The Russian language is the national language of the Russian people, the language of the Russian nation. The Russian language is included in the Slavic group of languages, which also includes Ukrainian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Czech, Slovak, Macedonian, Slovenian and other languages. All of these languages originated from the common Slavic language.
Russian language refers to Slavic group Indo-European family of languages. Within the Slavic group, in turn, three groups are distinguished - branches: eastern(languages Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian), southern(languages Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian and Slovenian) and western(Polish, Slovak, Czech and others).
Russian is one of the richest languages in the world. It has a large vocabulary, has developed expressive means used to denote all the necessary concepts in any field of human activity.
On the territory of the Russian Federation, Russian is the state language. The state language of the Russian Federation can be considered as a system-forming factor in maintaining the integrity of the Russian Federation, as a tool for expressing the will of the people and every citizen of the country, as a necessary element for implementing the uniformity of state administration and understanding the state will, as a mechanism for realizing the rights and obligations of the population of Russia, as a national sign in international legal relations. Due to the fact that people of different nationalities live in the Russian Federation, the Russian language serves for productive interethnic communication. With the help of the Russian language as a means of communication, many problems of national importance are solved. In addition, the Russian language helps to join the riches of Russian and world scientific thought and culture. The Russian language is one of the universally recognized world languages and one of the most developed languages in the world.
Language in its specificity and social significance is a unique phenomenon: it is a means of communication and influence, a means of storing and assimilating knowledge, the focus of the spiritual culture of the people.
The Russian language is the language of culture, science and technology. The Russian language is the primary element of great Russian literature. The works of outstanding Russian writers - A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontova, N.V. Gogol, F.I. Tyutcheva, I.S. Turgenev, S.A. Yesenina, M.I. Tsvetaeva, L.N. Tolstoy, A.P. Chekhov, I.A. Bunin, M. Gorky, V.V. Mayakovsky, B.L. Pasternak, M.A. Bulgakov and other writers. Literature is unthinkable outside of language. Literature is the art of depiction in words, and Russian literature is the art of depiction in Russian words.
The connection of language with the national character, mentality, with national self-consciousness and its expression in literature was an obvious truth for all Russian writers. I.A. Goncharov wrote that "... connects us with his nation, most of all, the language." The impact on the reader from the side of the author of a work of art is connected, first of all, with the figurativeness and emotional richness of the word.
The Russian language is a huge element that maintains a relative, but still, ecological purity. The ocean of words is boundless, it conceals both unpredictable processes and stability thanks to the immunity of colossal strength, the unique property of self-purification. The famous philologist and literary critic M.M. Bakhtin said: “A person is first of all a word, and then everything else. The word is a tool for the realization of a person, it provides him with vital energy. Possession of a word - an instrument of communication, thinking - is the fundamental principle of human intelligence. A person who has few words in his stock is lost, complex, does not find a common language with the people around him. Academician D.S. Likhachev wrote about language: “... Our language is the most important part of our general behavior in life. And by the way a person speaks, we can immediately and easily judge who we are dealing with ... It is necessary to learn good intelligent speech for a long time and carefully - listening, remembering, noticing, reading and studying. But even though it’s difficult, it’s necessary.”
Russian language is the language of the Russian nation, the language of the Russian people. National language is a language spoken by a historically established group of people living in a common territory, connected by a common economy, culture, and lifestyle. National language includes not only literary (i.e., standardized) language , but also dialects, vernacular, jargons, professionalisms.
The arrangement of words, their meanings, the meaning of their combinations contain that information about the world and people, which introduces one to the spiritual wealth created by many generations of ancestors.
Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky wrote that "every word of the language, each of its forms is the result of a person's thoughts and feelings, through which the nature of the country and the history of the people are reflected in the word." The history of the Russian language, according to V. Kuchelbecker, "will reveal ... the character of the people who speak it." That is why all the means of the language help to most accurately, clearly and figuratively express the most complex thoughts and feelings of people, all the diversity of the surrounding world
Education and development of the national language is a complex, lengthy process. The history of the Russian national language begins since the 17th century, when the Russian nation was finally formed. The further development of the Russian national language is directly related to the development of the history and culture of the people. The Russian national language was formed on the basis of the dialects of Moscow and its environs. The literary language forms the basis of the national language and is obliged to maintain its internal unity despite the difference in the means of expression used. The creator of the Russian literary language is A. Pushkin, which connected the literary Russian language of previous eras with the common spoken language.
The language of the Pushkin era has basically survived to this day.
Literary language exists in two varieties - oral and written. The main advantages of the Russian national language are embodied in Russian fiction.
The peculiarity of the Russian national language is that it is the state language in Russia and serves as a means of interethnic communication between the peoples of the Russian Federation.
What is meant by state language? This is usually native majority language or a significant part of the population of the state and therefore the most used in it. It is a language (or languages) where the government communicates with the population . It publishes laws and other legal acts, official documents, minutes and transcripts of meetings are written, office work is carried out in state bodies and official correspondence. It's language official signboards and announcements, seals and stamps, marking of domestic goods, road signs and names of streets and squares. It is also the main language of education and training in schools and other educational institutions. The state language is mainly used on television and radio, in the publication of newspapers and magazines. The state power guarantees care for its all-round development, ensures its active use in the political, cultural and scientific spheres.
The Russian language performs, among others, function of interethnic communication, without which it would be impossible to have the necessary connections in everyday life and at work for people of different nationalities living in the same region. The Russian language has become a means of interethnic communication historically, due to the actual recognition of it as such by all the numerous peoples of our vast state.
The overwhelming majority of Russian citizens, regardless of their nationality, know and actively use the Russian language. This is an effective means of consolidating society and strengthening its unity. At the present stage, it is difficult to solve the problem of interethnic communication without the Russian language. Playing the role of an intermediary between all the languages of the peoples of Russia, the Russian language helps to solve the problems of the political, economic and cultural development of the country.
In international relations, states use world languages, legally proclaimed by the United Nations as official and working languages. These languages are English, French, Russian, Spanish, Chinese and Arabic. In any of these six languages, interstate political, economic, scientific and cultural contacts can be carried out, international meetings, forums, conferences can be held, correspondence and office work can be conducted. The world significance of the Russian language is due to the richness and expressiveness of its vocabulary, sound system, word formation, syntax.
The Russian language has become a universally recognized world language since the middle of the 20th century. Its global significance is due to the fact that it is one of the richest languages in the world, in which the greatest fiction has been created. Russian is one of the Indo-European languages, related to many Slavic languages. Many words of the Russian language entered the languages of the peoples of the world without translation. These borrowings from the Russian language or through it have been observed for a long time. Back in the 16th-17th centuries, Europeans learned such words as kremlin, tsar, boyar, cossack, caftan, hut, verst, balalaika, kopeck, pancake, kvass, etc. . Later in Europe the words spread Decembrist, samovar, sundress, ditty, etc. . As evidence of attention to changes in the socio-political life of Russia, words such as perestroika, glasnost, etc. have entered the languages of the peoples of the world.
The national language is the means of oral and written communication of the nation. Along with the commonality of the territory, historical, economic and political life, as well as the mental warehouse, language is the leading indicator of the historical community of people, which is usually called the term nation(lat.natio - tribe, people).
Russian national language by family ties, belongs to to the Slavic group of the Indo-European family of languages. Indo-European languages are one of the largest language families, including Anatolian, Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Italic, Romance, Germanic, Celtic, Baltic, Slavic groups, as well as Armenian, Phrygian, Venetian and some other languages.
Slavic languages come from single Proto-Slavic a language that evolved from the Indo-European base language long before our era. During the existence of the Proto-Slavic language, the main features inherent in all Slavic languages developed. Around the 6th-7th centuries AD, the Proto-Slavic unity broke up. The Eastern Slavs began to use a relatively uniform East Slavic language. (Old Russian, or the language of Kievan Rus). At about the same time, they formed West Slavic(Czech, Slovak, Polish, Kashubian, Serbal Lusatian and "dead" Polabian) and South Slavic languages (Bulgarian, Serbian, Croatian, Macedonian, Slovene, Rusyn and "dead" Old Church Slavonic).
In the 9th-11th centuries, on the basis of translations of liturgical books made by Cyril and Methodius, the first written language of the Slavs was formed - Old Church Slavonic Its literary continuation will be the language used to this day in worship. – Church Slavonic .
With the strengthening of feudal fragmentation and the overthrow of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, the Great Russian, Little Russian and Belarusian nationalities are formed. Thus, the East Slavic group of languages is divided into three related languages: Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian. By the 14th-15th centuries, the language of the Great Russian people was formed with the Rostov-Suzdal and Vladimir dialects at the core.
Russian national language begins to take shape in the 17th century in connection with the development capitalist relations and the development of the Russian nationality into nation. The phonetic system, grammatical structure and the main vocabulary of the Russian national language are inherited from the language Great Russian people formed in the process interaction between the northern Great Russian and the southern Great Russian dialects. Moscow, located on the border of the south and north of the European part of Russia, has become the center of this interaction. Exactly Moscow business vernacular had a significant impact on the development of the national language.
An important stage in the development of the Russian national language was the 18th century. During these times, our compatriots spoke and wrote using a large number of Old Slavonic and Church Slavonic elements. The democratization of the language was required, the introduction of elements of lively, colloquial speech of the merchants, service people, clergy and literate peasants into its system. Leading role in theoretical substantiation of the Russian language played M.V. Lomonosov. The scientist creates a "Russian grammar", which has theoretical and practical significance: ordering of the literary language and development rules for the use of its elements. “All sciences,” he explains, “have a need for grammar. Stupid oratorio, tongue-tied poetry, unfounded philosophy, incomprehensible history, dubious jurisprudence without grammar. Lomonosov pointed out two features of the Russian language that made it one of the most important world languages:
- "the vastness of the places where he reigns"
- "your own space and contentment."
In the Petrine era due to the appearance in Russia of many new objects and phenomena the vocabulary of the Russian language is updated and enriched. The flow of new words was so huge that even a decree of Peter I was needed to regulate the use of borrowings.
The Karamzin period in the development of the Russian national language is characterized by the struggle for the establishment of a single language norm in it. At the same time, N.M. Karamzin and his supporters believe that, when defining norms, it is necessary to focus on Western, European languages (French), to free the Russian language from the influence of Church Slavonic speech, to create new words, to expand the semantics of those already used to designate emerging in the life of society, mostly secular, new objects, phenomena, processes. Karamzin's opponent was the Slavophil A.S. Shishkov, who believed that the Old Slavonic language should become the basis of the Russian national language. The dispute over language between Slavophiles and Westernizers was brilliantly resolved in the work of the great Russian writers of the early nineteenth century. A.S. Griboyedov and I.A. Krylov showed the inexhaustible possibilities of live colloquial speech, the originality and richness of Russian folklore.
Creator same national Russian language became A.S. Pushkin. In poetry and prose, the main thing, in his opinion, is “a sense of proportion and conformity”: any element is appropriate if it accurately conveys thought and feeling.
In the first decades of the 19th century, the formation of the Russian national language was completed. However, the process of processing the national language in order to create unified orthoepic, lexical, orthographic and grammatical norms continues, numerous dictionaries are published, the largest of which was the four-volume Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language by V.I. Dahl.
After the October Revolution of 1917, important changes took place in the Russian language. Firstly, a huge layer of secular and religious vocabulary, which was very relevant before the revolution, “dies out”. The new power destroys objects, phenomena, processes, and at the same time the words denoting them disappear: monarch, heir to the throne, gendarme, police officer, privatdozent, footman and so on. Millions of believing Russians cannot openly use Christian terminology: seminary, sexton, Eucharist, Ascension, Mother of God, Spas, Assumption, etc. These words live in the people's environment secretly, implicitly, waiting for the hour of their revival. On the other side. a huge number of new words appear, reflecting changes in politics, economics, culture : Soviets, Kolchak, Red Army soldier, Chekist. There are a large number of compound words: party dues, collective farm, Revolutionary Military Council, Council of People's Commissars, Commander, Prodrazverstka, food tax, cultural enlightenment, educational program. One of the brightest distinguishing features of the Russian language of the Soviet period - interference of the opposite, The essence of this phenomenon lies in the formation of two opposing lexical systems that positively and negatively characterize the same phenomena that exist on opposite sides of the barricades, in the world of capitalism and in the world of socialism. : scouts and spies, warriors-liberators and invaders, partisans and bandits.
Today, the Russian national language continues to develop in the post-Soviet space. Among the modern characteristic features of the language, the most important are:
1) replenishment of the vocabulary with new elements; first of all, it is a borrowed vocabulary denoting objects and phenomena of the political, economic and cultural life of the country: electorate, extreme sports, business center, conversion, clone, chip, iridology, HIV infection, audio cassette, cheeseburger, jacuzzi;
2) the return to use of words that seemed to have lost such an opportunity forever; first of all, it religious vocabulary: lord, communion. Annunciation, Liturgy, Vespers, Epiphany, Metropolitan;
3) the disappearance, along with objects and phenomena, of words characterizing Soviet reality: Komsomol, party organizer, state farm, DOSAAF, pioneer;
4) the destruction of the system formed as a result of the action interference of the opposite.
Russian is the largest language in the world. In terms of the number of people speaking it, it ranks 5th after Chinese, English, Hindi and Spanish.
Origin
Slavic languages, to which Russian belongs, belong to the Indo-European language branch.
At the end of III - beginning of II millennium BC. the Proto-Slavic language separated from the Indo-European family, which is the basis for the Slavic languages. In the X - XI centuries. the Proto-Slavic language was divided into 3 groups of languages: West Slavic (from which Czech, Slovak arose), South Slavic (developed into Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian) and East Slavic.
During the period of feudal fragmentation, which contributed to the formation of regional dialects, and the Tatar-Mongolian yoke, three independent languages emerged from East Slavic: Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian. Thus, the Russian language belongs to the East Slavic (Old Russian) subgroup of the Slavic group of the Indo-European language branch.
History of development
In the era of Muscovite Russia, the Middle Great Russian dialect arose, the main role in the formation of which belonged to Moscow, which introduced the characteristic "acane", and the reduction of unstressed vowels, and a number of other metamorphoses. The Moscow dialect becomes the basis of the Russian national language. However, a unified literary language had not yet developed at that time.
In the XVIII-XIX centuries. Special scientific, military, maritime vocabulary was rapidly developed, which was the reason for the appearance of borrowed words, which often clogged and weighed down the native language. There was a need to develop a single Russian language, which took place in the struggle of literary and political trends. The great genius of M.V. Lomonosov in his theory of "three" established a connection between the subject of presentation and the genre. Thus, odes should be written in the "high" style, plays, prose works in the "medium" style, and comedies in the "low" style. A.S. Pushkin in his reform expanded the possibilities of using the “middle” style, which now became suitable for ode, tragedy, and elegy. It is from the language reform of the great poet that the modern Russian literary language traces its history.
The appearance of sovietisms and various abbreviations (prodrazverstka, people's commissar) is connected with the structure of socialism.
The modern Russian language is characterized by an increase in the number of special vocabulary, which was the result of scientific and technological progress. At the end of the XX - beginning of the XXI centuries. the lion's share of foreign words comes into our language from English.
The complex relationships between different layers of the Russian language, as well as the influence of borrowings and new words on it, led to the development of synonymy, which makes our language truly rich.
The Russian language is the national language of the Russian people, the state language of the Russian Federation, which is used as a means of interethnic communication in Russia and in the near abroad. At present, the Russian language is one of the languages of European and world significance. Together with English, French, Spanish, Chinese and Arabic, it is recognized as the official and working language of the United Nations. More than 250 million people study the modern Russian literary language in almost 100 countries of the world.
The national Russian language is a means of written and oral communication of the Russian nation. Along with the integrity of the territory, economic life and mental make-up, language is the leading indicator of the historical community of people, which is usually called the term "nation". The national language is a historical category, it is formed during the formation of the nation, its development from the nationality.
The Russian national language, according to family ties that arose and formed in the process of historical development, belongs to the Slavic group of the Indo-European family of languages. By origin, it is associated with the common Slavic (Proto-Slavic), which stood out from the 3rd millennium BC. from the Indo-European base language and until the 2nd half of the 1st millennium AD. (until the 5th-6th centuries AD) served as a means of communication for all Slavic tribes. During the period of existence of a single common Slavic language, the main features inherent in all Slavic languages developed. The long existence of the common Slavic (proto-Slavic) language (over three thousand years) as a single dialect of all Slavic tribes explains the high degree of closeness between modern Slavic languages.
Approximately in VI-VII AD. the common Slavic unity broke up, and on the basis of the common Slavic language, East Slavic (Old Russian), West Slavic (Polish, Slovak, Czech, Serb-Luzhitsky, etc.) and South Slavic (Bulgarian, Serbian, Croatian, Macedonian, Slovene, Rusyn and dead Old Slavonic) languages were formed. The Old Russian language was spoken by the East Slavic tribes, which in the 9th century formed the Old Russian nationality within the boundaries of the Kievan state. With the strengthening of feudal fragmentation, the overthrow of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, and also as a result of the collapse of the Kievan state in the XIV-XV centuries, the Great Russian, Little Russian and Belarusian nationalities are formed, and on the basis of the once single Old Russian language, three independent languages appear: Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian, which, with the formation of nations, took shape in national languages.
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Ukrainian Russian Belarusian
The Russian national language begins to take shape in the 17th century in connection with the development of capitalist relations and the development of the Russian people into a nation. The phonetic system, grammatical structure and basic vocabulary of the Russian national language is inherited from the language of the Great Russian people, which was formed as a result of the interaction of the North Great Russian and South Great Russian dialects. The center of this interaction was Moscow, located at the junction of the south and north of the European part of Russia. It was the Moscow business vernacular that had a significant impact on the development of the national language. During this period, the development of new dialectal features of dialects stops, the influence of the Church Slavonic language weakens, a literary language of a democratic type develops, based on the traditions of the business language of Moscow.
In the 18th century, through the efforts of progressively inclined circles of society, the creation of a single national Russian language began (until the 18th century, the so-called Slavic-Russian language, which absorbed the culture of the Old Slavonic language, was used in fiction, official business documents). There is a democratization of the language, i.e. its vocabulary, grammatical structure includes elements of lively oral speech, lively colloquial speech of the merchants, service people, clergy and literate peasants, there is a gradual liberation of the language from the Church Slavonic language, the formation of a scientific language, Russian scientific terminology. In all these processes, the great Russian scientist M.V. Lomonosov took an active part, who did an immeasurable amount to streamline the Russian language: he creates the first in Russian “Russian Grammar”, in which for the first time he presents the scientific system of the Russian language, creates a set of grammatical rules, demonstrates the richest possibilities of the language, seeks permission from Catherine II to lecture at the university in Russian, creates Russian scientific and technical terminology (he owns the words atmosphere, degree, matter, electricity, thermometer, circumstance, ignition and etc.). Lomonosov pointed to two features of the Russian language that made it one of the most important world languages - "the vastness of the places where it dominates" and "its own space and contentment." In the Petrine era, due to the appearance of many new objects and phenomena in the life of society, the vocabulary of the Russian language is updated and enriched. The influx of foreign words from Polish, French, Dutch, Italian, German into Russian was so huge that Peter I was forced to issue a decree regulating the use of borrowings and prescribing "to write everything in Russian, without using foreign words and terms", since from their abuses "the case itself is impossible to comprehend." By the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century, the preferred use of native Russian elements in speech and writing becomes a sign of patriotism, respect for one's nation, one's culture.
Throughout the 19th century, there were disputes about what should be considered the basis of the Russian national language, how to relate to the common language and vernacular. The well-known Russian writer, the founder of Russian sentimentalism, the author of "Poor Lisa" and "History of the Russian State" N.M. Karamzin and his supporters believed that the Russian language was too difficult to express thoughts and needed to be processed. The transformation of the language, in their opinion, should focus on European languages, especially French, follow the path of liberating the language from the influence of Church Slavonic speech, creating new words, eliminating archaic and professional Slavonicisms, special terms of various crafts and sciences, and rude vernacular. Karamzin created and put into active use the word love, humanity, public, future, industry, general benefit and others that we still use today. Opponent N.M. Karamzin became the Slavophiles, headed by A.S. Shishkov, a writer, public figure, minister of education, who considered the Old Slavonic language the primitive language of all mankind and the basis of the Russian national language. The dispute about language between Slavophiles and Westernizers was resolved in the works of the great Russian writers of the 19th century A.S. Griboyedov and I.A. Krylov, who showed what inexhaustible possibilities live folk speech has, how rich, original and original the language of folklore is.
A.S. Pushkin is rightly called the creator of the modern Russian literary language. It was he who introduced folk speech into his poetry, believing that any word is acceptable in poetry if it accurately and figuratively expresses the concept, conveys the meaning. The poet believed that "true taste does not consist in the unconscious rejection of such and such a word, such and such a turn, but in a sense of proportion and conformity." No one before Pushkin wrote in a realistic language and did not introduce ordinary everyday vocabulary into a poetic text. It was Pushkin who used the common language as a treasure trove of language.
In the first decades of the 19th century, the formation of the Russian national language was completed, but the process of processing the national language continued in order to create unified grammatical, lexical, spelling, orthoepic norms, which are theoretically substantiated in the works of Russian linguists Vostokov, Buslaev, Potebnya, Fortunatov, Shakhmatov, are described and are approved in the Russian grammars of Grech, Grot, Vostokov, etc.
In the 19th century, an unprecedented flourishing of Russian literature and the Russian language took place. The work of Gogol, Lermontov, Dostoevsky, L. Tolstoy, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Ostrovsky, Chekhov and other writers and poets, the achievements of Russian scientists Mendeleev, Dokuchaev, Pirogov, Klyuchevsky and others contributed to the further development and enrichment of the Russian national language. His vocabulary is replenished (worldview, humanity, lack of rights, feudal lord, etc.), phraseology is enriched, the stock of international terminology is expanding (intellectual, progress, international, communism, culture, civilization, etc.), scientific and journalistic functional styles are formed. The richness and diversity of the Russian language is reflected in the historical, etymological, synonymous dictionaries that appeared in the 19th century, in the dictionary of foreign words.
In 1863-1866. the four-volume "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" by V.I.Dal was published, which included over 200 thousand words. Professor P.P. Chervinsky rightly called this dictionary an “eternal book”, since its content is not subject to time.
Interesting changes take place in the Russian language in the 20th century, which can be chronologically divided into 2 periods: 1 - from October 1917. to April 1985; 2 - since April 1985 to 2000 The first period is associated with the October Revolution, which introduced fundamental changes in all levels of life in Russian society and was reflected in the most interesting processes in the language: the departure into the passive stock of many words denoting concepts that had gone into oblivion, associated with the former political and economic way of life and Orthodoxy (tsar, province , volost, policeman, merchant, nobleman, pilgrimage, bishop, Mother of God, Annunciation, Twelve Feasts, Christmas Eve, Christmas time, etc.). During this period, many new words appeared denoting the realities of a new life (district committee, Komsomol member, propaganda team, Central Committee, Gorono, MTS, drummer, Stakhanovite, etc.). During the years of Soviet power, the main principle of the name was the renaming (Petersburg - Petrograd - Leningrad, Ekaterinodar - Krasnodar, Samara - Kuibyshev, Sobornaya street - named after Lenin, Bazovskaya street named after Zhdanov, Bursakovskaya street (named after F.Ya Bursak, ataman of the Black Sea Cossack army) - Krasnoarmeyskaya, etc.). Such a renaming reflected the desire of the party and government leaders through the language, the word to influence the public consciousness, trying to connect the name change with the illusion of constant qualitative change in society itself. In addition, new names appear associated with the desire to reflect a new ideology in the language: Ninel, Oktyabrina, Vladilena, Rem, Kim, Dazdraperma, etc. Ideologization in the language also manifested itself in the so-called “opposite interference”, which meant the perception of reality through constant contrast, the opposition of the perception of phenomena of reality in our country, in the socialist world, and in them, in the capitalist one, for example: we have democracy, brotherhood, peace , friendship, equality, brotherhood, a bright future, they have corruption, mafia, racketeering, genocide, drug addiction, exploitation, decaying capitalism, etc.
The second period of the twentieth century is associated with perestroika, which also made its own adjustments to the development of the modern Russian language. The change in the political and economic way of life, the fall of the "Iron Curtain" affected, first of all, the vocabulary of the language. Vocabulary reflecting all spheres of society's life has come into active use: politics, economics, culture, medicine, religion, everyday life, etc., for example: inauguration, post-Soviet, impeachment, clearing, barter, manager, image, clip maker, hospice, immunodeficiency , Jehovist, karmic, cheeseburger, yogurt, case, etc. Many words that were either not used during the years of Soviet power or were in the passive vocabulary returned to the active vocabulary: city hall, rent, governess, police, lord, vigil, communion and many others.
The modern Russian language of the 21st century is characterized by the following trends:
1. In modern Russian society, the type of communication has changed: monologue communication (one speaks, and everyone listens and performs) has been replaced by dialogic communication. The change in the communicative type of communication is a consequence of the socio-political orientation of society.
2. As a result, the role of oral speech and its dialogization has significantly expanded, i.e. increase in the dialogue of various types of communication, expansion of the functions of dialogic speech in the structure of communication, development of new types and forms of dialogue, formation of new rules for dialogic communication.
3. Pluralization of communication: the formation of traditions of coexistence of different points of view when discussing various, especially acute problems; development of a democratic, tolerant (that is, tolerant) attitude towards opposing views, opponents, points of view.
4. Personification of communication, that is, the development of individual uniqueness of those who communicate, the formation of dissimilarity in the expression and design of ideas and thoughts by different people, an increase in the number of unique personal "communicative images".
5. The prevailing changes in vocabulary and phraseology: the growth of the vocabulary of such thematic areas as "market economy", "politics", "show business", "household appliances", etc.
6. Increase in borrowed vocabulary in all areas of communication.
7. Restructuring in the system of forms of existence of the Russian language: intensive development of the oral form of the language and expansion of its functions; differentiation of the written form by communicative spheres, formation of the specifics of the written text in various professional fields, especially in the field of business commercial correspondence.
8. Activation of minor forms of language existence - jargons (youth, computer, criminal, musical, sports, etc.).
9. The formation of a new functional subsystem in the stylistic system of the language - national slang, which occupies an intermediate place between colloquial and reduced vocabulary, which is understood as national jargon, that is, a set of lexical and phraseological units that are well-known and used regardless of age, profession and social status, bearing reduced stylistic character and having expressiveness (for example, bucks, blockage, zadolbat, hangout, unfasten, disassembly, indifference, alignment, for free, dead number, etc.).
In general, analyzing modern processes and trends in the Russian language, they can be considered as the development and evolution of the language, occurring within the language according to its own laws and reflecting the adaptation of the language to the changing conditions of its functioning under the influence of external factors.
test questions
1. Christianization of Russia and its role in the development of the language.
2. Eternal truths: winged words, proverbs and sayings of biblical origin.
3. The theory of "three calms" by M.V. Lomonosov and its role in the development of the national Russian language.
4. The reformatory nature of A.S. Pushkin's creativity in the process of creating the modern Russian literary language.
5. Features of the development of the Russian language of the Soviet period (1917 - April 12985).
6. Features of the development of the Russian language at the end of the twentieth century (April 1985 - the end of the twentieth century).
7. How do you understand the term "language" and what are the points of view on the issue of the origin of the language?
8. Analyze the units and levels of the language.
9. What is the systematic nature of the language? Justify your answer.
10. What functions does the language perform in society?
11. Prove that language is historically changeable and socially conditioned.
12. Tell us about the origin of the Russian language and the stages of its development.
13. What is the role of M.V. Lomonosov in the history of the development of the Russian language?
14. Why is A.S. Pushkin considered the creator of the modern Russian literary language?
15. What is the role of the Bible and Old Slavonicisms in the formation of the modern Russian language?
16. Name the features of the Russian language of the Soviet period.
17. What features are characteristic of the Russian language at the end of the 20th century?
18. Name the trends in the modern Russian language at the beginning of the 21st century.
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