man and a woman. Along with genital (actual sexual intercourse) includes complex psychological and behavioral manifestations,
Conventionally, there are several stages copulatory cycle. In men, against the background of the period formed after puberty the initial state of the so-called preliminary neurohumoral readiness, which does not have a specific sexual coloration and is perceived subjectively as physiological comfort, under favorable circumstances, a mental stage develops, characterized by the emergence of a sexual dominant ( rice. one ). At this stage, behavioral reactions are aimed at realizing the desire for intimacy with a sexual partner. With an increase in the degree of nervous excitation, an erection occurs and the erection stage begins. After the introduction of the penis into the vagina (synonym: introjection, immission, introitus), the copulative (frictional) stage begins. The specific nervous excitation that grows as a result of the summation of sensations associated with frictions ends ejaculation and orgasm(ejaculatory stage). This is followed by a decline in nervous excitation (refractory stage), in which an erection cannot be caused by any erotic influences (absolute sexual non-excitability) or occurs somewhat later only under the influence of unusual (exquisite) stimuli (relative sexual non-excitability).
In women with awakened sexuality, the state of preliminary neurohumoral readiness is subject to some fluctuations determined by ovulation (see. Menstrual cycle). An analogue of the erection stage in women is the secretory stage, or the stage of moistening (lubrication) of the vagina ( rice. one ). The sensory stage reflects an important feature of female sexuality - the severity of the erotic component libido, satisfying the woman's need for tactile caresses (hugs, kisses). In time, this stage corresponds to the mental and erection stages in men (many men carry out tactile effects even after the appearance of an erection). The second feature of the female copulatory cycle- lack of ejaculation and refractory stage in women.
In both sexes, with normal copulatory cycle the change of stages occurs strictly sequentially; for example, in men, ejaculation is realized with an erect penis, and its onset is preceded by a period of copulatory frictions.
The increase in sexual arousal from the moment the sexual dominant appears to the highest point of orgasm is due to an increase in the number of nerve cells involved in the active state, i.e. irradiation of the excitation process at each subsequent stage. In men in a state of preliminary neurohumoral readiness, the process of weak (tonic) excitation does not go beyond the limbic-reticular complex and intramural nerve formations of the genital organs. Since the formation of the sexual dominant, the process of excitation spreads to various areas of the cerebral cortex. At the erection stage, excitation covers the spinal erection centers. Thus, the transition from one stage to the next becomes possible if new cell formations are connected to the process of excitation (for example, at the ejaculatory stage, these are the neural complexes of the ejaculation apparatus in the paracentral lobes of the cerebral cortex, lumbar and sacral spinal cord).
In the sexological literature, such a combination of an anatomical substrate with its function is defined as a component of the copulatory cycle. In men, there are four components: 1) neurohumoral, associated with the activity of the deep structures of the brain and the endocrine system and providing the severity of sexual desire and increased excitability of all parts of the nervous system that regulate sexual activity; 2) mental, associated with the activity of the cerebral cortex, which determines the direction of sexual desire and provides forms of manifestation of sexual activity that are specific to a person, including the correspondence of behavioral reactions to the conditions of a particular situation and moral attitudes; 3) erection, due to the function of the spinal erection centers with their extraspinal sections and providing mainly the mechanical side of sexual intercourse; 4) ejaculatory, based on the integration of the functions of many structural elements (from the prostate gland with its own nervous apparatus to the paracentral lobes of the cerebral cortex) and ensuring the release of ejaculate ( sperm and secretions of the accessory sex glands).
In women, neurohumoral, mental and genitosegmental components are distinguished, the latter is based on the integration of the functions of the spinal centers and autonomic organ plexuses of the small pelvis, which provide the onset of orgasm.
In the spread of the excitation process at copulatory cycle the following regularity is manifested: the elements involved in this process, during the normal course copulatory cycle not only maintain the achieved level of activity, but also increase it, so that each subsequent component is formed only against the background of the previous one and none of them is turned off until the end of the K. c. ejaculation and orgasm ( rice. 3 ). For example, the neurohumoral component, after connecting the mental component, not only continues to accompany it, but also actively supports it. In cases where this does not happen, so-called disintegration syndromes are observed - ejaculation without erection, ejaculation without orgasm, orgasm without ejaculation, priapism etc.
The dependence of each of the components on the previous ones is especially clearly manifested in cases of early eunuchoidism (see. hypogonadism), in which an extremely low level of functional activity of the neurohumoral component excludes the possibility of the formation of a mental component. In such patients, there is no sexual desire, erections, although they occur due to the preservation of the spinal segmental mechanisms, are extremely rare, weak, short-lived and are not accompanied by libidinal sensations. Due to the lack of sexual desire, no attempts are made to implement intimacy, the prostate gland undergoes secondary aplasia, ejaculation does not occur under any circumstances, and there is no orgasm.
Pathology copulatory cycle due most often to the defeat of the mental component; less often, the cause of sexual disorders is a violation of the neurohumoral and other components (see. Sexual disorders).
Bibliography: General sexopathology, ed. G.S. Vasilchenko, p. 148, M., 1977.
Researchers of sexuality often describe the cycle of a person's sexual response, using the concept of "copulatory cycle", taking as a basis the results of research by V.-H. Masters and W. Johnson.
Copulative (lat. sorilasio - close connection) cycle - the whole complex of manifestations that are observed in a person in the process of intimacy.
Sometimes this concept is used as a synonym for the concept of "sexual intercourse", but it is more capacious, as it covers a number of important manifestations, the violation of which makes it impossible to have sexual intercourse.
The male copulatory cycle
The main reactions that occur during the copulatory cycle in the human body are divided into genital (erection of the penis, tightening of the scrotum, lifting of the testicles, their increase in size, etc.) and post-genital (erection of the nipples, involuntary contraction of some muscles of the trunk and limbs, changes in heart rate and breathing, increased blood pressure, etc.). These reactions are observed throughout intimacy, they are very diverse and cover all physiological systems of the body.
The natural sequence of deployment of the copulative cycle, including all the elements that ensure its physiological course, can be represented as a process that has several stages (Fig. 3.1).
Rice. 3. 1. Typical curve of the male copulatory cycle
On the background states of preliminary neurohumoral readiness in a man's brain sexual dominant (lat. sio-tipapv - dominant) - awareness of sexual desire directed at a specific sexual object, the formation of a behavioral response to mastering it. To do this, use speech influence, tactile stimulation of various erogenous zones. Thus ends the mental stage of the copulative cycle.
In the absence of obstacles to the further deployment of the cycle against the background of nervous excitement, an erection occurs, which is responsible for the onset of the erection stage. An erection is used for intromision (introduction member into the vagina) and performing frictions, which means the beginning copulative (frictional) stage. Against the background of frictions, sexual arousal greatly increases, which coincides in time with the onset of ejaculation and the onset of ejaculatory stage. Following this, nervous excitation subsides, which signals the final refractory stage of the copulative cycle. In most men of mature age, this stage begins with absolute sexual restlessness, during which nothing can cause an erection. After a period of rest, absolute sexual restlessness turns into relative sexual restlessness, on which an erection can occur only under the influence of intense stimulation.
During a normal copulatory cycle, the change of stages is sequential, and the relationship between them is determined by the law of summation of stimuli. The main physiological factor that determines the sequence of onset of stages is the height of the excitation thresholds of the centers that interact.
The female copulatory cycle
In the copulatory cycle, women also distinguish certain successive stages (Fig. 3.2). After the assimilation of factors of a mental order, a mental stage begins, the range of which is from the awareness of the desire for intimacy to the decision to implement it. At the same time, an important role is played by the situation in which a woman is faced with the question of consent to sexual intimacy (for example, she can agree to this with her alcoholic husband if he is sober, cleanly dressed, gave her flowers and made a number of compliments). With adequate stimulation, a positive dominant is formed. At the beginning of sexual life, it is longer than with the advent of sexual experience. Women with a weak or medium temperament, of which the majority, during the preliminary love game, behave passively, silently, constrained by the usual contact of male and female bodies. Approximately 1% of women have a negative attitude even to kissing. Women with a strong temperament are strongly excited already at the beginning of a love game, almost at any moment they are ready for sexual intercourse.
On the sensory stage the sensitivity of erogenous zones increases, there is a need for their stimulation. Caresses of the external genital organs greatly increase the degree of arousal. This stage lasts from the final decision about intimacy to the appearance of genital reactions.
Secretory (lubrication) stage characterized by local genital changes that indicate the readiness of the female genital tract for introitus and frictions. It ends with the formation of an orgastic cuff and the "squeezing" of the penis. Lubrication persists throughout the copulatory cycle. The amount of mucous fluid increases significantly in the phase of orgasm, and with a decrease in sexual arousal, it sharply decreases.
The end effect of the summation of excitation is the onset of orgasm, accompanied by characteristic genital reactions. Orgasm stage ends with complete physical discharge and satisfaction of psychosexual needs. Sometimes there are several undulating ups and downs of arousal, which give reason to argue about the multi-organism (lat. ptaNit - a lot and o ^ ao ■ I burn with passion) of a woman. A significant increase in orgasticity, the transition of orgasm into a wave-like one indicate the involvement of the deep structures of the woman's brain, which is confirmed by electroencephalograms.
Paradise dual the stage of the female copulatory cycle is characterized by a gradual fading of excitation and the reverse development of genital changes. It is longer than that of men and can provide a re-achievement of orgasm with the resumption of erotic stimulation.
Most women perceive sexual intercourse as a climax in a complex interpersonal relationship with their husband, physical and spiritual merging with him, so they need final caresses, manifestations of tenderness, attention and gratitude. Only for an appropriate attitude towards a man does a woman feel satisfied.
Sexual reactions of people were studied in detail by W. Masters and W. Johnson (1966) by direct laboratory observation of more than 10,000 sexual acts of a group of volunteers from 700 men and women.
The results of the study showed that they can be described as a cycle consisting of four phases following each other: excitement, plateau, orgasm and resolution.
In men, the penis reaches its maximum erection, the scrotum is tightened, the testicles rise and increase in size up to 50%, two or three drops of mucoid secretion are released from the bulbourethral glands. There is an erection of the nipples, often sexual redness of the skin of the abdomen, anterior surface of the chest, face and neck. Muscle tension increases, blood pressure, heart rate and respiration increase.
wave-like contraction of the muscles of the uterus, the lower third of the vagina and the sphincter of the rectum at intervals of approximately 0.8 seconds, followed by a decrease in the strength, duration and frequency of contractions. A "soft" orgasm can be accompanied by 3-5 contractions, while with an intense (strong) orgasm, their number reaches 10-15. There are no further changes in the condition of the clitoris, labia, breasts and nipples. The sexual blush increases, there is a loss of voluntary control over muscle contractions. Arterial pressure, respiratory rate and heart rate reach their maximum.
The male orgasm differs from the female one in that there are two distinct stages. At the first stage, there are contractions of the vas deferens, prostate gland and seminal vesicles, which contributes to the withdrawal of sperm into the bulb of the urethra (subjectively there is a feeling of the inevitability of ejaculation). At the second stage of orgasm, the urethra and the penis itself are involved in the process of rhythmic contractions, which in a few seconds leads to ejaculation. Spasms of the muscles of the perineum, prostate, seminal ducts and urethra are repeated 3-4 times with an interval of 0.8 seconds, after which the intervals between contractions increase, and their intensity weakens. In this case, there are no noticeable changes in the condition of the testicles and scrotum. Maximally increase blood pressure, heart rate and respiration.
Orgasm lasts 3-15 seconds and is accompanied by a slight clouding of consciousness. With a bright orgasm, one can speak of a kind of "kinesthetic trance" with a focus on sensual ecstatic experiences.
Men lose penis erection, scrotal skin relaxes and returns to normal thickness. The testicles return to their original size and return to their original position in the scrotum. Pulse rate, breathing and blood pressure return to normal. Men for a certain time, which depends on their sexual constitution and increases with age, lose the ability to a new orgasm. Such a refractory period can last from several minutes to many hours. Women do not have a refractory period as such, which makes them potentially capable of multiple orgasms. The resolution phase lasts 10-15 minutes, and if as a result of sexual stimulation an orgasm does not occur, up to 6-12 hours.
The copulatory cycle is a set of specific physiological processes that occur in each of the partners during intercourse. It is necessary to take into account social and cultural influences in sexual relations, but in principle the copulatory cycle during masturbation, petting, homo- or heterosexual intercourse differs only in the nature of genital stimulation.
G.S. Vasilchenko (1977) considers the copulative cycle from the standpoint of the general theory of functional systems by P.K. Anokhin as a special case of such systems. In order to provide the necessary conditions for conception and the achievement of sexual pleasure, nature has combined a number of independent systems into a single functional system: the psyche and nervous system, the endocrine apparatus, the urogenital tract and the circulatory system. All of them are directly involved in the holistic provision of the sexual sphere and make sexual intercourse possible.
The copulatory cycle of a man consists of five successive stages, at each of which certain psychophysiological processes occur sequentially, approximating the main biological result of sexual activity - the release of the male fertilizing principle. The first, mental, stage begins with the realization of the desire for intimacy directed at a specific sexual object and ends with the appearance of an erection.
In the presence of adequate conditions in the process of communication with a potential partner, a second, erection, stage occurs, which ends with introitus (the introduction of the penis into the vagina). The third, frictional, stage is characterized by a gradual increase in excitation to a certain limit. This is followed by the fourth, ejaculatory, stage, accompanied by ejaculation and orgasm, followed by a sharp decline in arousal. The fifth, refractory, stage consists in absolute and then relative sexual non-excitability for a certain period after ejaculation.
In women, there are also five stages of the copulatory cycle. The first, mental, stage, which occurs against the background of a certain erotic readiness, covers the period from a woman's awareness of the desire for sexual intimacy to the decision to implement it, and the awareness of the desire for sexual intercourse with a particular man usually occurs under the influence of erotic stimulation on his part (complements, touches, superficial caresses, etc.).
The second, sensory, stage, which follows the woman's decision to implement intimacy, is characterized by the intensification of lovemaking, which acquire the character of targeted stimulation of erogenous zones, and covers the period before introitus. This phase is characterized by increasing excitation, manifested by specific physiological reactions (lubrication, expansion of the upper vagina, etc.).
The third, frictional, stage covers the period from introitus to the woman's orgasm.
The fourth stage of orgasm, with individual variations inherent in different women, continues until complete orgasmic discharge.
The fifth, residual, stage differs from the corresponding one in men in that in the overwhelming majority of cases, repeated erotic stimulation leads to a new increase in sexual arousal, and the decline in arousal in women occurs smoothly and takes a longer time.
The main differences between the male and female copulatory cycles are explained by the different biological orientation of the sexuality of men and women. Since the main task of male sexuality is the organization of the copulatory cycle itself and the “delivery” of sperm to the place of fertilization of the egg, the whole style of male sexual behavior is active, sometimes aggressively offensive. The fulfillment of the ultimate biological task requires strong motivation, the obligatory nature of all sexual reactions of a man up to ejaculation, a bright reinforcement of which is an orgasm. The stage of non-excitability after intercourse ensures the accumulation of mature sperm and to some extent guarantees the quality of fertilization, that is, the vitality of the offspring.
Female sexuality is aimed at selecting the most worthy of many applicants (in the interests of the same vitality of the offspring), so nature endowed her with the potential ability to have more frequent sexual contacts.
The external effects of the activity of the functional system that provides the sexual reactions of a man can be divided into five successive stages: mental, erection, frictional, ejaculatory and refractory. Responsible for the implementation of these stages are certain anatomical and physiological complexes, which G.S. Vasilchenko (1977) called the components of the copulative cycle.
In men, there are four of them:
- The neurohumoral component is associated with the activity of the deep structures of the brain and endocrine glands.
It forms the energy potential of a person's sexual desire and determines the intensity of his sexual manifestations. - The mental component is associated with the activity of the brain and the mental functioning of the individual. Creates an appropriate psycho-emotional mood for sexual intercourse.
- The erection component, the anatomical and physiological substrate of which are the centers and nerve pathways of the erection reflex, the blood supply system of the genitals and the penis itself, leads to an erection with the appropriate mood.
- The ejaculatory component is associated with the activity of the testicles, prostate, seminal vesicles, vas deferens, as well as the nerve centers and nerve pathways of the ejaculatory reflex. Provides the allocation of male fertilizing secret.
During sexual contact, a man experiences an increase in sexual arousal, which is achieved due to
sequential inclusion in this process of each of the four components and the summation of their effects.
In women, respectively, three components of the copulatory cycle are distinguished: neurohumoral and mental, which generally correspond to similar components in men, and genitosegmental, which provides a number of purely female sexual reactions, including changes that occur in the genitals with increasing sexual arousal, and orgastic experiences. The activity of the genitosegmental component is provided by the nervous elements (from the receptor apparatus of the genitals to the sexual centers of the brain), as well as the female genital organs themselves. If the five stages of the copulatory cycle alternately replace each other in the process of increasing sexual arousal, then the latter is achieved due to the consistent contribution to the process of excitation of each of the components (four in men or three in women) and the summation of their effects. These processes ensure the normal course of sexual intercourse.
Based on materials: V. Domoratsky "Medical sexology and psychotherapy of sexual disorders", - M. 2009
Chicken in kefir - recipes for marinated, stewed and baked poultry for every taste!
Simple Chicken Recipe in English (Fried) Recipes in English with translation
Chicken hearts with potatoes: cooking recipes How to cook delicious chicken hearts with potatoes
Recipes for dough and fillings for jellied pies with mushrooms
Stuffed eggplant with chicken and mushrooms baked in the oven with cheese crust Cooking eggplant stuffed with chicken