The beginning of the activities of the Stroganoffs in the Kama region. Industrialists of the Russian land

Klein Maria Alekseevna

Research work on local history

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal Agency for Education

MAOU "Lyceum №5"

The role of the Stroganovs in the development of the Perm Territory

(Scientific - research work on history and MHK)

Completed by a student of 8 "A" class

MAOU "Lyceum No. 5"

Klein Maria Alekseevna

Supervisor

History and social studies teacher

Zakharova Elena Yurievna

Permian

2013

INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………3

Chapter 1.

Chapter 2.

Chapter 3.

CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………19

REFERENCES………………………………………………………...20

APPENDIX………………………………………………………………………21

Introduction

The Stroganovs in the Kama region... The surname of the largest Russian salt producers is inextricably linked with the history of the development of the region in the era of the late Middle Ages and modern times. Although the family nest of the Stroganovs was in the Russian North, in the city of Solvychegodsk, the Kama region was the main area of ​​interest for this unique family of entrepreneurs who came from unprivileged merchant strata.

In a difficult period in the history of Russia, complicated by the protracted Livonian War waged on the western borders of the Muscovite state, the Stroganovs, at their own expense, begin to develop a vast territory comparable in area and wealth to a number of large European states. For the Stroganovs, these land spaces, which did not have cities, villages, or developed arable land, seemed empty. However, before the arrival of Solvychegodsk entrepreneurs, a rare indigenous population lived here. Communities of the ancestors of the modern Komi-Permyak people lived in the forest spaces, early Bashkir nomadic groups of the population (Ostyaks) lived in the forest-steppe areas, warlike Mansi (Voguls) hunted wild animals in the foothills of the western slope of the Urals.

Muscovy in the second half of the 16th century. did not have material resources for the active development of the region due to the peculiarities of the political and economic situation. Tsar Ivan IV Vasilyevich, with his letters of commendation, supported the private initiative of the Stroganovs, definitely assuming that in the future the developed territories would bring significant income to the "state treasury".

Of course, one cannot idealize the Stroganov clan as a well-behaved family of patriotic patrons who invest their funds free of charge in the arrangement of a vast territory. First of all, they were interested in the natural resources of the Upper Kama region and especially salt springs.

Naturally, the Stroganovs pursued a violent policy of

towards the indigenous population, driving them from their ancestral lands, capturing their forest lands. The Russian population, who worked in the salt mines and peasant arable land, was also subjected to the strongest exploitation. However, it is hardly fair to blame the Stroganovs for this from the position of our time ... ..

Studying the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the Time of Troubles, the reign of Peter I and subsequent Romanovs in history lessons, we often mentioned the Stroganovs. It became interesting to me what role the Stroganovs played in the history of our region, therefore topic of this work - "The role of the Stroganovs in the development of the Perm Territory", and purpose – to trace and analyze what role the Stroganovs played in the history of the Perm region.

Work tasks:

1. Find out where the Stroganov family originates from.
2. Assess the significance of the activities of the Stroganovs.
3. Analyze and evaluate the role played by the Stroganovs in the history of the Perm region.

This topic is relevant today, because the formation of the industry of our region began with the activities of the Stroganov family. At the moment, questions often arise related to the economy and especially to the rise of industry. To understand them, you need to look at where it all began.

In my research, I used the following methods: work with a source, systematization of information, observation, study of people's biographies, an excursion.

Chapter 1

A bit about the coat of arms of the family: The Stroganov count's coat of arms is a complex composition, in the center of which there is a shield, divided horizontally into two parts. In the upper part, in a red field, there is a silver bear's head turned to the right, the lower part is filled with squirrel fur. The shield is crossed diagonally by a golden wavy strip with two spearheads, in the center is a small shield with a double-headed crowned eagle. Above the shield is a count's crown and three helmets with crests: a count's crown with an eagle, a silver bear's head and a black sable's head. The shield is also held on both sides by two black sables.

The historical tradition, established, perhaps, by the Stroganovs themselves, dates the beginning of their surname to the end of the 14th century. or earlier. At the end of the XVII century. a legend was formed about the origin of the Stroganovs from the Tatar Murza of the Golden Horde and about their close relationship with the Moscow princes. The Dutchman Nikolai Witzen in the book "Northern and Eastern Tataria", published in Amsterdam in 1692, wrote the following:

“Their (Stroganovs) ancestor was born in the Golden Horde, near Astrakhan, and was the son of the tsar there. Wishing to accept the Christian faith, he went to Russia, where, according to the rite of the Greek church, he was baptized and entered into marriage with his own daughter, given out for him by the tsar (meaning Prince Dmitry Donskoy). After this marriage, when Stroganov remained in Russia, the Tatars were so indignant about this that they started a war with the Russians. The tsar sent Stroganov himself with an army against the Tatars; but the enemies accidentally took him prisoner and took his life, having cut off his whole body. The sufferer left behind a pregnant wife; his son was given the name of Stroganov, which his descendants still retain.

This legend does not stand up to criticism: it was probably composed with the aim of "ancientization and ennoblement" of the family, which took not the last place among Russian aristocrats, but could not boast of generosity.

In essence, this is one of the so-called false genealogical legends that arise at the end of the 17th century, during the creation of a code of noble genealogies in the Velvet Book. It was then that most of the unborn noble families, trying to increase the "noble" qualification, derived their origin from the fictional elite Golden Horde or "German" Western European families.

The well-known Russian historian S. M. Solovyov considered the Stroganovs to come from Moscow or Rostov land.

N. G. Ustryalov, one of the first researchers in the history of the Stroganov family, considered them to come from “the Dobrynins’ house from the ancient Novgorod family.” As evidence, he cited the mention of this family in the collection of the Kirillo-Belozersky monastery, as well as the fact that

Since ancient times, the Stroganovs owned vast estates in the Ustyug and Solvychegodsk districts - "the ancient regions of Novgorod". However, none of the researchers managed to find traces of this collection.

Another Stroganov chronicler, F. A. Volegov, had no doubt that the Stroganov family came from the Novgorod land, but, he believed, this family had nothing to do with the Dobrynins family. The Stroganovs, according to F. A. Volegov, come from wealthy citizens of Veliky Novgorod. In 1471, when an uprising broke out in Novgorod against Moscow for the liberty of Novgorod, the Stroganovs did not take part in it, having retired to the Ustyug district, and therefore were not subjected to repression, although they lost the salt works, if any, the Stroganovs in Novgorod existed.

Thus, today there is no reason to believe that the Stroganov family goes back to the Tatar Murzas and originates from the marriage of one of them with the daughter of Dmitry Donskoy: the roots of the famous family are in the Novgorod land.

It is interesting to trace how the rise of this family went, which eventually led to the receipt of baronial and county titles.

In 1722, the Stroganovs, at the behest of Emperor Peter I, presented their genealogy to the Senate. The first in this genealogy is Spiridon Stroganov, who died in 1395.

Kuzma Spiridonovich Stroganov entered Russian history by participating in 1445 in the ransom of Prince Vasily the Dark from Kazan captivity.

First half of the 15th century in Russian history it is known primarily for a major civil strife of princes, called the feudal war, which largely determined the further course and nature of the unification of lands around Moscow, laid the foundations of Russian autocracy. The Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily Vasilyevich, after being blinded in 1446, nicknamed the Dark One, was forced to fight for the princely throne with his uncle Yuri Dmitrievich and cousins ​​Vasily Yuryevich Kosy and Dmitry Yuryevich Shemyaka. Moscow changed hands many times.

At a time when there were discords in the Russian lands, similar strife shook the remnants of the Golden Horde. As a result of the struggle, Khan Ulu-Mahmet was expelled from the Golden Horde. With his soldiers, he went to the Oka, ruined the Russian volosts there, then went to the Volga and founded the city of Kazan and the Kazan Khanate. After that, he undertook several campaigns against the Russian lands, reaching Moscow itself. To stop the invader, Prince Vasily Vasilyevich gathered an army, opposed Ulu-Mahmet,

but near Suzdal in 1445 he was defeated and taken prisoner.

For the captive prince Ulu-Mahmet demanded a ransom. The amount of this ransom, according to various sources, ranged from 200 thousand to 29 thousand 500 rubles.

Historians argue whether the entire amount was paid for Prince Kuzma Spiridonovich or only part of it, but the fact that he participated in the ransom and paid a hefty sum is beyond doubt. On March 24, 1610, the new sovereign of Russia Vasily Shuisky, asking the Stroganovs for money to replenish the treasury, wrote:

“Remember what a great honor your ancestors received when they ransomed Prince Vasily Vasilyevich from captivity.”

The son of Kuzma Stroganov, Luka, designated as a "Moscow man", performed in 1472-1478. a plaintiff against the Novgorodians, demanding from them part of the so-called Dvina lands. Luka Stroganov had three sons: Fedor, Semyon and Ivan. Semyon and Ivan died in infancy. Only a mention has been preserved of Fyodor Lukich in the description of Solvychegodsk (in the petition of his grandson Afanasy Vladimirovich Stroganov dated 1596):

"... In the suburb in Stroganov street of his grandfather Afanasyev Fedor Stroganov, the yard place is empty."

The news about the first Stroganovs given in the genealogy is contradictory. Apparently, its author did not have accurate information, therefore, for example, the death of Fyodor Lukich, according to this document, occurred 36 years before the birth of his son Anika (Anikia, Anikeya). This contradiction was noted by the historian A. A. Vvedensky, explaining it by the fact that in the initial part of the genealogy, not the dates of birth and death are given, but the dates of “active activity” of representatives of the Stroganov family.

Of the sons of Fyodor Stroganov, Anika Fedorovich stands out especially. As a seventeen-year-old youth, in 1515, on his own initiative, he started the Vychegda salt industry in Salt. Two years later, in 1517, his brothers will receive a royal charter for Salt Kachalovskaya and "wild forest."

Anika Stroganov unfolds a stormy activity. In 1526, he bought up varniki in Solvychegodsk. The government was interested in the development of salt production, and on October 24, 1545, a special royal letter of encouragement was sent to the settlement of Solvychegodsk. In 1550, Anika Stroganov already received a personal letter, according to which he was granted land near Solvychegodsk, and was also given exemption from duties for six years.

But not only salt interests Anika. He organizes the purchase and extraction of furs, iron-blowing and blacksmithing. April 12, 1556

the enterprising Stroganov receives permission from Ivan the Terrible to "search for copper and iron ores in Ustyug, in Perm and other places." He organizes the supply of bread to Astrakhan. In 1577, Anika and her sons owned 10 salt pans near Vychegodsk, warehouses and yards in Moscow, Kolomna, Kaluga, Ryazan, Pereslavl, Kolya, Veliky Ustyug. The Stroganovs trade not only within the state, but also maintain ties with Lithuania.

The business activity of the Stroganovs was noted by the government of Ivan the Terrible. In 1558, the Stroganovs received a royal charter for the lands along the Kama and Chusovaya, and from that moment the formation of their unique Perm estate began.

Chapter 2

So, one of the sons of Fyodor Lukich, Aniky Stroganov, in the first half of the 16th century, showing a fair amount of enterprise, managed to create a powerful salt production in the Ural lands, significantly expanding his land holdings in the Kama and Trans-Urals. Having become the owner of such vast territories, Stroganov took the path of expanding the scope of his activities. With the money that salt brought him, Aniky Fedorovich built a gigantic trade network and actively engaged in transit trade. The energetic merchant was one of the first to appreciate the wealth of the Ural and Siberian lands and began to establish commercial relations with the locals, buying up fish and furs for next to nothing.

In old age, Anikiy took the veil as a monk, and handed over his growing empire to his sons Yakov, Grigory and Semyon.

The sons of Anikiy also did a good job of further increasing Stroganov's power in the Urals: in addition to salt and trade affairs, they concluded an agreement with Moscow on the protection of the border Ural lands from Khan Kuchum and the construction of fortifications and prisons.

In 1573, they had to repel the raids of the Siberian Khan, with the help of considerable armed detachments under their control, the Stroganovs crowded out the Tatars and Cheremis. When the tsar promised to grant vast territories far beyond the Urals to the family of salt magnates, the brothers began to prepare for a serious campaign.

It was possible to implement grandiose plans in the early 1580s, when Jacob and Gregory were no longer alive. The younger brother Semyon and his nephews Maxim and Nikita attracted the Cossack detachment of Yermak Timofeevich for the campaign. The Stroganovs supplied him with all the ammunition and sent him on built plows along the Tura and Tobol to the Irtysh, where the Kuchum army was defeated, and Siberia became part of Russia.

The name of the Stroganovs is also associated with a special school of icon painting of the 16th century. These icons, small in size and elegant in writing, are still called Stroganov icons. The Stroganov brothers were the main customers for such icons, decorated with embroidery and settings, silver and stones.

In the Time of Troubles, the surname's merits before the royal throne were also considerable, with money and military force they supported the authorities in the fight against impostors and foreign invaders.

In 1610, the Stroganovs became "eminent people", which made them even more obligated to care for the fatherland. They provided serious assistance to the leaders

militia Trubetskoy, Lyapunov, Pozharsky and the first Romanovs, contributing to

treasury huge sums. In exchange, the monarchs granted the Permian rich a number of benefits: the Stroganovs were not subject to local authorities, only to the tsar, they had the right to build fortresses and maintain armed detachments, cast cannons, set up an independent court on their lands, trade duty-free with foreigners and fight with Siberian tribes.

In fact, the administrative and judicial powers of the Stroganovs were so great that their possessions were separate states with vassal dependence on Moscow.

In 1688, Grigory Dmitrievich, Semyon's great-grandson, owned 9.5 million acres of land, 20 cities, 200 villages, and about 15,000 serfs. By this time he was the only descendant of Anikias in the male line. Nikita Grigorievich (grandson of Anikiy) had no children, Maxim Yakovlevich had a grandson Daniil Ivanovich, a favorite of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, he had two daughters, whom he married to the boyars Urusov and Miloslavsky, trying to intermarry with the nobility. Grigory Dmitrievich was married to the noblewoman Vassa Novosiltseva and dreamed that his sons would become nobles.

In 1722, the grateful Peter I promoted Alexander, Nikolai and Sergei Stroganov to the baronial dignity, remembering the merits of their father, who helped the tsar during the Swedish war and equipped two frigates for the fleet at his own expense.

From the beginning of the XVIII century. representatives of the Stroganov family radically changed their lifestyle, the newly-minted barons settled in St. Petersburg, entered the civil service, married noble brides, tried to give their sons a better education, their daughters a secular education and good parties. Alexander Grigoryevich and his wife Countess Sheremetyeva had only a daughter, Anna, who was married to Prince M. M. Golitsin. Nikolai Grigoryevich, from his marriage to Praskovya Buturlina, had a son, Alexander, who became a military man and rose to the rank of general.

The youngest of the Stroganovs, Baron Sergei Grigoryevich (1707 - 1756), was a refined nobleman, who was a member of the circle of close interlocutors of Empress Elizabeth, was one of the first art collectors. The baron decided to place his beautiful gallery in a no less luxurious palace. He looked after a place on the corner of the Neva Prospect and the embankment of the Moika River and built a small wooden mansion there, which was destroyed by fire. In the autumn of 1752, he informed his son in a letter that the construction of a new huge and brilliant palace had already begun according to the design of the royal

architect V. V. Rastrelli. The famous Italian was busy at that time building imperial residences, but the name of Stroganov contributed to the fact that Elizabeth allowed the architect to be distracted by his order. Perhaps the demand for Rastrelli and the impatience of a generous customer influenced the speed of construction work: it took the master only two years to create an unconditional masterpiece. And already in October 1754, the satisfied Sergei Grigorievich received eminent guests in ceremonial enfilades sparkling with gilding and crystal.

The majestic palace at that time was the most significant building in the district; it made a stunning impression on the inhabitants of the city. The palace, which entered the history of Russian culture under the name of its owners, is a magnificent monument of the Elizabethan baroque, which still captivates with its facades, one of which, more magnificent and plastic, looks at the Nevsky, the other, more graphic, is reflected in the waters of the Moika. Admiring the appearance of the Stroganov Palace, one can note the favorite details of Rastrelli: semi-columns assembled in bunches, arched pediments, figured architraves, an abundance of sculptural decor. The main entrance to the palace under the first owners was in the courtyard, there were also numerous services and outbuildings, a kitchen and stables. Later it was possible to enter the palace from the avenue, and many of the interiors were rebuilt at the end of the 18th century. A. Voronikhin under the next owner - Alexander Sergeevich.

A. S. Stroganov (1733 - 1811), one of the most famous representatives of the family, completed his education in Geneva and Italy, where he became interested in painting and began to collect his brilliant collection. The collection included works by Raphael, Poussin, Lorrain, Correggio, Rembrandt, Boucher, Bronzino, Van Dyck. It was the best private collection in Russia. In addition to painting, Alexander Sergeevich collected prints, coins, and minerals. He placed all his rarities on the second floor of the palace, in the halls decorated by Voronikhin, he also created a special mineralogical cabinet. Everyone could admire the collections, the gallery was open from 11 am every day.

As a connoisseur and deep connoisseur of art, Stroganov was appointed to the post of president of the Academy of Arts. The appointment came to him almost simultaneously with the receipt of the count's title. This happened in 1798 during the reign of Paul.

The main work of Alexander Sergeevich in this post was the construction of the majestic Kazan Cathedral. The count closely followed the construction work, made several significant donations for the construction of the temple. As chief architect, the president invited

Andrei Voronikhin, his pupil. Once upon a time, when the architect was a child and was in serfdom under Stroganov, Alexander Sergeevich noticed the boy's outstanding abilities, gave him freedom and an excellent education. Now they worked together to create a cathedral that would make the names of the architect and donor immortal.

For many years, the count was the director of the Public Library, taking care of the cultural heritage of Russia. In addition, since 1784, Stroganov was the leader of the St. Petersburg nobility, enjoying universal respect for his open character and sympathetic heart. Alexander Sergeevich served at the court of several monarchs, they all treated him with the same disposition, which the count earned by being alien to intrigues and political ambitions.

Alexander Sergeevich had a son Pavel from his second marriage with Ekaterina Petrovna Trubetskoy (First wife - Anna Mikhailovna Vorontsova). In St. Petersburg, I. N. Korsakov, the royal favorite, fell in love with Ekaterina Petrovna, and achieved reciprocity. Korsakov was removed from the court, and Stroganov followed him. The son of Paul was brought up by the count, taking care of his education.

Pavel Alexandrovich (1774 - 1817) received an excellent education and a liberal upbringing in his father's house. Together with his mentor J. Romm, the young man traveled around Russia, and then went abroad, to Switzerland and France. Pavel Alexandrovich arrived in Paris in the alarming year 1789 and was shocked by the changes taking place, his French tutor took an ardent part in the revolutionary events. A young aristocrat with a romantic and ardent soul sympathized with the revolutionaries, attended meetings and rallies, joined the Friends of the Law club, and several times came to meetings of the Jacobins. When these unconventional hobbies for the Russian nobility became known in St. Petersburg, the empress strongly recommended that Alexander Sergeevich influence his son to leave Paris until he became an open revolutionary. Pavel Stroganov had to return to his homeland, where he lived for several years with his mother in Bratsevo near Moscow. During these years, Paul finds personal happiness: he married Princess Sofya Vladimirovna Golitsina, and in 1794 their son Alexander was born.

Two years later, the young family arrives in the capital, where Stroganov receives the rank of chamberlain and often visits the court. He and his wife become close to Tsarevich Alexander and Elizaveta Alekseevna. The commonality of views, liberal thoughts, dreams of freedom - all this made Pavel Alexandrovich and the Grand Duke friends for many years. When

Alexander ascended the throne, their dreams got a chance to be realized. Stroganov initiated the creation of the "Unspoken Committee", which also included Novosiltsev and Kochubey. The count, with his characteristic energy, set about preparing reforms in public administration, also working on a draft constitution that provided for the emancipation of the peasants. Some reforms were carried out: a ministerial system of executive power was introduced. Stroganov became a friend of the Minister of the Interior. He held this post for 5 years, until the emperor's liberal fervor dried up. In 1807, the count left the ministry, having lost hope for further reforms.

Stroganov remembered his youth in the guards and went to war as a volunteer, where he soon led a Cossack regiment and distinguished himself in May 1807 in the battle of Alla, attacking the convoys of Marshal Davout and taking about 500 prisoners. For this first of a series of his high-profile exploits, Pavel Alexandrovich received the rank of major general and George of the 3rd degree. Possessing the brilliant abilities of a military leader, he bravely and decisively fought on the fronts of the Swedish and Turkish wars, commanded the Life Guards Grenadier Regiment, was repeatedly wounded and awarded. With the outbreak of World War II, the count was given command of a division and, after General Tuchkov was wounded, replaced him on the Borodino field, commanding the entire corps. The general was a participant in the battle of Maloyaslavets, Tarutino and the "Battle of the Nations" at Leipzig. In 1814 he became Adjutant General and Cavalier George 2nd degree. In the battle near Craon, Stroganov suffered a severe blow: here, in front of his eyes, his 20-year-old son died. This tragedy crippled the health of the count, he fell seriously ill and died 3 years later, before reaching the age of 45. Sudden death in the prime of his talents took the life of this gifted and honest man, who tried with all his might to serve his fatherland.

After the death of Pavel Alexandrovich, the descendants of Nikolai Grigorievich remained, whose grandson Grigory Alexandrovich (1770 - 1857) began his career as a military man, but found himself in diplomacy and became an outstanding political figure in the first half of the 19th century. Grigory Stroganov, Pavel Alexandrovich's second cousin, traveled around Switzerland with his uncle, but he had to leave Paris soon because of his father's death. At home in 1791, the baron married Anna Sergeevna Trubetskoy. Many children appeared in this marriage, and the parents were happy until the moment when Grigory Alexandrovich met the Portuguese Countess Almeida. This long romance ended with a wedding when Stroganov became a widower. His second marriage was much happier than the first. Since the marriage was concluded when the spouses reached adulthood, they had no legitimate children, but there was already an adult illegitimate daughter, Idalia Poletika, a person very famous in the history of Russian culture.

Under Pavel, Grigory Alexandrovich entered the service of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, where his original independent judgments and analytical abilities came to court. In 1804, Stroganov was appointed to Madrid with the aim of bringing Spain and England closer together against Napoleon. However, in 1808 a change of power took place in Madrid, Charles of Bourbon abdicated, and Napoleon's brother Joseph Bonaparte took the Spanish throne. Recommendations came from St. Petersburg to be loyal to the new monarch, but the Russian envoy, a radical opponent of the French emperor, decided to support Prince Ferdinand of Asturias as heir. For some time, the Stroganov residence became the center of the anti-Napoleonic opposition. In connection with the approach of the war, Grigory Alexandrovich returned to St. Petersburg, where, despite his obstinacy, a new destination country was waiting for him - Sweden, which was Russia's ally in the fight against France. Stroganov tried to maintain friendly relations with the Bernadotte dynasty in Stockholm, although they also came to power with the support of Napoleon, but pursued a balanced policy. However, peaceful sentiments left the diplomat when he became ambassador to the Ottoman Empire. Here he shared the views of the entire Russian intelligentsia regarding the liberation of the Slavic peoples from Turkish domination. While in office, the envoy tried by all means available to the diplomat to alleviate the plight of the Serbian people: he sent numerous notes to the Istanbul government, insisted on holding Serbian-Turkish negotiations, and spoke in favor of creating a Serbian constitution.

Despite the fact that Stroganov's actions did not always arouse the emperor's approval, his bold, uncompromising actions often served the greatness of Russia and brought her invaluable benefits. Alexander awarded the diplomat the Alexander Star and the rank of Privy Councilor. Nikolai granted Stroganov the title of count, the title of chief chamberlain and St. Andrew's ribbon.

One of the diplomat's sons, Sergei Grigorievich (1794 - 1882), became a count before his father, having married the daughter of Pavel Aleksandrovich Stroganov Natalia, whose only brother Alexander, heir to the title and majorate, died in 1814. Sergei Grigorievich inherited a gigantic fortune from his father and father-in-law , was the owner of about 95 thousand serfs. The count used his position and money for the prosperity of Russian education. In 1825, he founded in Moscow a free drawing school for gifted children from different classes, where 360 ​​people studied arts and crafts. Later, the school received the status of a state school, it began to be called the Stroganov School (now this name is familiar to many, although officially the educational institution is called the Moscow Higher School of Industrial Art). For many decades, the school has produced hundreds of talented artists, sculptors, and decorators. In 1868, with a wide public

With the support of the school, an art-industrial museum was opened.

Stroganov's public service was also associated with educational institutions. Together with the ministers Shishkov and Speransky, the count participated in the activities of the Committee for the Arrangement of Educational Institutions. Then for 12 years he served as a trustee of the Moscow educational district, this time was sometimes called "Stroganov". He advocated the democratization of higher education, vehemently opposed to the restriction of access to universities supported by the minister Uvarov, disagreements with whom eventually led to his resignation in 1847.

The subjects of his personal scientific interests were archeology. For more than 30 years, the count headed the Society of Russian History and Antiquities at Moscow University. Under his auspices, the Archaeological Commission was founded, which carried out regular excavations on the Black Sea coast, whose scientific reports were published partly at the expense of Sergei Grigorievich. The count also collected coins and icons, was an excellent connoisseur in these areas, in addition, he was engaged in ancient Russian architecture at a professional level. His favorite monument was the Dmitrievsky Cathedral in Vladimir, he financed the restoration work in this temple and wrote a book about it. The father's hobbies were passed on to his descendants: his children and grandchildren were engaged in collecting and served Russian education, science and culture.

There was also an episode in the history of the Stroganovs, like a marriage with representatives of the reigning dynasty. In the autumn of 1854, the secret wedding of the Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna and Count Grigory Alexandrovich Stroganov took place in the house church of the Mariinsky Palace. Maria Nikolaevna was the beloved daughter of Nicholas I, whom he married to Duke Maximilian of Leuchtenberg and presented the young spouses with the Mariinsky Palace. As is often the case with dynastic marriages, he was not particularly happy: the spouses were opposite in temperament, the passionate nature of the emperor's daughter and the discreet, scientifically inclined duke could not find a compromise in the relationship. Maximilian was a capable mining engineer, was fond of geology, professionally studied minerals, perhaps it was this hobby that brought him closer to the famous owner of the mineralogical collection, Count Stroganov. In any case, Grigory Alexandrovich was a frequent guest of the Mariinsky Palace for many years, for some time he constantly lived here in the status of a family friend. All Petersburg society, except for the emperor, turned a blind eye to the unusual friendship that lasted until the death of the duke. Left a widow, the Grand Duchess turned to her brother Alexander, heir to the throne,

for permission to marry, it was received, and Stroganov became the spouse of Maria Nikolaevna. No one dared to inform the terrible emperor about the misalliance, fearing his wrath. Nikolai, who died a few months later, never found out that his daughter had married a second time. However, this marriage did not receive official recognition, at the family council the relatives condemned the act of Maria Nikolaevna, but the happy spouses were not too upset about this.

The modern descendants of the Stroganovs are the two duchesses of Ludinghausen - Xenia and her daughter Helen, who live in Paris. The granddaughter of Sergei Grigorievich Olga Stroganova left Russia in 1917 with her family, her daughter Sofya Vasilchikova became the mother of Ksenia Shcherbatova. Xenia and her husband, Baron Andrei de Ludinghausen, a descendant of Russified Germans (who lived in Russia back in the 16th century), had a daughter, Helen, in 1942. Baroness Hélène de Lüdinghausen was a professional haute couture, she was associated with the House of Yves Saint Laurent for several years.

Chapter 3 The role of the Stroganovs in the Perm region

On April 4, 1558, the Stroganovs were granted the first royal charter for the Ural lands. In this letter, Tsar Ivan Vasilievich allows Grigory Stroganov to travel from the mouth of the Lysva River and from the Pyznovskaya Kurya to the river. Chusovaya put up a town, and also look for brine and, if there is one, start cooking salt.

The second letter of commendation was given to Yakov Anikievich Stroganov on March 25, 1568. Further expansion of the Stroganovs' patrimony in Perm was associated with the ascension in 1566 of their lands to the oprichnina "with children, towns and crafts."

The first royal letters laid the foundation for the existence within the Moscow state of the unique formation of the Ural estate of the Stroganovs, a kind of state within a state, beyond jurisdiction, controlled by its own court, having its own armed forces "to save from raids." The financial benefits received from the state allowed the Stroganov family to increase their economic power in the shortest possible time. The boundaries of the requested and granted lands are indicated in the charters rather vaguely; This was repeatedly used by the estate owners, challenging the ownership of neighboring lands from other owners - the townspeople of Solikamsk and district peasants. And although some measures were taken to prevent abuses and maintain some control over the activities of the Stroganovs by the state, if desired and necessary, they easily circumvented the prohibitions, increasing their possessions and economic strength.

The contribution of the Stroganovs to the development of the Urals is not limited only to economic achievements, culture and art, science and education have received a peculiar development. Among the Stroganovs were statesmen, ministers, scientists, diplomats, military leaders.

The Stroganovs led a kind of cultural expansion in the Urals. The traditions that had developed in their Solvychegodsk patrimony were widespread in the Kama region and were independently developed here. In some estates of the Stroganovs there were icon-painting workshops (Usolye , Ilinskoe ), serf artists, talented architects and actors worked. In many estates there were schools for serfs, in which they taught not only literacy and arithmetic, but also the beginnings of factory business.

Ilyinsky became the center of all Stroganov estates in the Perm region. In 1700, by decree of Peter the Great, the lands of Ilyinsky were assigned to Grigory Dmitrievich Stroganov. The Stroganovs did not just live here, they

developed in these places art, culture, built temples and buildings. That is why these places got the name "Stroganov's patrimony". The turbulent activity of the family brought colossal dividends to the development of the entire Western Urals. The concept of "Stroganov" has become the designation of entire artistic movements: "Stroganov's houses", "Stroganov's churches", "Stroganov's icon", "Stroganov's facial sewing" ...

The regional local history museum of Ilyinsky has many documents on the management of the Stroganovs' estate. The earliest is the letter of Ivan IV to Stroganov on the possession of the lands of Perm the Great. The census book of Prince Fyodor Belsky (copy, 1687), the census book of the population, 1715, the original orders of G. D. Stroganov and his descendants of barons and counts Stroganov for 1704-1766, states for the main board of salt mines and mining plants are kept (1818). Among the documents are "commands and instructions" covering the period from 1804 to 1895.

Conclusion

Let's summarize. The Stroganov family traces its origin to the Novgorodian Spiridon, a contemporary of Dmitry Donskoy (XIV century). More famous representatives of the family are Aniky Stroganov, Alexander Sergeevich Stroganov, Pavel Alexandrovich Stroganov, Grigory Alexandrovich Stroganov, Sergei Grigoryevich Stroganov, Baroness Helen de Ludingauzen. The Stroganov Museum (now a branch of the Russian Museum) is considered to be the family estate. The Stroganovs founded the Kazan Cathedral, in 1825 in Moscow a free drawing school for talented children from different classes (later it became known as the Stroganov School), the Stroganov Charitable Foundation.

The extinction of the family did not happen: the descendants now live in Paris.

The objectives of this research work have been achieved:

1. We learned where the Stroganov family originates from.
2. We assessed the significance of the Stroganovs' activities.
3. Analyzed and evaluated the role of the Stroganovs in the history of the Perm region.

The purpose of the work has been achieved. I see a further perspective of my research in the continuation of the study of the history of the Perm region, as well as the history of the Stroganovs, simultaneously with the study of the topics of the lessons of history and local history.

Bibliography

1. Zhukova A. V. Noble and merchant families of Russia. – P.: Vladis, 2008.
2. Golovchansky G. P., Melnichuk A. F. Stroganov towns, prisons, villages. - P .: Book World, 2005.
3. Andreev A. R. Andreev Stroganovs: Encyclopedic edition. - M., White wolf, 2000
4. Mukhin V. V. The history of mining enterprises in the Urals in the first half of the 19th century. - P .: Perm book publishing house, 1978
5. Shilov VV Essays on the history of the Stroganov dynasty. – Berezniki, 1995
6. Eiriyan T. G. From the Stroganov family: History of the 16th - 20th centuries in faces. - Yekaterinburg, 2003
7. Kutiev O. L. Ilyinsky: Pages of history. To the 42nd anniversary of the village. - P .: Cannon, 2004
8. Origins: a collection of materials on the history of the Ilyinsky district. - Ilyinsky, 1994
9. http://www.visitperm.ru/
10. http://ru.wikipedia.org/

ORIGIN

One of the most famous surnames in the history of Russian entrepreneurship is the Stroganovs (before the revolution, the spelling Strogonov is sometimes found).

In historical literature, there are two versions of the origin of the Stroganov family. According to a family legend based on the notes of the Dutch traveler of the early 17th century, Isaac Massa, the Stroganov family descended from Tatar princes. According to this legend, one of the relatives of the Tatar Khan, perhaps even his son, was sent to the service of Dmitry Donskoy. In Moscow, he accepts Christianity and at baptism receives the name Spiridon. Dmitry Donskoy, “for the sake of baptism, he loved him more and bestowed many gifts on merit,” marrying his niece to him (according to another version, her daughter). Upon learning of this, the khan demanded the return of his relative. Having received a refusal, "not being satisfied with this answer ... he sent many armed Tatars to the Russian borders and ordered to ruin the Russian settlements with fire and sword." In response, Dmitry Donskoy sent a "noble detachment" under the command of Spiridon against the Tatars. During the battle, the Russians were defeated, and Spiridon was taken prisoner. Since all attempts to persuade him to return to the old faith were unsuccessful, the khan ordered "to tie him to a pole, cut the body on it, and then, chopping it all to pieces, scatter it," which was "immediately done." The date of the martyrdom of Spiridon in the Stroganov family tree is attributed to 6903 according to the old chronology (or to 1395 according to the modern calendar). The son born after the death of Spiridon was named Kozma and he was given the surname Stroganov (from the word "plan").

The famous Russian historian N. M. Karamzin was the first to express doubts about the reliability of this family legend. Later, the legend about the Tatar origin of the Stroganovs was finally recognized as "an undoubted fable." According to the version of the second half of the 19th century, the Stroganov family originates from the old Novgorod surname Dobrynins. At least, there is no doubt that in the ancient Novgorod districts, Ustyug and Solvychegodsk, the Stroganov family controlled the collection of dues from time immemorial. The ancestor of the Stroganovs was indeed a certain Spiridon, who lived during the time of Dmitry Donskoy.

ANIKA STROGANOV - FOUNDER OF AN ENTREPRENEURIAL DYNASTY

It is reliably known that the great-grandson of Spiridon Fedor moved from Novgorod to Solvychegodsk around 1488. Shortly thereafter, with the new name Theodosius, he went to the monastery, where he died in 1493.

Already at the beginning of the 16th century, the foundations of the family fortune were laid by Anika (Ioanniky) Fedorovich Stroganov. Like his father, at the end of his life he became a monk, known in monasticism as Joasaph.

Having inherited a small salt mine from her father, Anika significantly expanded it. At first, he operated in Solvychegodsk, developing his own production at the expense of neighbors salt makers. At the same time, he carried out trading operations. Another source of his income was monitoring the trade of English merchants, which he was entrusted with by Ivan IV the Terrible. In addition, on the orders of the tsar and his entourage, A. Stroganov purchased various foreign goods from the British, receiving large profits from such operations.

For their part, English merchants were especially willing to buy furs. In an effort to expand their trade, Anika Stroganov and his brothers begin to penetrate further and further east, reaching the Kama River and the Urals. In 1558, Ivan the Terrible granted the middle son of A. Stroganov Grigory "for the whole family" (as it was said in the royal decree) 3.5 million acres of land in the North-Western Urals.

In the same year, immediately after receiving the royal charter, Anika, together with his sons Grigory and Yakov, went to new lands, and founded the city of Kamgort (Kankor) on the right bank of the Kama. In 1560, at a distance of one verst from this city, the Stroganovs began the construction of a monastery in the name of the Transfiguration of the Lord, which later became known as Pyskorsky. To commemorate the royal family, the Stroganovs donated "nearby places" to this monastery - lands from the Lysva River to the Nizhnyaya Pyskorka River with various lands and several salt pans.

At the end of the 16th century, the Stroganovs already had more than 10 million acres of land at their disposal. The lands and trades of the Stroganovs for a long time were jointly owned by the entire "kind", that is, all the descendants of Anika Fedorovich. It was only in the middle of the 17th century that this wealth was divided between different branches of the dynasty. But at the end of the same century, all the possessions were again in the hands of the only heir - Grigory Dmitrievich Stroganov. In addition to 10 million acres of land, he owned 20 cities and "forts", and also had more than 200 villages and 15 thousand male serfs.

Initially, the lands complained to the Stroganovs only for temporary possession, but each new sovereign, upon accession to the throne, invariably confirmed their rights to the previous grants. At the beginning of the 18th century, Grigory Dmitrievich Stroganov received from Peter I a letter of eternal possession of all the granted places. When the government realized its mistake some time later, it itself was forced, in the interests of the treasury, to enter into complex and lengthy negotiations with the Stroganovs on the return of the land. As a result of these negotiations, at the beginning of the 19th century, the state received back about 4 million acres. Most of the awards remained in the possession of the Stroganovs.
In the XVI-XVII centuries, promising various privileges and benefits, the Stroganovs attracted immigrants from all over Russia to their territories. At the expense of the Stroganovs, cities and fortresses were founded along the Kama and Chusovaya rivers, in which there were armed garrisons, consisting of "gunners, squeakers and collars" to "protect from the Nogai and other hordes", as well as detachments to protect the salt mines. The Stroganovs were subject only to the personal court of the tsar, their possessions were not subject to governors and governors. In fact, something like a "state within a state" has developed, with its own administration and armed forces.

It was the Stroganovs who founded the Kama Salt industry. Using the right of duty-free trade, in fact, being salt monopolists in this region, they supplied salt in large quantities to Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, and other cities of the Volga region and Central Russia. At the same time, as before, they were actively trading in furs, fish and other goods.

STROGANOVS AND THE ACCESSION OF SIBERIA
Yermak's campaign in Siberia, known to everyone from school days, was also organized with money and at the initiative of the Stroganovs.
Back in 1574, Grigory and Yakov Stroganov were summoned to Moscow to Ivan the Terrible. As a result of the conversations that took place, the brothers received a letter from the tsar, which expanded their possessions to the eastern side of the Urals and at the same time assigned them questions of defense and expansion of the eastern borders of the Russian state. This is stated in the charter as follows: “His Royal Majesty, the sovereign, the tsar and the Grand Duke John Vasilyevich granted them, the Stroganovs, all those places behind Yugorsky Stone, in Siberian Ukraine, between Siberia, Nagai and Takhcha and Tobol, a river with rivers and lakes with mouths to the peaks, where the military people of Saltan Siberian gather; on those lands they are allowed to take all sorts of ranks of people, build cities and fortresses, and keep gunners and pishchalniks on them, and defend yasash vogulichs from Tatar attacks and patrols, and even in the kingdom of Siberia itself by subjugating it under the Russian State, to have diligence; also to inhabit people along the Irtysh River and along the Great Ob River, plow arable land and own land.

After the death of their parents, their sons Maxim Yakovlevich and Nikita Grigorievich were seriously concerned about the protection of their possessions. In 1579, having learned that a gang of Cossacks was robbing the Volga (which had robbed, among other things, Karamyshev, the Russian ambassador to Persia), they decided to invite her to their service. In a letter sent to the leaders of the Cossacks, among whom was Ermak Timofeevich, it was said that they should "not be robbers, but soldiers of the White Tsar and ... reconcile with Russia." "We have fortresses and lands," the Stroganovs wrote further, "but few squads; come to us to defend Great Perm and the eastern edge of Christianity." The Cossacks responded to this invitation and in the winter of the same year arrived at the Stroganovs.

In 1581, Yermak Timofeevich, supplied by the Stroganovs with everything necessary, began his famous campaign in Siberia. One of the royal letters states that Maxim Yakovlevich and Nikita Grigorievich "to help him, Yermak, hired many people as comrade-in-arms and repaired help to the entire army, and money, and a dress, and a combat rifle, and gunpowder, and lead, and every they gave a reserve for military affairs from their belongings and sent courtyard people with them, and by that service, zeal and sending, the Siberian state took both Tatars and Ostyaks and Vogulich under our (tsarist. - Yu. G.) high hand.

However, as a result of the denunciation, the actions of the Stroganovs in Moscow were assessed extremely negatively. An order came to them that when the Cossacks returned from the campaign, they must be arrested and handed over to representatives of the Moscow authorities. If this does not happen, then "in that we will put a great disgrace on you, and the chieftains and Cossacks who listened to you and served you ... we command to hang." This royal message greatly frightened the Stroganovs. Soon, having received news of the successes of the Cossacks in Siberia, they went to Moscow to justify themselves. As a result, the royal anger was replaced by mercy, and the Stroganovs were granted the right to duty-free trade in the newly conquered lands.

HELP FOR THE STATE TREASURY
Relations with the state over the course of several centuries, the Stroganovs developed in different ways. On the one hand, representatives of this family provided assistance to Moscow princes, tsars, and emperors. So, according to some reports, the grandson of Spiridon (the founder of the dynasty) Luka Kuzmich in 1445 or in 1446 redeemed Grand Duke Vasily Vasilyevich the Dark from Tatar captivity "out of great zeal for him, with a noble amount of money, not sparing his belongings."

In the Time of Troubles at the beginning of the 17th century, Maxim Yakovlevich and Nikita Grigoryevich Stroganov provided financial and military assistance to the government of Vasily Shuisky. Financial assistance to the Moscow sovereigns, especially during the Time of Troubles, when there were no funds in the treasury to pay salaries to warriors, was also provided by other representatives of the Stroganov family. One of the letters of Peter I states that during the period of the interregnum and the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich (the first tsar from the Romanov dynasty), the Stroganovs donated about 850 thousand rubles, which at that time was considered simply an astronomical amount.

On the other hand, the Russian autocrats did not forget about the services rendered, providing the Stroganovs with more and more privileges. Already Vasily Shuisky granted them a special title of "eminent people" with the right to be called with "vich", that is, a full patronymic, which at that time was allowed only to representatives of the most noble princely and boyar families.

In the "Cathedral Code" of Alexei Mikhailovich, compiled in 1649 and being the most famous and extensive legal monument of that time, the rights of the Stroganovs were even recorded in a special article (Article 94, Chapter X).

STROGANOVS - ARISTOCRATS AND BELONHORS
In the second half of the 18th century, the business activity of the Stroganovs declined. Salt from the lakes of the Lower Volga region begins to enter the domestic market of the country, especially in Central Russia, in large quantities, which was much cheaper than that obtained in the Stroganov varnitsa. New owners appear in the Urals. Attempts to engage in metallurgy (this branch of the emerging domestic industry was then very popular) did not bring much success to the Stroganovs.
In the 18th century, when the process of “gentrification” began, that is, the acquisition of noble titles by merchants, the Stroganovs were among the first to make the transition to the privileged class. In 1722, Alexander, Nikolai and Sergei Grigoryevich Stroganov "for the merits of their ancestors" were elevated to the baronial dignity.

The descendants of the Stroganovs, using their wealth, received titles, made a career in the civil service, acquired estates and serfs, that is, they led a typical life of the Russian aristocracy. However, the Stroganovs were distinguished by one characteristic feature - patronage of representatives of culture. Already at the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th century, the Stroganovs supported the work of the most skillful icon painters, who strove for a special elegance of painting, ordering and acquiring their works for their "rooms". During that period, the "Stroganov" art school was formed. At the end of the 17th century, one can also talk about the Stroganov style in architecture. It was in this style that the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin in Nizhny Novgorod was built, built at the expense of G. D. Stroganov.

In the XVIII century, the first count in the Stroganov family, Alexander Sergeevich (1733 - 1811), became one of the outstanding Russian patrons in the full sense of the word. He patronized talents in both art and literature. Derzhavin, Bortnyansky, Bogdanovich, Krylov enjoyed his support. Since 1768, A. S. Stroganov was an honorary member of the Academy of Arts, and in 1800 he was appointed its president. In 1801, the count was entrusted with the supervision of the construction of the Kazan Cathedral, which was carried out under the guidance of the architect Voronikhin, who had previously been his serf. A. S. Stroganov was also the author of the project of opening a Public Library in St. Petersburg, of which he was appointed director.

Countess Natalia Pavlovna (1796 - 1872) became famous for her special kindness in the Stroganov family. Contemporaries noted the amazing gentleness of her character and meekness of heart. “In particular, she was distinguished by compassion for her neighbor and generally poor people; her whole life revolved around her family, deeds of good, and she had no other world. eternity".

Another well-known philanthropist and philanthropist - Count Sergei Grigoryevich Stroganov (1794 - 1882) - from 1835 to 1847 was a trustee of the Moscow educational district and Moscow University. This period was called "Stroganov's time" by contemporaries. While managing the university, Stroganov knew how to find and encourage talented teachers. Granovsky, Kavelin, Solovyov, Buslaev, Bodiansky - these are just a few professors who began their university career at that time, and later became the pride of Russian science. S. G. Stroganov's understanding of the need to develop higher education in the country affected his rejection of restricting access to the university for people of the lower classes and his fight against censorship. He vigorously campaigned for the improvement of the state of gymnasiums and elementary schools, having prepared the "Regulations on urban elementary schools in Moscow."

It is S. G. Stroganov, a great lover of archeology, who owes a lot to the Society of Russian History and Antiquities, in which he was chairman for 37 years (from 1837 to 1874) and for which he achieved the title of Imperial with state subsidies (not forgetting at the same time and about constant own financing). The Archaeological Commission owes its appearance to him. Under his leadership and at his expense, "Antiquities of the Russian State" and a number of other publications, including those authored by himself, were printed.

A great lover and connoisseur of painting and sculpture, Sergei Grigoryevich Stroganov left a memory of himself as the founder of the first Russian drawing school. In 1825, he organized the now famous Stroganov School in Moscow.

Coat of arms of the Baron Strogonov (Stroganov) family

Historians of the 18th century derived the Stroganov family from the Tatar Murza of the Golden Horde, based on the story of the Dutch scientist, burgomaster Nikolai Witzen, who, in turn, borrowed his story about the origin of the Stroganovs from the Dutch geographer Isaac Mass, who wrote about Russia back in 1609. According to this legend, the ancestor of the Stroganovs, a close relative of the Tatar Khan, according to other statements, even his son, in the XIV century was sent to serve the Grand Duke Dimitry Donskoy in Moscow, where, diligently discussing the faith of Christ the Savior, he wished to accept the Christian law and at baptism was named Spyridon. Murza was generally to the heart of Dimitri Ioannovich, “for the sake of baptism, the Grand Duke loved him even more and bestowed on merit many gifts”, passing off for him, by the way, his close relative (according to one version - daughter, according to another - niece). The same Witzen tells that Spiridon was the first to introduce the use of Tatar accounts among the Russians. Having learned about the baptism of Murza, the khan demanded his return, then extradition, but in both cases he was refused and, "not being satisfied with this answer ... sent many armed Tatars to the Russian borders and ordered to destroy the Russian settlements with fire and sword." Dimitry Donskoy sent a "noble detachment" against them under the leadership of Spiridon; there was a skirmish, and although “the Russians had a strong action,” they were nevertheless defeated, and Spiridon was taken prisoner. Having made futile attempts to persuade him to accept the old faith, the khan ordered "to tie him to a pole, cut the body on it, and then, chopping it all to pieces, scatter it," which "was immediately done." The date of the martyrdom of Spiridon in the genealogy of the Stroganovs compiled under Peter the Great is attributed to 6903 or 1395. His son, who was born shortly after his death, was named Kozma, and by his last name, in memory of the martyrdom of his father, he was nicknamed Stroganov (from the word "plan").

This legendary legend was repeated without proper critical evaluation by historians G.F. Miller and M.M. Shcherbatov. N. M. Karamzin was the first to express doubts about his fidelity, at least in some parts: recognizing the origin of the Stroganovs from the horde, he considers the facts of planing and introducing accounts an undoubted fable. N. G. Ustryalov expressed himself more definitely and weightily on this subject. Much more likely, in his opinion, is another legend, preserved in one collection of the Kirillo-Belozersky monastery; according to him, the Stroganov family comes from the ancient Novgorod family of the Dobrynins; at least, it is certain that in the Ustyug and Solvychegodsk counties, the ancient Novgorod regions, the Stroganovs from time immemorial owned extensive quitrent articles. Subsequent historians finally rejected the legend of Murza the ancestor, and now it is accepted by the majority, especially on the basis of the evidence provided by F. A. Volegov, that the Stroganovs came from Veliky Novgorod, and their ancestor was indeed a certain Spiridon who lived during the time of Dimitry Donskoy.

Somewhat more reliable information has been preserved about the grandson of Spiridon Luke Kozmic and great-grandson Fedora Lukić(in monasticism Theodosius; † March 17, 1497) with children: Stepan, Osip, Vladimir and Anikoyu, about 1488 from Novgorod moved to new places, namely in Solvychegodsk. Shortly thereafter, already at an advanced age, Fyodor Lukich accepted monasticism with the name Theodosius and died around 1493. His eldest three sons died childless and did not leave any noticeable traces of their activities. On the contrary, the youngest of them, Anika (Anikiy, Ioanniky) Stroganov, in monasticism Joasaph; November 4, 1497 - September 2, 1569), enterprising, energetic and intelligent, with his skillful actions laid a firm and solid foundation for tribal wealth, which expanded even more under his sons - Jacob, Gregory and Semyon Anikeevich Stroganov(about 1540 - October 22, 1586; killed in Solvychegodsk by townspeople), who became the ancestors of three branches of the family. The older two lines soon died out. Son of Yakov Anikievich Maxim Yakovlevich Stroganov(January 21, 1557 - April 5, 1624) had three children, of whom the two eldest sons, Vladimir and Maxim, died childless (the last around 1650), and the youngest Ivan had an only son, Daniel, the last of the men of this line, who had only two daughters, Stephanida and Anna. Even earlier, the middle line died out, the second and last representative of which was the only son of Grigory Anikievich, Nikita Grigorievich Stroganov(September 15, 1559 - November 24, 1616), who died unmarried. Only the younger branch remained, originally from Semyon Anikievich.

After the murder of Semyon Anikeevich, his second wife, Evdokia Nesterovna (nee boyar daughter of Lachinov, monastic Euphrosyne; March 1, 1561 - November 19, 1638) became the head of the clan - all the famous descendants of the Stroganovs came from this couple, the rest of the branches, with the exception of the "peasants" , stopped in the XVII century

His second son Petr Semenovich had many children, of which only one son Fedor Petrovich reached adulthood, but left no male offspring; the rest of the children of Peter Semenovich died at a young age. The eldest son of Semyon Anikievich Andrey Semenovich left as heir Dmitry Andreevich, whose only son Grigory Dmitrievich remained a solitary representative of the whole family and, having received property parts from the extinct two older lines, he united all the enormous tribal wealth in his hands.

Initially, the Stroganovs had lands only in the Solvychegodsk region, which were significantly expanded through purchases; however, the most important land acquisitions were formed among them from places granted to them by numerous and different letters of the Moscow sovereigns. Already on April 9, 1519, they were given a charter for salt mines, “wild forests and Kochalovskaya Salt in eternal possession” - in the Solvychegodsk region. In the second half of the 16th century, they extended their possessions to Perm the Great. The first letter of commendation for the Great Permian lands was given to them on April 4, 1558, the second - on February 2, 1564 during the life of Anika Fedorovich. These two letters, which laid the foundation for the possessions of the Stroganovs in Perm the Great, granted them vast lands along the banks of the Kama, stretching for 146 then "immeasurable" miles. These gifts were followed by others. According to the calculation of the connoisseur of the history of the Stroganov family, F. A. Volegov, based on archival data, the lands granted to them at different times were: in Perm the Great - according to letters of April 4, 1558 and February 2, 1564 - 3,415,840 acres; March 25, 1568 along the Chusovaya River - 1,129,218 acres; April 7, 1597 (under Fyodor Ioannovich) along the Kama - with a length of 254 versts and an area of ​​​​586,382 acres; September 15, 1615 (under Mikhail Fedorovich) again along the Kama - 163,280 acres; according to the charter of 1685 (under John and Peter Alekseevich) along the Veslyanka River - 604,212 acres; On September 29, 1694, along the Lologa River - 254,741 acres and on July 2, 1701, the Zyryansky crafts were given in 3,634 acres. In addition, by a letter dated May 30, 1574, they were also granted vast lands beyond the Ural Range - 1,225,049 acres. And in total - 10,382,347 acres.

Mansions of the Stroganovs. Engraving by I. Chesky. 1842.

At first, the lands complained to the Stroganovs only for temporary possession, but each new sovereign, upon ascending the throne, invariably confirmed their rights to everything previously granted to them; the omnipotent contemporary of Peter the Great, Grigory Dmitrievich Stroganov, requested from this sovereign a letter confirming him and his heirs in eternal possession of all places. In these gifts, the government went so far that later, at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries, having convinced itself of its mistake, it itself was forced to conduct lengthy and complex land processes with the Stroganovs in the interests of the treasury, as a result of which at different times 3 743,282 tithes. Under such conditions, there was no way for petty Cherdyn and Usol people to compete with the Stroganovs; from here one of the methods of their establishment on the lands becomes easily understandable - the capture method. There is even evidence that Yakov Anikievich appropriated over 3 1/2 million acres in this way. The lands granted by Stroganov were officially considered in most cases “empty”, but in fact they were inhabited, although very weakly, by various foreign tribes, who, treating the new owners at first rather indifferently and passively, as their power spread and the oppression experienced grew, they began to defend their ancient rights often in arms. Hence the numerous skirmishes, and sometimes uniform bloody wars that took place between the local natives and the first representatives of the Stroganovs and filled the second half of the 16th and the first 17th centuries of the history of the Perm region. The struggle between scattered semi-savage aliens and the Stroganovs, who owned a disciplined and satisfactorily armed military force, was, of course, unequal, and each new outbreak of it ended either with the departure of the natives into the deep forest jungle, or, more often, with their enslavement, while the power The Stroganovs increased in parallel with this: “It was a whole epic in the history of land ownership in Great Perm,” A. I. Dmitriev characterizes this period.

The Stroganovs proved to be excellent colonizers. From the time they were established on the Upper and Middle Kama, the Russian element in this region began to arrive especially quickly. Attracting various kinds of benefits to non-taxable and unliterate people, the Stroganovs very successfully began to inhabit the coastal strips of the Kama, Chusovaya and other rivers. The proximity of restless natives and warlike Tatars forced them to resort to the construction of "towns", "forts", that is, small fortresses. In the latter, they kept “gunners, squeakers and collars” on their “kosht” for “protection from the Nogai people and other hordes”. From the very moment they moved to the Urals, the Stroganovs began to boil salt, continuing this work on a larger scale in Great Perm. It was one of the first types of extractive industry in general in Russia, and for the Stroganovs the most significant and important source of their large incomes. Also, a very important source of income for them was the continued barter trade with foreigners who lived beyond the Urals, begun by Aniko Fedorovich and his heirs, which also had the historical significance that it thoroughly introduced the Stroganovs to the life, customs and life of the Siberian inhabitants in general and gave rise to the idea about the possibility of mastering Siberia. Constant threats from the Siberian Khan Kuchum, to repel the attacks of which it was necessary to have a significant armed force, forced the son of Anika, Semyon, and his grandsons Maxim Yakovlevich and Nikita Grigorievich in 1578, under the threat of royal wrath, to take a well-known step fraught with historical consequences - to call "remote people", the Volga Cossacks, led by Yermak, and then, having provided them with the necessary supplies, send them on a campaign to Siberia in 1581. This is one of the most brilliant pages in the history of the Stroganov family. The same Maxim Yakovlevich and Nikita Grigorievich helped the Moscow sovereigns a lot with money and military strength. For these important merits, they, as well as the descendants of Semyon Anikievich in 1610, were granted by Vasily Shuisky exclusively to them with the special title of "eminent people" assigned and the right to be called and written with a full patronymic - with "vich". Further representatives of the Stroganov family also provided monetary and military assistance to the Moscow sovereigns, especially in the Time of Troubles, which was difficult for the Muscovite state, when the treasury often did not have the means to pay salaries to military people. In one of Peter the Great's letters of commendation, it is calculated that the Stroganovs donated 841,762 rubles during the interregnum and under Mikhail Fedorovich, which would amount to about 4 million rubles in a modern account.

In the rank of a special honorary class, eminent people, the Stroganovs enjoyed many advantages - lack of jurisdiction over ordinary authorities (they were subject only to a personal royal court), the right to build cities and fortresses, maintain military men, pour cannons, fight with the rulers of Siberia, conduct duty-free trade with Asian and other foreigners, to judge their people themselves, privileges from all sorts of camps, many taxes and money, freedom from personal oath, etc. In administrative and judicial relations, the estates of the Stroganovs, which occupied a good half of Perm the Great, represented something independent, beyond the sovereign governors and governors. It was like a vassal state with its own laws, regulations, regulations and administration. Eminent rulers had the exclusive right to communicate directly with the central state institutions in Moscow in almost all cases, bypassing the local administration. The Stroganovs enjoyed great respect at court. In the "Cathedral Code" of 1649, Alexei Mikhailovich, the rights of the Stroganovs were even fixed in a special article (Article 94, Chapter X).

The possessions, fragmented between the heirs of the children of Anikey Stroganov, were united in the 80s of the 17th century by Grigory Dmitrievich Stroganov (January 25, 1656 - November 21, 1715). The salt works of the Shustovs and Filatievs also passed to him.

R. Nikitin. Portrait of Grigory Dmitrievich Stroganov (earlier 1715)

1. Stroganov Grigory Dmitrievich, an eminent person, the only son of Dmitry Andreevich Stroganov, the sole owner of all the huge family wealth, who helped Peter the Great with money, was born in 1656. In ancient documents, his name was first mentioned in 1672, when, on the authority of his father, he traveled to Moscow with gifts and congratulations to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich on the occasion of the birth of Tsarevich Peter. In 1673, his father died, and Stroganov inherited his property, which accounted for a third of all family estates and lands. Soon after that, on June 1, 1673, Alexei Mikhailovich issued him a letter confirming his rights to inherited possessions. This letter, which, as it were, sums up everything previously given to his ancestors and in brief outlines the merits of the family, rendered by them to the Muscovite state, is one of the most important documents for the history of the Stroganov family. Having listed the services of various representatives of the family, rendered by them to the Muscovite state in the Time of Troubles by military people and financial assistance in the form of voluntary dachas and "five", "tenth", "sixteenth", quitrent, request and other money, "hryvnia salt" duties, stopping then on the role of the ancestors of Grigory Dmitrievich in the conquest of Siberia and in their pacification of the uprisings of various foreigners - Tatars, Ostyaks, Chuvashs, Vogulis, Cheremis, Bashkirs - this important letter (for original quotes from it, see - Andrey and Pyotr Semenovichi, Nikita Grigorievich and Maxim Yakovlevich Stroganov) confirms for Grigory Dmitrievich all the benefits ever received by his ancestors: 1) to write to him and to write to him with “vic”; 2) do not judge him, except for tatba; 3) to judge his own people; 4) at the "faith" (oath) instead of oneself to put at the request of their people; 5) those who dishonored him are subject to a fine of 100 rubles and royal disgrace; 6) he is allowed to keep any drink without notice; 7) do not put any of them on standing; 8) not to take from him road, bridge, underwater, etc. taxes; 9) to himself and his people during the journey, to be put everywhere silently; 10) "And whoever does not listen to our letters, and those from us to be in great disgrace, without any mercy."

In 1681, Stroganov passed the second third of all property, which was in the possession of the senior line of the family (descended from Yakov Anikievich) and, after the termination of the male generation, was recently in the hands of the daughter of Danila Ivanovich Stroganov, Anna Danilovna, who married this year. The gift note received by Stroganov obliged him to feed Anna Danilovna's mother until her death, to give her a cash dowry herself and pay some of her father's debts, which they did.

Thus, in 1681, Grigory Dmitrievich already owned two-thirds of the huge family property. The remaining third was at that time in the hands of the widow of Fyodor Petrovich Stroganov, who left no male offspring, Anna Nikitichna. But in 1688, according to the will of the latter dated January 18, 1686, he received this share on the condition that he donate 5,000 rubles to the Pyskorsky Monastery and build a church, cells and fences in the maiden Podgorsky monastery. Since then, Grigory Dmitrievich became the sole owner of all patrimonial estates and properties, which since the time of his ancestor Anika were in the possession of either three or two ancestral lines. According to F. A. Volegov, all three combined shares by this time consisted of 9,519,760 acres of land, 20 towns, over 200 villages, about the same number of repairs, more than 3,000 households and over 15 thousand adult male souls, not counting native aliens. These huge fiefdoms were further expanded by adding newly granted lands to them. By a letter of 1685, Stroganov received places along the Velyanaya River in Cherdynsky district with forests and lands, with an area of ​​604,212 acres, with a payment of 2 rubles per year of quitrent, and according to a letter of September 29, 1694, he was granted lands along the Lologa River, including in the same county, for “wood-cutting” and for clearing forests for arable land and mowing - an area of ​​​​254,741 acres and with the payment of quitrent also in 2 rubles; finally, the state-owned Zyryansky salt mines were transferred to him under special conditions, and in 1700 some more lands were granted. In total, all this amounted to 10,382,347 acres of land, which, according to Vorontsov’s revision in 1715, consisted of yards: 5,945 residential and 5,324 empty, male souls - 22,105 “on the face” and 16,893 “on the run and in wandering world”, and after 10 years the number of male souls of the first category reached 44,669, while the second - 33,235 in Great Permian possessions alone. If we also take into account the Trans-Urals, Solvychegodsk, Ustyug, Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow region estates of Grigory Dmitrievich, then he, without a doubt, should be called one of the richest people of his time.

These huge funds gave Stroganov the opportunity to provide significant assistance to Peter the Great, especially during the Great Northern War. As early as May 28, 1682, John and Pyotr Alekseevich wrote to him to give Prince Baryatinsky money for the salary of the Moscow archers with the fact that they would be returned to him when "the royal treasury was collected." With such temporary loans, he repeatedly brought the state treasury out of a difficult situation. But his most important merit in terms of helping the state is to support the young fleet both in cash and by donating ships. When Peter the Great in 1700 was actively working in Voronezh on the construction of military courts, so necessary in the upcoming war with Turkey, Grigory Dmitrievich, while also in Voronezh, under the sovereign, built two frigates here at his own expense, which were presented as a gift to Peter and the last received with great gratitude. At the same time, Stroganov built two more warships at the Arkhangelsk Admiralty, also donated to the fleet. All the main works on these buildings were carried out specially for this purpose by foreign craftsmen, and the armament of the ships, especially iron cannons, was exclusively of foreign production.

Stroganov's extensive assistance to the state and the treasury did not go unanswered by the sovereigns either. First, both sovereigns John and Peter Alekseevich, and then Peter I alone, in turn, generously showered him with their favors. It has already been pointed out above that the lands granted to him in different places have already been mentioned. In 1685, according to Stroganov's petition, all matters relating to both himself and his people were ordered to be handled exclusively in the Novgorod order, where to transfer them from other chambers. By a charter of 1688, which again confirmed Stroganov's rights to the former, as well as inherited lands this year only, he was granted local and monetary salaries. “For eternal peace,” the charter says, “which was ordered from us (sovereigns) with the king of Poland, for many of his ancestors, monetary donations and for his service ... and for the fact that the Stroganovs are from time immemorial noble eminent people and the Code says about them , - complains Grigory Dmitrievich with a local salary of 1,000 couples and a cash salary of 150 rubles. The last amount in 1698 was even increased to 170 rubles, "twice against the best Moscow guest." All the lands, under the former sovereigns, granted to the Stroganovs' ancestors, were given to them only for temporary use for a more or less long period, which is why, when a new sovereign ascended the throne, special confirmation letters were required each time. Grigory Dmitrievich, taking advantage of the special disposition of Peter the Great, was the first to apply for letters of perpetual possession of the previously granted places; the most important of them is the letter dated March 25, 1692, which approved the rights of the Stroganovs for eternal possession of such vast land areas that later the government itself found them excessive and, after a series of complex lawsuits, returned something to the treasury. That Grigory Dmitrievich enjoyed respect at court and a high degree in "state rank" can be seen, for example, from the fact that a special notice was sent to him at every outstanding court event. So, on September 25, 1695, Tsars John and Peter Alekseevich informed him of the birth of Princess Praskovya Ioannovna; the same notice was sent to him on October 29, 1698, on the occasion of the birth of Princess Catherine Ioannovna. When, during the stay of Grigory Dmitrievich together with his wife in Voronezh, his second son, Nikolai, was born, the newborn’s godfather was none other than Peter I himself, who bestowed his godson in a truly royal way: vast lands along the rivers Obva, Inva and Kosva and their tributaries, "with graveyards and volosts, villages and repairs, and peasants in them" - only 16 graveyards, several hundred small villages, and in them - 3,443 households and 14,000 people.

The first years Stroganov lived mainly in Nizhny Novgorod, where he founded the cathedral church of the Most Holy Theotokos, which retained the name "Stroganovskaya" (completed during his wife, in 1719); in 1703 he moved to Moscow.

Church of the Cathedral of the Holy Mother of God. Stroganov Church
(Nizhny Novgorod, built 1696-1701)

From Novgorod as well as from Moscow, almost every year, at the time of the departure of caravans with salt, he traveled to his Permian possessions, using these visits to supervise the management of the economy. He not only brought the latter into a better and more "profitable" state than it was under his ancestors, but also significantly expanded its main and most profitable part - salt production, building new and repairing old salt pans. From boiled salt, which Stroganov sold both at the place of its production to visiting merchants, and in Nizhny Novgorod, he received huge profits, while the sale was carried out completely freely. But in 1705, a state monopoly on salt was introduced, and according to the Highest Decree, Stroganov was obliged to present all the mined product to Nizhny Novgorod and sell it exclusively to the treasury. According to the agreement concluded between him and the Duma clerk Avtamon Ivanov, the treasury paid 5 kopecks per pood of salt and 4 kopecks for transporting it to Nizhny. The pay was sufficient, and although the new order significantly cut Stroganov's former income, he nevertheless reconciled with him. However, it happened several times that the contractors who were already transporting salt up and down the Volga and its tributaries from Nizhny, most of them turned out to be faulty, as a result of which the treasury refused their services and offered Stroganov all this delivery. The indicated freight prices for transportation were so insignificant that Stroganov was threatened with an undoubted loss, and he foresaw this, but, in view of the sovereign's attitude towards him, he accepted the offer. His calculations were fully justified - he suffered significant losses, especially when "due to some slander and other circumstances" from the delivery indicated price, which was already low, "a reduction was made." According to the calculations of a certain nameless historian of the Stroganov family, Stroganov received less per pound pay than in turn he paid to small contractors. However, he "patiently endured the insult inflicted on him until future consideration."

Stroganov's attitude towards his serfs was characteristic of his time - soft and attentive. In his order dated July 12, 1706, the Chusovoy clerks say: “And collect all payments from our peasants with great consideration: on whom it is possible to suddenly take everything, and on those all sorts of payments to have what happens, and which are meager and you suddenly have nothing to pay, and you to have exactions from them in a year or two, and not all of a sudden, depending on their correction, so that our peasants would not be burdened and devastated by that, since now great sovereign taxes have become. Also, look firmly, so that they don’t get offended and burdened by anything, and don’t give them offense and ruin to anyone and protect them in everything. In turn, he enjoyed wide popularity among the population of the Perm Territory, even among the inveterate people. A minor circumstance illustrates this popularity very well. Stroganov used to send large sums of money with people every spring to the Novousolsky crafts for expenses and payback to hired workers. In 1712, 50,000 rubles were sent there, at Solvychegodsk, the clerk of the Moscow merchant Evreinov joined the Stroganov people with 10 thousand rubles. Rising on the "plows" along the Keletma River, the messengers met with the "glorious thief" Konkov, who had a "thieves' gang" of 60 people. Konkov, after a small firefight, in which two of the Stroganov people fell victim, took the rest prisoner and took away all the money. Having learned, however, that the people and money belonged to Stroganov, the "glorious thief" immediately released everyone, returned the money, "all the belongings to the smallest thing" and declared; “Should we offend our father, Grigory Dmitrievich?” Evreinov kept the money.

Stroganov died on November 21, 1715 in Moscow and was buried at the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in Kotelniki. In his youth, he married Vassa Ivanovna Meshcherskaya, and after her death he married Marya Yakovlevna Novosiltseva, who was later the first lady of state at court;

R.N. Nikitin. Portrait of Baroness M.Ya. Stroganova. (Between 1721 and 1724)
The only portrait unanimously attributed by researchers to the work of Roman Nikitin, the younger brother of the famous painter Ivan Nikitin (with whom the artist studied at the Florence Academy of Arts under T. Redi). . Stroganova Maria Yakovlevna, born Novosiltseva, Baroness (1678-1734) - the second wife of the salt industrialist, "eminent person" G.D. Stroganov; lady of state Catherine I and Anna Ioannovna; mother of Alexander, Nikolai and Sergei Grigoryevich Stroganovs. Depicted with a complained miniature portrait of Peter I.

from her he had sons: Alexander (born in 1698 in the village of Gorodievsk near Nizhny), Nikolai (in 1700 in Voronezh) and Sergei (in 1700 in Moscow); had other children, but they died in childhood.

The family tree can be viewed

Stroganov was famous for his hospitality and hospitality; his house in Moscow was wide open "not only to his friends, but also to people of all rank"; with everyone he was "kind and affectionate, and the poor was a prospector." A great lover of church singing, in Nizhny Novgorod he started a wonderful choir, glory to In April 1689, Tsars John and Peter and Tsarevna Sofya wrote to Stroganov: “As you know, you have Kiev singers singing; then I would send two of them to Moscow the best bassists and two of the best violists, and for this I would have expected royal mercy"; and by a letter dated June 2 of the same year, the tsars let Grigory Dmitrievich know that the "spevaks" sent by him were accepted into the Novgorod order, and for sending him they "favor, graciously praise." In Moscow, Stroganov successfully collected handwritten treasures; from the request addressed to him by St. Demetrius, Metropolitan of Rostov, to send him a book, “the verb Chronograph, or Chronicler,” it is clear that Stroganov owned one of the two copies of this manuscript that existed at that time. From Peter the Great, he had a special award - a portrait of the sovereign with a crown, which he always wore in the buttonhole of his caftan.

Grigory Dmitrievich was the last "eminent person." His three sons Alexander, Nikolai and Sergei were elevated to baronial dignity by Peter the Great in 1722 for the merits of their ancestors. They are the first of their kind to enter the civil service and begin to lead a courtly lifestyle. The eldest of them did not leave male offspring.

Frankart (1711/1712-1743) Baron Alexander Grigoryevich Stroganov (1730s)
1.1. Baron Alexander Grigorievich Stroganov(b. 02.10.1698 - d.17.11.1754) - chamberlain, actual state councilor (since 1730), lieutenant general. The largest salt industrialist and landowner.
Born in the ancestral patrimony of Gordievka, Nizhny Novgorod district, not far from Nizhny Novgorod. His father died when he was 17 years old, and his mother managed the property inherited from his father for some time. In 1720, he went to the Perm and salt-industrial estates, where for six months he got acquainted with the state of the economy of the inherited estates and salt production in particular. He is convinced of the unprofitability of the salt industries, and, with the consent of his mother and younger brothers, Nikolai and Sergey, he liquidates these industries, while he significantly improved the rest by building new ones and repairing the dilapidated by that time varnitsa. In 1722 A.G. Stroganov and his brothers, for the merits of the ancestors rendered to the Russian state, Peter I erected the baronial dignity. In the same year, when the sovereign with the army went on a Persian campaign, Stroganov accompanied him from Moscow to Simbirsk and in Nizhny Novgorod received him at his house. Tsar Peter celebrated his name day in his house, which testifies to the undoubted disposition of the king towards him. From Simbirsk, despite all Stroganov's requests to allow him to go on, he was "honorably" sent back to Moscow.
In 1723, Baron Stroganov marries the daughter of Prince Vasily Petrovich Sheremetev, Tatyana (called Dominika by P. Dolgorukov) Vasilievna. Tsar Peter I at this wedding was a planted father and “quite at that marriage he deigned to have fun together with the Empress Empress, their highnesses the princesses and other noble persons, and especially with his lordship the Duke of Holstein Frederick.” But Tatyana Vasilievna lived in this marriage for only three years, and in 1726 she died. On February 25, 1729 he was awarded the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky.
In 1734, Baron Alexander Grigoryevich Stroganov remarries Elena Vasilievna Dmitrieva-Mamonova (daughter of Rear Admiral V. A. Dmitriev-Mamonov and Grushetskaya).

Johann Balthasar Frankart (circa (1712-1743) Elena (Aliona) Vasilievna Stroganova (1716-1744), Great-niece (by mother) of Empress Agafya Grushetskaya. Daughter of Admiral Count Dmitriev-Mamonov, V. A. and Grushetskaya, second wife of Baron A .G. Stroganova (1730s, Moscow State Historical Museum)

But, ten years later, in 1744, she also dies. From this marriage he had a daughter, Anna (02/07/1739 - 04/22/1816).
In 1746, Alexander Grigorievich entered into a third marriage, with the widow Maria Artamonovna Islenyeva, ur. Zagryazhskaya. From this marriage he had a daughter, Varvara (12/2/1748 - 10/29/1823).
A.G. Stroganov was the first, not only of his brothers, but in general, of the Stroganov family, who was enrolled in the service. At the request of his mother, Empress Catherine I granted him in 1725 a real chamberlain. Although, this title was rather only nominal, since he did not take any part in court ceremonies and did not take a salary. Later he was promoted to lieutenant general and active privy councilors (in 1730).
Baron Alexander Grigoryevich Stroganov died on November 7, 1754, at the age of 55. He did not leave any sons of heirs, and all his estates were transferred to his widow Maria Artamonovna. Zagryazhskaya.
1.1.1. Daughter from Elena Vasilievna Dmitrieva-Mamonova, Anna Aleksandrovna in 1757 she married the prince Mikhail Mikhailovich Golitsyn(son of the adjutant general, also Mikhail Mikhailovich) and received half of the state.

Rotary Pietro Antonio. Portrait of Princess Anna Alexandrovna Golitsyna, born Stroganova (1739-1816). (1759, Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow)

Rokotov F. Anna Alexandrovna Stroganova (02/07/1739 - 04/22/1816), cavalier lady of the Order of St. Catherine, wife of Prince M.M. Golitsyn (1731-1804). (1777, Tretyakov Gallery)

The second half went to Prince Boris Grigoryevich Shakhovsky, the husband of his second daughter, Varvara, from his last marriage.
Baron Stroganov was a great philanthropist, a kind and highly educated person: he knew several foreign languages, read a lot and translated several books, including Hugo Tropl’s On the Truth of Christian Piety from French and Paradise Lost from English (named in the translation “Destroyed paradise") of Milton.
Baron Alexander Grigoryevich Stroganov was buried in the church in the name of St. Nick. Miracle in Kotelniki in Moscow

1.3. Ancestral line descended from Sergei Grigorievich,

Ivan Nikitich Nikitin (1690-1741) Portrait of Sergei Grigorievich Stroganov (1707-1756) (1726, State Russian Museum, St. Petersburg)
Since 1722 - a baron, a real chamberlain, on the birthday of Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich, on September 20, 1754, he was granted a lieutenant general. The owner of the Stroganov Palace in St. Petersburg, built by F.-B. Rastrelli.
He was married in 1732 to Sofia Kirillovna Naryshkina.

had only three generations: Alexander Sergeevich, the first count in the family, elevated to this dignity by the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa in 1761, and then to the same dignity of the Russian Empire by Paul I in 1798, his son Count Pavel Alexandrovich, known for participating in meetings of the "Unspoken Committee" under Emperor Alexander I and military exploits, and the son of Pavel Alexandrovich, Alexander Pavlovich (1795-1814), who was killed early in the battle of Krasnoe.

1.2. The middle son of Grigory Dmitrievich, Nikolai Grigorievich, had numerous offspring, whose representatives are still alive. Of his three sons, the eldest, Baron Grigory Nikolaevich(1731-1777), Privy Councilor, died childless; second, baron Sergey Nikolaevich(1738-1777), foreman, had an only son, Marshal Alexander Sergeevich (1771-1815), who left no offspring. The third one, Baron Alexander Nikolaevich(died 13 March 1789), active Privy Councilor, had a son Grigory Alexandrovich(1770-1857), later count and member of the Council of State. The children of the latter, Nikolai and Alexei Grigorievich, died young, Valentin Grigorievich (1801-1833) rose to the rank of captain of the cavalry guard regiment and died childless, the fourth of them - Count Sergey Grigorievich(1794-1882), who married the daughter of Pavel Alexandrovich Stroganov and inherited the title of count from him; finally, the fifth son of Grigory Alexandrovich, Count Alexander Grigorievich(1795-1891), was also a member of the State Council. Of the relatively recently deceased representatives of the Stroganov family, one should also name the son of Sergei Grigorievich, the famous numismatist Count Alexander Sergeevich(1818-1864) and the son of Alexander Grigorievich, master of the horse Grigory Alexandrovich(1824-1879), who was married to Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna.

Large salt producers, monopoly merchants, philanthropists, conquerors of new lands, tsar's creditors, Russian and European nobles, the Stroganovs are, without exaggeration, a state within a state. Inland empire in Russia.

Ransom of the Grand Duke

Once, in a battle with the Tatars, the Grand Duke of Moscow, Vasily the Dark, was captured. For himself, he promised to give as much ransom as he could. And he fulfilled his promise: according to some sources, the Russians paid almost thirty thousand rubles for the prince, according to others - an astronomical amount - two hundred thousand.

The prince fulfilled the promise, but not entirely on his own. Either the entire amount, or a significant part of it, was paid by a certain Luka Stroganov, a Novgorod citizen, by all appearances, a very rich man. No wonder, because, among other things, he collected dues from a significant part of the Dvina land: Kholmogor, Padrina churchyard, Kur Island and other places. For the good deed done, Luke himself and his descendants were honored with many favors from the sovereigns, the main among which was to borrow money and not give it back.

Stroganovs and Yermak

The heirs of the Stroganovs still insist on the version that it was their ancestors who motivated Yermak to conquer Siberia. Is it so?
The historian Ivan Skrynnikov cites in his book about Yermak the text of the royal charter of 1582, in which the Stroganovs are instructed in black and white "under fear of great disgrace" to return Yermak back and use him "to protect the Perm region."

The Stroganovs were well aware of Kuchum's forces. They should have understood that sending five Cossack hundreds against an army of several thousand soldiers was at least risky. In addition, during the departure of Yermak to the Siberian campaign, the Stroganov estates were threatened by the troops of the Tatar prince Alei. Yermak repulsed them from the Chusovye towns, and they staged a rout on the Kama Salt. That is, who needed Yermak in the Urals, so it was the Stroganovs.

far from the king

Anika Stroganov, who is considered the founder of the salt industry dynasty, entered the business at the age of eighteen, after the death of his father and older brothers. In a short time, he was able not only to increase the income of already operating salt works and open new ones - the Stroganovs turned in the Northern Urals, if not into kings, then at least into local governors.

Anika Stroganov was both an industrialist and a royal official: he monitored the observance of the rules of trade with English, German and other foreign merchants. And, of course, he used his official position, doing business with foreigners. The development of Siberia began on the orders of Stroganov, who was looking for fur-bearing animals there.

Stroganov founded cities, acquired his own army to protect the eastern borders, lent money to Ivan the Terrible, received allotments “for eternal use” from the tsar - in total they reached the size of several million acres.

Count of the Holy Roman Empire

Gradually, the real influence of the Stroganovs on the life of the state began to be reflected in their titles. Vasily Shuisky granted them to eminent people, Peter the Great - to the nobility, and under Catherine the Second they added European nobility to other titles.

At 28, Alexander Stroganov was sent to Vienna to congratulate Archduke Joseph on his marriage. He performed his duties so well that he was granted the title of Count of the Holy Roman Empire by the Archduke. At that time in Russia, Stroganov was just a baron.

Count European, and after a while Russian, Alexander Stroganov lived in grand style. “Two people I have are doing everything possible to go broke and they just can’t!” - Ekaterina II used to say about him and Count Naryshkin. By the end of his life, Alexander Stroganov nevertheless managed to achieve this goal: living in a big way, he managed not only to squander the fortune accumulated by his ancestors, but also to get into debt: he owed creditors about three million rubles.

Stroganov the Jacobin

The son of Alexander Stroganov, Pavel, received a European education. Like his father, he, before many Russian nobles, became an active participant not only in Russian, but also in European public life, he felt like a citizen of Europe.

If the father was familiar with Voltaire, then his son went even further in free-thinking. Having an educator who became a member of the French Convention, Paul could not help but ignite the ideas of the Great French bourgeois revolution. Under the name of Paul Aucher, he joined the Friends of the Law, a Jacobin organization. He met the revolution in Paris, but he did not have time to enjoy its fruits and, for example, become a victim of the defeat of the Jacobins: his father summoned him to St. France. The European past did not prevent either Paul's friendship with Alexander the First, or his brilliant military service.

Stroganov-educator

If Pavel Alexandrovich is Stroganov of Europe and St. Petersburg, then Sergey Grigorievich is Stroganov of Moscow. He was both a second cousin and son-in-law of Pavel, since he married his daughter Natalia. Like his father-in-law, Sergei made a good military and court career: he served as adjutant, and later - governor general. Much more than military affairs, Sergei Stroganov was interested in science, education and art. He founded the first free drawing school in Russia, founded the Imperial Archaeological Commission, equipped archaeological expeditions to the south of the country, and was a patron of the arts. And also - the educator of the crown princes. Under his leadership, the sons of Emperor Alexander II were trained: Nicholas, Alexander (later Emperor Alexander III), Vladimir and Alexei.

Stroganov dacha

The Stroganov dacha was a favorite place of entertainment for the capital's secular society: not only due to the hospitality and hospitality of its owner, but also because the dacha itself is a work of art, a kind of odyssey. Here everyone could become not only a guest, but also a wanderer.

The center of the dacha was a pond, symbolizing the sea, in the center of which was an island. From the island, seated on hippocampi, a statue of Neptune surveyed the area. There was also the beautiful Calypso, who held Odysseus captive. At the dacha, several pavilions were built, which were called: Muslim, Obelisk and Egyptian Gates. They are reminiscent of the wanderings of Odysseus. Finally, in the possession of the Stroganovs was the "Tomb of Homer", bought by Alexander Stroganov from an officer who returned from a Turkish campaign.

The statement of Stroganov himself about the sarcophagus has been preserved: “When I saw this monument, I could not help exclaiming: is this not a monument to Homer? Since then, everyone has concluded that I own the tomb of Homer.

Miniature: workers from the Stroganov saltworks.

Among the first industrial entrepreneurs in Russia were not only the boyars. The second family of the largest industrialists is the Stroganovs, in whose salt mines, along the Kama River, in the 17th century. thousands of people worked.

Having advanced from the peasantry, the Stroganovs achieved such power that they turned the Western Urals into their fiefdom, although they were neither boyars nor nobles. But, they were fishing for the state, providing a huge income to the treasury, moreover, they acted in the border lands, defending the Russian state from the East. Therefore, they were given such rights that their possessions became in fact a state within a state - with their cities, fortresses, and troops. They also started in the conquest of Siberia: they organized and equipped Yermak's campaign. The basis of this power was the salt industry.

The Stroganovs came to the Urals from the North. At the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th centuries. Pomeranian peasants Stroganovs in the city of Salt Vychegodskaya on the Northern Dvina began to buy salt pans that were available there from peasants and townspeople. Thus, they did not become the founders of production, but only used the traditional craft. However, they did not so much buy breweries and lands as they received through usurious activities. They lent money, and when the debtor could not repay the loan with interest, his property became the property of the creditor.

Thus, in the hands of the Stroganovs, the varnichny lands and yards with outbuildings were concentrated, which housed their huge family and courtyard people. In the second half of the XVI century. they became absolute masters in Salt Vychegodskaya. In 1586, a popular uprising even broke out there against the oppression of the Stroganovs - an uprising not against the state or feudal lords, but against industrial entrepreneurs from the peasants.

In addition to the salt industry, the Stroganovs conducted extensive trade, buying up furs from the Khanty and Mansi in the Urals and selling it to foreigners through Arkhangelsk. Creating support bases for buying furs, they entrenched themselves on the Kama. By this time, the Stroganovs already had strong ties with the government, providing important services to the state and personally to Ivan the Terrible, therefore, at their request, in 1558, the vast lands of the Kama region were transferred to them.

According to the charter received, they had at their disposal almost the entire territory of the current Perm region - along the Kama River and its tributaries, "... from the mouth to the peaks." The Stroganovs wrote in their petition that these were “empty” lands, that is, lands without people. There really was no Russian population there, only Mansi and Komi lived there. The center of the new possessions was at first the city of Orel founded by the Stroganovs (from where Yermak's squad was sent to conquer Siberia), and when the Kama, changing its course, began to undermine the city walls and flood the city, a new city had to be built - New Usolie.

If at the beginning of the XVI century. The Stroganovs were still considered peasants, but by the end of this century they had already become merchants, and in the 17th century. received the honorary title of "eminent people". They become nobles only in the eighteenth century.

The main branch of their economy is salt mining. The salt industry in Russia occupied a special position. First, initially it was a relatively large commodity production. Salt springs were not everywhere and usually ended up in someone else's property. Salt boiling required the installation of salt pans, each of which employed at least 10-12 people. In addition, additional labor was required for auxiliary operations: harvesting firewood for evaporating salt from brine, extracting the brine itself, and delivering finished salt to points of sale. Therefore, salt production required the investment of certain capital and the involvement of a significant number of serfs or hired workers. It was a traditional peasant craft, but consisting of relatively large production units.

Secondly, salt was one of the state-owned monopolies. True, it was not the state that traded salt yet, but the sale of salt was carried out under its control and was subject to high duties. So, at the end of the seventeenth century. the state set the price of salt, the proceeds from each pound of salt sold went to the treasury, and when the remaining four were sold, the treasury took a tenth of the proceeds. The Stroganovs, however, were not limited to salt mining.

As part of their economy, metallurgical and leather industries, as well as fishing and hunting, functioned. Metallurgical production was of an auxiliary nature - metallurgical equipment was required for salt pans: drilling tools (the brine was mined from the ground), "tans" on which salt was evaporated, and much more. Therefore, already in Salt Vychegodskaya, the Stroganovs had several forges.

Later, they began to mine and process copper and iron ore in the Urals near the Pyskorsky Monastery. However, the technique of copper-smelting and iron-making of the Stroganovs remained at the level of peasant crafts. They subsequently transferred both of these factories to the Pyskorsky Monastery.

The Stroganovs had leather workshops in Salt Vychegodskaya, Vologda, Yaroslavl, Kazan and in the Ural estate. But this production also remained at the level of peasant crafts and, obviously, had an auxiliary character. In the 16th century, the Stroganovs organized a fishing colony on Novaya Zemlya. Their people hunted walruses, seals, fish and killer whales there.

This diversified economy used both hired and forced labor. In the monograph by A.A. Vvedensky, on the history of the Stroganovs' economy, it is said about the "yard", "serfs" and "serfs" who worked for them; about the fact that already in 1570 the Stroganovs in Salt Vychegodskaya had 600 courtyard people - mostly artisans of various specialties; that it was precisely from the courtyards that the colony on Novaya Zemlya consisted. He writes that the "serf masters" of the Stroganovs performed work that required special knowledge and skills, and hired workers performed auxiliary work, in particular, loading and transporting salt.

Managers, clerks, skilled artisans were nominated from the serfs - "serf intelligentsia", in the words of A.A. Vvedensky. However, the legal status of these dependent people should be clarified. These are not serfs, since serfdom was established only in the middle of the 17th century, and Vvedensky's work covers the 15th-17th centuries, that is, mainly the period before the establishment of serfdom. In addition, even later, only nobles were allowed to own serfs.

Serfs, who did not have their own household and worked at the court of the feudal lord, are usually called courtyards. If the people of the Stroganovs were not serfs, then they cannot be called courtyards either. Obviously, some of these people were in bondage, the other part were people who entered their permanent service.

Even in Kievan Rus, according to Russkaya Pravda, a person who entered the service (in clerks) without specially stipulated conditions was considered a serf. The attitude towards this kind of personal dependence then was somewhat different than during the late serfdom, and there was still no clear boundary between the position of a free and dependent person. Undoubtedly, the position of a serf-clerk or a salt master was much higher than that of a salt loader from hired people. Thus, in the service of the Stroganovs there was a large group of people who were in various forms of dependence. In essence, it was a patriarchal clan, in which the highest officials were in the same position as distant relatives.

A special place in this group was occupied by foreigners. In the service of the Stroganovs was, for example, the Dutchman Brunel, a merchant and navigator: he traveled with their goods to Antwerp and Paris. As a result of the wars with Lithuania, Livonia and Sweden, the state had "full" (prisoners of war) at its disposal. They could be bought from the state. The Stroganovs' clerks went to Moscow and Yaroslavl to select people of the required qualifications from among the prisoners and took them to their possessions.

Temporary workers were hired for unskilled auxiliary work - for a season, for a period, and sometimes to perform certain work (to transport salt, for example). Here is their A.A. Vvedensky calls hired.

Agriculture was an integral part of the Stroganovs' economy. But, if the boyar Morozov, who had about 300 villages and villages, tens of thousands of dependent peasants, agricultural production was an independent industry that served as the basis for all the others, then for the Stroganovs it played an auxiliary role - for the maintenance of dependent people, the operation of salt mines required a lot of bread, oats and hay.

It was expensive, difficult, and often impossible to buy all this in conditions of weak development of market relations, and besides, not in Moscow or Yaroslavl, but on the eastern outskirts. Therefore, the economy was built on a natural basis and the necessary agricultural products were produced locally.

The organization of agricultural production in Solvychegodsk and Kama possessions differed. In Salt, the Vychegoda lands were settled by Pomeranian peasants and passed into the ownership of the Stroganovs in small plots, through purchase or mortgage. Usually, the former owners remained on these plots as "ladles", obliged to give up to half of the harvest to the new owners of the land.

In the Kama patrimony, when it was granted to the Stroganovs, there were no Russian peasants at all. The land began to be settled by Russian peasants after that. The Stroganovs attracted peasants with preferential terms, in particular, exemption from state duties. The duties in favor of the Stroganovs were light and even honorable: elected peasants had to be present at the weighing of salt, supervise clerks, check the suitability of salt vessels for the upcoming navigation, etc.

The indigenous population of these places, the Komi-Permyaks, were widely used in the salt mines as hired workers. There was even a saying “Permyak - salty ears” (when carrying sacks with salt, salt often woke up on the ears). The necessary agricultural products were purchased from the peasants, some were produced directly in the fields.

The trading operations of the Stroganovs were extensive. In Arkhangelsk, their clerks carried furs and bags - silver money, buying goods delivered from Western Europe from foreign merchants. From information about Brunel's trips, from the facts of invitations to the service of European sailors, it can be concluded that the Stroganov people themselves made trade trips to Antwerp, Stockholm and Paris.

It is known that at the shipyards of the Stroganovs near Arkhangelsk, two ships were built according to the western model for an expedition to the mouth of the Ob. Another key point of the Stroganovs' connections was Kaluga: through this city they carried goods to Ukraine and Lithuania - salt, foreign products from Arkhangelsk, eastern products from Central Asia, because the Stroganovs' clerks also traded with Central Asia. So, the main directions of trade of the Stroganovs: East (furs); Ukraine and Poland; Central Asia (Bukhara goods). Such extensive trade strengthened the connection of the Stroganovs with the state: already in the middle of the 16th century. they carry out government orders for the purchase of bread, in the 70s. - provide Astrakhan with oats, cereals and oatmeal. When Ivan the Terrible needs a lot of furs, he turns directly to the Stroganovs. They are also approached for money - the Stroganovs act as Ivan the Terrible's bankers.

One more side of the Stroganovs' activity should be noted - the cultural one. The famous Stroganov school of icon painting was born in their workshops. At the beginning of the seventeenth century in their personal library there were about two thousand books - a huge amount, for those times.