Treaty of Bucharest (1812) (reference). Treaty of Bucharest (1812) Treaty of Bucharest 1812

12.08.2020

From Turkey by Ahmed Pasha.

Peace negotiations were started back in October of the year in Zhurzhev, after the defeat of the main Turkish forces near Ruschuk and the encirclement of most of them at Slobodzeya. Sultan's representative Galib-efendi, as well as British and French diplomats, tried by all possible means to drag out the negotiations, but Kutuzov achieved their completion a month before the start of Napoleon's invasion of Russia. Thanks to this treaty, the security of the southwestern borders of Russia was ensured, and Turkey could no longer take part in Napoleon's campaign against Russia. It was a major military and diplomatic victory that improved the strategic environment for Russia by the start of the Patriotic War of 1812. The Danubian army could be transferred to reinforce the troops covering the western borders of Russia. Turkey also withdrew from the alliance with France.

The Bucharest Peace Treaty consisted of 16 vowels and two secret articles. According to the fourth article, the Port ceded to Russia the eastern part of the Moldavian principality - the territory of the Prut-Dniester interfluve, which later became known as Bessarabia. The rest of the principality remained under Turkish rule. The border between Russia and Porto was established along the Prut River. The sixth article obliged Russia to return to the Porte all points in the Caucasus, "weapon ... conquered." Anapa, Poti and Akhalkalaki were returned to Turkey, while Sukhumi and other points acquired by Russia as a result of the voluntary transfer of the rulers of Western Georgia to Russian citizenship remained part of Russia.

Russia for the first time received naval bases on the Caucasian coast of the Black Sea. The Treaty of Bucharest also provided the privileges of the Danubian Principalities and the internal self-government of Serbia, which marked the beginning of its complete independence. The main provisions of the treaty were confirmed on September 25 (October 7) by the Ackermann Convention.

After the conclusion of the Bucharest peace, a manifesto was issued on the withdrawal of troops from the Prut Moldavia and securing the right to dispose of property for a period of one year, during which residents from both banks of the Prut could freely move at will to Turkish and Russian territory and sell their property. Many sales and exchanges of estates followed this year.

The subsequent development of the two parts of the Moldavian Principality after a year in a different political, socio-economic and cultural environment predetermined their different historical destinies.

Sources

Fadeev A.V. Treaty of Bucharest 1812 // Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
History of the Republic of Moldova. From ancient times to the present day = Istoria Republicii Moldova: din cele mai vechi timpuri pină în zilele noastre / Association of Scientists of Moldova named after. N. Milescu-Spataru. - ed. 2nd, revised and expanded. - Chisinau: Elan Poligraf, 2002. - S. 95. - 360 p. - ISBN 9975-9719-5-4
Article V. History of Moldova. - Chisinau: Tipografia Centrală, 2002. - S. 218-220. - 480 s. - ISBN 9975-9504-1-8

Literature

Fadeev A.V. Russia and the Caucasus in the first third of the 19th century. - M.: 1960.

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The title of this article has other meanings, see Bucharest Peace Treaty. Wikisource has texts on the topic ... Wikipedia

The Bucharest Peace Treaty of 1812 was an agreement between the Russian and Ottoman Empires that ended the Russo-Turkish War of 1806-1812. The agreement was signed on May 16 (28), 1812 in Bucharest on the part of Russia by the chief commissioner Mikhail ... ... Wikipedia

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The war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, which began in 1806, was the eighth of all the numerous Russian-Turkish armed conflicts. On the eve of this war, the Ottoman sultan overthrew the rulers of Moldavia and Wallachia (future Romania), which contradicted the earlier Russian-Turkish agreements, according to which the consent of Russia was required for the appointment and removal of the Moldavian and Wallachian rulers.

In response to these actions of the Turkish authorities, in November 1806, Russian troops crossed the border, which then passed along the Dniester River. The Turkish fortresses of Bendery, Khotyn and Akkerman (now Belgorod-Dnestrovsky) surrendered without a fight. In December, our troops occupied Bucharest, but the first attempt to capture the Izmail fortress at the mouth of the Danube (16 years earlier taken by storm by Suvorov's "miracle heroes") failed.

Active hostilities unfolded only in the next year, 1807. On the Romanian lands, Russian troops defeated the Turkish avant-gardes, who were trying to cross to the northern bank of the Danube, and in Transcaucasia, the Turkish army was defeated on the Armenian Arpachay River. At the same time, the Russian fleet under the command of Admiral Dmitry Senyavin defeated the Turkish squadron in a naval battle off the coast of Greece in the Aegean Sea.

It must be remembered that this Russian-Turkish war was going on simultaneously with the war against Napoleon, and the main forces of the Russian army were far from the borders of the Ottoman Empire - in the center of Europe, in East Prussia. In addition, at the same time, a Russian-Persian war was going on in Transcaucasia and on the shores of the Caspian Sea, so our country had to fight on three fronts at once: against the French, Turks and Persians.

Only in the summer of 1809, the Russian army crossed to the southern bank of the Danube, in September occupied the fortress of Izmail and defeated several Turkish corps on the territory of Bulgaria. In the Caucasus, our troops stormed the fortresses of Anapa and Poti. In the next year, 1810, Russian soldiers occupied all the Turkish fortresses on the Danube and in northern Bulgaria up to the borders with Serbia, the fortified port of Sukhum-Kale (now Sukhumi, the capital of Abkhazia) was taken in the Caucasus.

In 1811, it became known that Napoleon was preparing to invade Russia - under such conditions, it was necessary to end the war with the Turks as soon as possible and successfully in order to secure the southern flank of the Russian Empire on the eve of the war with almost all of Europe, which submitted to the French dictator. The famous commander, student of Suvorov, infantry general Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov was appointed the new commander of the Russian army on the Danube.

In July 1811, a 15,000-strong Russian detachment under the command of Kutuzov defeated a 60,000-strong Ottoman army near the Bulgarian town of Ruschuk. Then the experienced commander deliberately withdrew his army to the left bank of the Danube. When the Turks followed him across the river, Kutuzov managed to surround them and block the Danube crossings.

A month later, in November 1811, the actually surrounded Turkish army on the northern bank of the Danube capitulated and surrendered to Kutuzov's troops. This catastrophic defeat caused Istanbul to sue for peace.

Peace talks in Bucharest were also led by the commander Kutuzov. He forced the Turkish vizier Ahmet Pasha to accept all Russian demands: the Ottoman Empire ceded to Russia the lands between the Prut and Dniester rivers, the port of Sukhumi and the lands of Western Georgia. But the main Russian victory was not even territorial acquisitions, but the fact that Turkey, at the request of Kutuzov, abandoned the alliance with Napoleon.

No matter how hard the French diplomats tried to drag out the Russian-Turkish war and peace negotiations, the Turkish vizier and Mikhail Kutuzov signed the text of the Bucharest Treaty on May 28 (16 according to the old style), 1812: “The hostility and disagreement that existed hitherto between both high empires cease from now on this treatise, both on land and on water ... ".

Thus, on the eve of the French invasion, Russia secured its southern borders and freed tens of thousands of soldiers for future battles with Napoleon.

Having defeated the Turks in time and forcing them to sign a peace treaty, Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov, just a month before the start of the battles with the troops of Bonaparte, won a major strategic victory, which largely predetermined the salvation of our country in 1812.

Read in the rubric In May 2017, the Russian readership will meet with a unique book, the heroes of which are the streets of the Northern Capital of Russia that come to life on its pages.

In Bucharest, from the Russian side, the chief commissioner, Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov, from the Turkish side, Ahmed Pasha.

Bucharest Peace Treaty
Contract type	peace treaty
date of signing	May 16 (28), 1812
a place	Bucharest
signed	Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov and Laz Aziz Ahmet Pasha
Parties	the Russian Empire Ottoman Empire

Peace negotiations began in October 1811, after the defeat of the main Turkish forces near Ruschuk (today Ruse, Bulgaria) and the encirclement of most of them at Slobodzeya. Sultan's representative Galib-efendi, as well as British and French diplomats, tried by all possible means to drag out the negotiations, but Kutuzov achieved their completion a month before the start of Napoleon's invasion of Russia. Thanks to this treaty, the security of the southwestern borders of Russia was ensured, and Turkey could no longer take part in Napoleon's campaign against Russia. It was a major military and diplomatic victory that improved the strategic environment for Russia by the start of the Patriotic War of 1812. The Danubian army could be transferred to reinforce the troops covering the western borders of Russia. Turkey also withdrew from the alliance with France.

The Bucharest Peace Treaty consisted of 16 vowels and two secret articles.

The subsequent development of the two parts of the Moldavian Principality after 1812 in a different political, socio-economic and cultural environment predetermined their different historical destinies.

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"Treaty of Bucharest (1812)"

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Peace of Bucharest 1812 - Russia's breakthrough into the Balkans

The Peace of Bucharest, concluded by Russia and the Ottoman Empire on May 16 (28), 1812, following the results of the Russian-Turkish war, was one of the most important political and strategic documents that formed the basis of Russia's geopolitical doctrine in the Balkans. This peace treaty, along with the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji of 1774, which for the first time allowed the Russian authorities to “make representations” in favor of the Christian subjects of the Porte, became the starting point on which all further Russian-Turkish documents were based, containing normative acts of the political existence of the Danube Principalities. and Serbia within the Ottoman Empire.

The peace of Bucharest was a major diplomatic victory for Russia. It significantly strengthened its position on the southern borders - Russia turned into a Danubian power, retained the regions in the Caucasus and the Black Sea coast with the city of Sukhumi that voluntarily joined it. Only the conquered lands and fortresses were returned to Turkey, but Mingrelia, Imeretia, Guria and Abkhazia, which voluntarily became part of Russia, remained with Russia. The terms of the treaty for the first time recognized the right of the Serbian people to have a number of self-government bodies while being part of the Ottoman Empire, which provided Serbia with certain opportunities for future political development. The treaty recognized the autonomous self-government of Moldavia and Wallachia, as well as the accession of Bessarabia to Russia. The change in the southwestern border was important, since it now ran along the left bank of the Danube to its mouth and the Black Sea, which was of strategic importance for the defense of the Russian Empire.

First of all, the conclusion of the Treaty of Bucharest should be considered as a positive political step on the eve of the war with Napoleon. Indeed, on the eve of the war with France, Russia sought to end the protracted military conflict with the Ottoman Empire: Alexander I ratified the Treaty of Bucharest literally a day before the “great army” invaded Russia. As a result of the peace concluded, Russia managed to ensure the neutrality of Turkey before the decisive battle with Napoleon. However, the significance of the Bucharest Peace is not limited to the creation of a favorable strategic climate on the eve of the war with France.

The peace concluded in Bucharest demanded great diplomatic skill from the Russian representatives and was the undoubted merit of M.I. Kutuzov, who negotiated with the Ottoman representatives. In the autumn of 1811, Kutuzov received instructions from St. Petersburg with peace conditions acceptable to Russia. But since the Turks were not ready to start negotiations at this time, Kutuzov had to resume hostilities, defeat the Turks at Ruschuk, and only then return to discussing peace terms. In his secret rescript dated March 22 (April 3), 1812, Alexander I wrote to Kutuzov: “You will render Russia the greatest service by hastily concluding peace. I most convincingly appeal to you with love for your Fatherland to turn all your attention to the achievement of this goal. Glory to you will be eternal ... ". On the Russian side, the agreement was signed by the Russian envoy in Constantinople A.Ya. Italinsky, General of the Moldavian Army I.V. Sabaneev and the first dragoman of the Russian mission in Constantinople I.P. Fonton. The Turkish delegation was headed by Galib Efendi and included Ahmet Pasha, Commander-in-Chief of the Turkish Army.

Signing the contract, the researcher V.N. Vinogradov, Kutuzov assumed a colossal responsibility - after all, despite the fact that the emperor directly pointed out the need to sign a treaty, its terms did not at all correspond to the claims of Russia. Back in the summer of 1810, Kutuzov received instructions from St. Petersburg to seek from Turkey the concession of Moldova and Bessarabia, as well as monetary compensation. Only after Kutuzov managed to convince the Turkish side that the mission of Napoleon's adjutant Count of Narbonne to Alexander's headquarters would result in Russian-French agreements directed against Turkey itself, the Ottoman government hastened to conclude an agreement with Russia. Ahmet Pasha expressed his thoughts quite frankly in a conversation with Fonton when he said that the reconciliation of Russia and Turkey was the main task of the moment, since they should "take care of the common defense" . The fact that the conclusion of such an agreement was possible, the French side considered unbelievable - after all, even the day before, in February 1812, Napoleon tried to convince the Sultan of the need to sign a Franco-Turkish alliance that would allow Turkey to lay claim to the vast Russian territories of the Black Sea and Transcaucasia. The fact that the scales leaned on the Russian side, the French emperor considered incredible - in June 1812 he directly asked Adjutant General A.D. Balashova: “Is it true that you made peace with the Turks? ... if you claim, as they tell me, the border along the river. Rod, then nothing will come of it, rest assured. The signing of the peace was kept in great secrecy and gave rise to numerous rumors about the content of the articles of this document. Later, when Napoleon wrote his memoirs on Fr. Helena, he admitted that after the news of the Bucharest peace, he should have abandoned the campaign against Russia - after all, instead of two potential allies - Turkey and Sweden, who could pull the flanks of the Russian army to the north and south - he faced the only enemy , which strengthened its political position through the Russian-Turkish and Russian-Swedish agreements. Thus, according to Napoleon's associate Count F.-P. Segur, possible friends of France became her enemies, and the 50,000-strong Moldavian army could, forgetting about the Turkish threat, take part in the battles on the western front.

A separate issue of the signed agreements was the fate of the Caucasian lands. Even before the peace was signed, Kutuzov confessed to Rumyantsev that he intended to sign on the Caucasus "a dark and confusing article that ... would give us the opportunity ... to insist on keeping for us what is now being dealt with by our troops." Indeed, Kutuzov intended not to withdraw troops from the occupied territories. However, the British intervened in this issue, who, according to Admiral Chichagov, "thought only of what harm could be for British India if Russia established itself in the Caucasus." As a result of the peace, Russian troops evacuated from Anapa, Poti and Akhalkalaki, but remained in Sukhumi and Redut-Kala, controlling almost the entire coast of Abkhazia, Megrelia and Guria. Russia acquired a section of the Black Sea coast with a length of 200 km. Despite the fact that the demands of the Porte in this matter were fully satisfied, the dispute over the ownership of the Caucasian territories remained for a long time one of the main points of discussion in Russian-Turkish relations. If Ghalib Effendi demanded a return to the “status quo ante bellum” position, then the Russian side insisted that only territories occupied by the “force of arms”, but not voluntarily annexed, that entered Russian citizenship before the start of the war, were subject to return. As Kutuzov expected, the article on the position of the Caucasian lands for many years remained the most "dark and confusing" in a long series of Russian-Turkish contradictions. Apparently, it was precisely the conditions of the Caucasian settlement that caused the sultan, upon receiving the news of the conclusion of the Bucharest peace, to order the execution of the Turkish dragoman who signed the agreement, not daring, however, to completely abandon its execution. However, it should be noted that in Romanian historiography there are suggestions that the conclusion of peace is a consequence of the betrayal of the Ottoman deputies. The executed Dimitri Moruzi allegedly found a ring worth 12,000 lei and documents for the ownership of an estate in that part of Moldova that was ceded to Russia. There is no documentary evidence to support this thesis, and the very assumption of this kind probably arose precisely because the conclusion of peace was of particular importance for Russia. No wonder E.V. Tarle highly appreciated the significance of this document: “Kutuzov, a diplomat, considers E.V. Tarle - inflicted a heavy blow on Napoleon in 1812 even earlier than Kutuzov the military leader.

However, one cannot discount the self-sufficiency of the terms of the agreement for all subsequent Russian policy in the Balkans and the development of the concept of geopolitical priorities throughout the Middle East region, including the Straits. One of the most important, and perhaps the main, consequences of the Bucharest Treaty was the opportunity for Russia to control the implementation of all articles of the treaty, build further Russian-Turkish relations on this and use them to strengthen its influence in the vast Balkan Peninsula by ensuring the political development of the Orthodox peoples subject to the Porte. - Moldavians, Vlachs, Serbs, Greeks.

The political situation in Europe on the eve of the conclusion of the treaty remained extremely difficult. In 1807, the Tilsit Agreement was concluded between Alexander I and Napoleon, as a result of which Russia became an ally of France. According to the Russian-French agreements, the two European powers divided the spheres of their political interests. As a result, France got Western Europe, and Russia - Eastern Europe, including the Balkans, which became the object of close attention of the Russian government. According to preliminary agreements, Russia strengthened its influence in the Danubian principalities and Serbia, and France - in Albania, Dalmatia and Kotor. The final text of the Russian-French alliance, signed on June 25, 1807, no longer contained these conditions, but implied the mediation of Paris in relation to all controversial Russian-Turkish issues. Of course, this provision could not meet the interests of the Russian side, since the success of its policy in the Ottoman Empire directly depended on the absence of third intermediary parties that violated a possible Russian-Turkish agreement.

Despite the rapprochement between Russia and England in the face of the threat of Napoleonic aggression, Russian-English contradictions could not be considered completely eliminated. At this time, Russia could not claim to be a worthy adversary of Great Britain in the Mediterranean basin - the former positions that it occupied in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Adriatic were lost, and the Russian-Turkish treaties of 1799 and 1805, which gave significant advantages to the Russian fleet in the Straits, ceased to operate. Moreover, according to the Anglo-Turkish treaty of 1809, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles, at the insistence of Great Britain, were closed to warships of all powers, which was a significant blow, especially for the Russian fleet. However, at the conclusion of the Bucharest Peace, England was on the side of Russia - after all, the terms of the peace were beneficial to the Russian ally of Great Britain and strengthened its military power on the western borders of the Russian Empire. At the same time, the concepts of Russia and England regarding cooperation with the Ottoman Empire differed significantly. If Great Britain stood in the position of maintaining the status quo in the Balkans, then plans for the establishment of new semi-independent Christian states on the vast territory of the Ottoman Empire, relying on the help of Orthodox Russia, became widespread in the Russian ruling circles. These plans for the creation of a separate or common Slavic-Serbian state, uniting several Slavic peoples within its borders, were purely hypothetical constructions that did not have a certain political support from the government, but they expressed the general trends of Russia's future policy in the Balkans quite clearly.

The Treaty of Bucharest basically posed the problem of the political existence of the Danubian Principalities and Serbia. Among the numerous Orthodox peoples that inhabited the Ottoman Empire, only Serbs, Moldavians and Vlachs could claim both independent political existence and political support for Russia, since only they had formed and developed internal government bodies and were regions of high political interest for the Russian authorities. . It was the Danubian principalities that were a strategically important region, border lands between Russia and Turkey, which had a number of political privileges for a long time. It was here that the Russo-Turkish wars began and were waged, and the local population turned its gaze towards Russia with hope. The adopted provisions on the autonomy of these constituent parts of the Ottoman Empire, along with the annexation of Bessarabia and the opened up opportunities for merchant navigation along the Danube with access to the Black Sea - everything was connected with the strengthening of the commercial (and, if possible, military) presence of the Russian fleet in the Straits, and, consequently, , and in the Mediterranean. Thus, the terms of the Peace of Bucharest, which solved the specific tasks of Russia's foreign policy, contained the basis for subsequent agreements built on the foundation laid in 1812. First of all, this concerned the fate of the Christian peoples of Turkey.

Support for the political status of Serbia and the Danubian Principalities as autonomies within the Ottoman Empire was extremely important for the further development of the independence of the future Balkan states. The Bucharest Treaty provided for ensuring the rights of Serbia “as far as possible in accordance with the desires of the Serbian nation”, which was used by the Serbian side in the coming years to create their own constitution - the Charter, in the development of which Russian diplomats took an active part.

In general, Russia's diplomatic support for the Serbian liberation movement and the desire to draw the attention of European powers to the problem of the oppressed Slavic peoples testified to the growing role of the eastern direction in Russia's foreign policy and its intention to support the Orthodox subjects of the Porte in their struggle against Ottoman oppression. An attempt to draw attention to Turkish Christians during the Congress of Vienna, and then an open break in diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Empire in 1821 after the start of the Greek Revolution - all these were consistent steps of the Russian government in one direction. The Eastern problem has taken its place once and for all among Russia's foreign policy priorities. All further peace initiatives of the Russian government, as well as attempts to resolve disputed Russian-Turkish issues by military means, were based on the agreements signed in Bucharest.

After the end of the Congress of Vienna and the creation of the Holy Alliance, the Russian government stepped up the Balkan direction of its foreign policy, which was a consequence of the peace signed in Bucharest in 1812. It was the articles of the Bucharest Treaty that appeared in all subsequent agreements between Russia and the Ottoman Empire as the foundation of their interaction and allowed the Russian leadership to act with justified requirements for the unconditional fulfillment of all the conditions of the adopted agreement. References to the Treaty of Bucharest sounded like a refrain during the Russian-Turkish discussions, which were conducted in Constantinople for six years by the Russian envoy G.A. Stroganov on the political structure of Serbia and the Danubian Principalities. The mention of the agreement is present in later Russian-Turkish documents - the Akkerman Convention of 1826 and the Adrianople Treaty of 1829, the terms of which were extremely important for the future fate of the Balkan peoples: the self-government of the Danubian principalities expanded, Greece and Serbia received autonomy.

Kuznetsova G.A. Diplomatic debut of Alexander I. Peace of Tilsit // Russian diplomacy in portraits. M., 1992. S. 117.

Cit. on: Munkov N.P. Kutuzov is a diplomat. M., 1962. S. 88.

Kudryavtseva E.P. Russia and the formation of Serbian statehood. 1812-1856 M., 2009.

), who ended the Russian-Turkish war of 1806-1812; signed on May 16 (28), 1812 in Bucharest on the part of Russia by the chief commissioner M.I. Kutuzov, from the side of the Ottoman state Ahmed Pasha. Peace negotiations began in October 1811 in Zhurzhev, after the defeat of the main Turkish forces near Ruschuk and the encirclement of most of them at Slobodzeya. Despite the attempts of the authorized Sultan Galib-efendi to delay the negotiations, the Russian commander-in-chief M.I. Kutuzov achieved their completion a month before the invasion of the army of Napoleon I Bonaparte into Russia. Turkey left the alliance with France. This made it possible to transfer troops from the Danubian army to cover the western borders.
The Bucharest Peace Treaty consisted of 16 open and 2 secret articles. The fourth article of the treaty established a new Russian-Turkish border along the Prut River. (cm. PRUT (river))(instead of the Dniester), Bessarabia passed to Russia. The sixth article obliged Russia to return to Turkey all the lands in the Caucasus conquered by force of arms. This wording of the article became the basis for the return of Anapa, Poti, Akhalkalaki taken during the hostilities, but at the same time served as a pretext for keeping Sukhum and those lands along the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and in Western Georgia acquired by Russia as a result of voluntary transfer to Russian citizenship of local rulers. Thus, for the first time, Russia received naval bases on the Caucasian coast of the Black Sea. The peace of Bucharest ensured the privileges of the Danubian principalities, the internal self-government of Serbia and the right of Russian patronage to Christians - subjects of Turkey. The main provisions of the Bucharest Peace Treaty were confirmed by the Akkerman Convention (1826).

encyclopedic Dictionary. 2009 .

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