External electrical and pipe wiring diagrams. Designing external electrical and pipe wiring How to make an external wiring diagram

19.10.2023

The most common two ways to implement external connection diagrams are:

A ) external connections are indicated on the installation diagram of the switchboard, cabinet, panel ( rice. 23,a);

Practice shows that the first method is more appropriate. This is explained by the fact that when drawing external connection diagrams on a separate drawing, a number of elements of the wiring diagram itself have to be repeated again: ( Fig. 23, a and b). Once again, a large drawing is obtained with a repeated depiction of all rows of clamps. In other words, in order to make external connections, you need to look through the entire element diagram again and restore in memory much of what has already been forgotten and which, at the same time, was easily feasible with the simultaneous and combined execution of both the wiring diagram and the external diagram on the same drawing connections.

However, if the time frame for issuing the assignment to the manufacturing plants is very limited, then first they make a wiring diagram without external connections, and after that they make another drawing only for external connections ( rice. 23, b).

Wiring diagrams of resistance boxes, transformers and other electrical equipment that belong to this structural block must be depicted together with external terminals, if these terminals come directly from the resistances and not through the shield.

For external terminals indicate: marking according to the cable log ( For example 7-2 , rice. 23,a), direction ( shield instrumentation ), brand and cross-section of wire or cable [AKVVG 1(19 X2.5)]. The marking is written in a circle, the direction is above the line, depicting the outgoing cable ( wire, pipe), brand and section - below the line.

Reserve conductors of a cable or bundle of wires are indicated by arrows. Reserve cores are left for all relatively long cables with a large number of cores. Approximately seven to ten workers lived ( wires) there are two or three reserve ones. Thus, with seven working cores, ten cable cores are taken, indicating this 1(10 X 2.5): one ten-core cable with a cross-section of each core 2.5 mm 2 or ten wires in a bundle - 10(1 X 2.5 mm 2).

You should not skimp on spare conductors in cables laid over long distances, as well as those connected to control and alarm panels, since during operation there is often a need for additional circuits and signals that require free conductors.

Electrical installation rules allow for combining circuits for various purposes in one control cable: control and signaling, protection and measurement, as well as circuits supplying low-power electrical receivers, provided that the cross-section of the conductors required for the electrical receiver does not differ from the cross-section of the remaining cable conductors. It is desirable that the circuits in this cable relate to one mechanism or a single process flow ( for example, chains of flow-transport systems).

However, joint installation of circuits of mutually redundant drives in one cable is prohibited.

Depending on the location of the electrical equipment, the cables coming from the complete device ( for example, from a shield), can be directed both down and up. But even cables directed upwards, due to a number of circumstances, often go down first and only then go up. On wiring diagrams of devices where the external leads are directed immediately upward, they are shown pointing upward. If the question of the direction of the cables is decided when the circuits are already ready for production, then a note is given on the wiring diagram drawing, which indicates the numbers of the pins that are conditionally directed downwards, although in reality they should be directed upwards. In this case, reference is made to the wiring drawing, which shows these cables.

Examples of external connection diagrams. Now let's look at some typical examples of external connection diagrams.

On rice. 24 connections to converter units are shown 1AP - 4AP.

Rice. 24. Diagram of external connections of converter units.

Each unit consists of an engine 1DAP (4DAP) and generator 1G (4G). The diagram shows the pin markings ( C1, C2, C3, R 1, R 2, R 3, I 3, I 1, Ш1, Ш2) engines and generators. As an example, a diagram of the internal connections of a 4G generator is shown.

The cable marking consists of two parts. To the left of the dividing mark is the motor designation, to the right is the cable serial number. So, for example, from the engine 1DAP four three-core cables 1DAP-1, 1DAP-2, 1DAP-3 And 1DAP-4 stamps AVVG cross section 70 mm 2 go to the control station cabinet Shsu to the panel № 3 .

Aggregates 2AP And 3AP are mounted according to the same scheme, but the cable markings change as follows: for the unit 2AP instead of labeling 1DAP-1 write 2DAP-1 etc. In addition, the panel number changes.

Similarly cables ( wires) related to the generator 1G, are marked 1G-1 And 1G-2.

In cases where the power of a DC motor is relatively small, and therefore the cross-section of the wires supplied to the armature corresponds to the cross-section of the field winding circuits, it is recommended to combine these circuits in one cable. In this case, if four wires are required, then use a control cable with copper wires with a cross-section 2.5 mm 2, i.e. 1 (4 X 2.5) or 1(5 X 2.5). In the latter case, one core is a reserve one. If three cores are required, then use a three-core power cable with a cross-section of the same 2.5 mm 2, i.e. 1(3 X 2.5). In our example ( rice. 24) this is a cable 4G-1.

It must be borne in mind that the formation of such a cable is possible only if all its cores ( i.e. circuit and armature and excitation) have one direction.

Figure 25 illustrates the diagram of external connections of the simplest electric drive, which consists of an electric motor D, magnetic starter L (letter L, the first letter of the word “linear”, usually denotes magnetic starters, contactors and similar devices through which motors are connected to the supply line) and buttons TO.

Rice. 25. Diagram of external connections of an electric motor with a squirrel-cage rotor.

Note: Here and below, the contacts of thermal relays are shown as is customary in catalogs.

The electric motor is connected in a star - a jumper is placed between its three terminals. To conclusions L1, L2, L3 magnetic starter with cable 1 power is connected. Three core wire 2 connects the terminals of the magnetic starter C1,C2,C3 with an electric motor. Three core wire 3 connects the magnetic starter to the " Start - Stop».

By rice. 25 you can trace electrical circuits and their markings, i.e. read the diagram.

Currently, factory-made complete products are mainly used. In particular, to control an electric motor with a squirrel-cage rotor, units of the general industrial series of types are used BU5140 - BU5144 (for one engine),BU5145,BU5146, BU5147 (for two engines) etc. The blocks contain: automatic machines, magnetic starters with thermal relays, fuses, control circuits and a number of clamps for connecting external leads and making jumpers necessary in certain specific cases.

Diagram of external connections of the control unit type BU5144 - 13A2A with one electric motor 5D and button 5K shown on rice. 26.

Rice. 27. Diagram of external connections of a switch, machine, electric motor and ammeter.

Figure 28 refers to the reverse circuit (changing direction) electric motor. Wire L22 passes from pipe 4 to pipe 2 .

Rice. 28. Diagram of external connections of a reversible electric motor with a squirrel-cage rotor.

Power supply via cable 1 connected to the machine A type AP50-3MT, further along the cable 2 goes to a magnetic starter, which consists of two contactors IN(« Forward") And N (« Back"), and finally the cable 3 connects the magnetic starter to the electric motor D.

Button TO has three pins: " Forward», « Back" And " Stop».

In this case, the machine, button, magnetic starter and motor are located at a relatively large distance from each other, and an independent cable or stranded wire is laid to each of them.

"Electrician's Library" A.A. Chernyak

The external wiring connection diagram (GOST 21.409-93, RM 4-6-92) is a combined diagram that depicts electrical and pipe connections between devices and automation equipment installed on process, engineering equipment and communications (pipelines, air ducts, etc. .), outside the boards and on the boards, as well as communications between boards, consoles, complexes or individual devices of the complexes. This diagram shows the connections of the component parts of the product (installation) and identifies the wires, harnesses, cables or pipelines that make these connections, as well as the places of their connections and input (connectors, boards, clamps, etc.). Connection diagrams (installation diagrams) are used when developing other design documents, primarily drawings that determine the laying and methods of fastening wires,

harnesses, cables or pipelines in a product (installation), as well as for making connections and during control, operation and repair of products (installations).

Unlike drawings of general views, connection diagrams for switchboards and control panels are not made to scale. The connection diagram shows all the elements and devices that make up the switchboard or console. In this case, their location should approximately correspond to the actual placement in the product. Devices are depicted in the form of rectangles or conventional graphic symbols displaying all pins (contacts) for connecting conductors. The diagram indicates: for wires - brand, cross-section and, if necessary, color; for cables - brand, number and cross-section of cores. Connection diagrams are performed in various ways, but in all cases all contact elements through which electrical connections are made and the conductors extending from them must be indicated. Simple diagrams completely show all the conductors that connect devices, instruments and other elements, and reading such diagrams does not cause difficulties.

In the case of complex devices, to simplify the execution and reading of connection diagrams, next to the designation of each device or device within the diagram, its serial number (in the numerator), starting from the first, and the position designation (in the denominator), corresponding to the circuit diagram, are indicated. The ends of the conductors are marked, that is, the address designation of the second end of the wire is applied: the first number is the serial number of the device; the second is the number of its pin to which its end is connected. In addition, for a better understanding of the circuit and its connection with the circuit diagram, a circuit symbol is placed next to the conductor.

Technical means for which electrical wiring connections are shown in the diagrams are depicted in simplified external outlines or in the form of rectangles. Input and output elements (contacts) of devices are shown in the form of circles (for round plug connectors) or rectangles (for example, for terminal block assemblies, strips with a set of clamps).

In general, connection diagrams should contain:

1) primary devices;

2) off-panel devices, group installations of devices;

3) boards (distribution block, DIN rail in the cabinet), complexes;

4) external electrical and pipe wiring;

5) protective grounding and grounding of automation systems;

6) technical requirements (instructions);

7) list of elements.

External electrical wiring is carried out in separate continuous thick lines. In this case, the wiring laid in the boxes is depicted as two parallel thin lines at a distance of 3-4 mm from each other. For each wiring above the line representing it, indicate the technical

characteristics (type, brand of cable, wires, pipes, etc.) and length of wiring. Cables and wire harnesses are assigned serial numbers. The serial numbers of cables in boxes are assigned with the addition of the letter “K”.

Marking of cable cores and wires on connection and wiring diagrams is done in accordance with the electrical circuit diagrams and instructions in the guidance material PM4-106.

For each external electrical wiring, its technical characteristics and length are given: for wires - brand, cross-section and, if necessary, color, as well as length. The length is indicated once on the wiring line extending directly from the primary device, while indicating the full length of the wire or harness to the point of its connection to the terminals of panels, boxes, and devices. When laying several wires in one protective pipe, their number is indicated in front of the mark, for example 4PTV 2x2.5M; for cables - the brand, number and cross-section of cores and, if necessary, the number of occupied cores, which are indicated in a rectangle placed to the right of the cable data designation, as well as the length of the cables; for pipes - diameter and length.

Near the graphic designations of connecting and traction boxes above the shelf, leader lines indicate their designations and serial number, for example: KSK-8 No. 1. Under the shelf, leader lines of junction boxes indicate the designations of their installation drawings.

Wires and their connections located outside must be laid
in boxes (for example, pipes, channels, trays) except for reliable
method of protected cables that can be laid without
protective box with or without open
cable routes or support structures.

The boxes must provide a minimum degree of protection IP33 (GOST 14254).

The transaction numbers are indicated in circles placed at the line breaks. An example of a diagram for connecting external electric drive control wiring shown in Fig. 33, shown in Fig. 37. Here, the power supply is carried out from the electrical network by cable No. 1 brand VVG, five-core, cross-section 1.5 mm2, laid in a plastic pipe 5 m long. Electric motor M1 is connected to the local control panel ShchMU1 by routes 2K and 3K, each of which is made of 4 copper wires grade PV with a cross section of 1.5 mm, laid in a plastic box 4 m long. Remote control of the motors from the central control panel ША is carried out using a 4-core control cable KVVG with a cross-section of 1.0 mm, laid in a plastic pipe 7 m long.

Connection diagrams should be made in separate documents for each block of the automated object, the installation of which can be carried out independently of other blocks. In this case, the title of the document additionally indicates the name of the block.

Connection diagrams and external wiring connections are made based on the following materials:

Process automation schemes;

Principal electrical, pneumatic, hydraulic circuits;

Technical descriptions and operating instructions for instruments and automation equipment used in the project;

Tables of connections and wiring of switchboards and consoles, carried out in accordance with the instructions for PM4-107;

Drawings of the location of technological, plumbing, energy, etc. equipment and communications with selecting and receiving devices, as well as construction drawings with all the embedded and welded structures, overpasses, tunnels, channels, openings, etc. necessary for laying external wiring.

A mandatory preliminary stage of work on the implementation of connection diagrams and connections should be: checking the presence of all production technology and engineering systems in the drawings mortgages and selection devices, necessary for installing primary measuring transducers on communications and equipment.

Connection diagrams and connection diagrams are carried out without observing scale on one or several sheets of format no larger than A1 (594x841) in accordance with GOST 2.301.

The actual spatial arrangement of devices and circuit elements is either not taken into account at all or taken into account approximately.

The thickness of lines depicting devices and circuit elements, including cables, wires, pipes, should be from 0.4 to 1 mm according to GOST 2.303.

The diagrams should have the least number of kinks and intersections of wiring.

The distance between adjacent parallel wiring, as well as between adjacent images of devices and automation equipment, must be at least 3 mm.

On the connection diagrams in the upper part, and if the diagram is highly saturated with devices in the upper and lower parts, in a mirror image, place a table with explanatory inscriptions in accordance with Fig. 53.

The dimensions of the table rows should be taken based on the text inscriptions placed in these columns.

In the “Position” line, the positions of devices according to the automation scheme and the position designations of electrical equipment assigned to it according to the electrical circuit diagrams are entered. For elements of automation systems that do not have an independent position (selection devices, etc.), indicate the position of the device to which they relate, with the preposition “to”. Example: to 1a.

Below the table are devices and automation equipment installed directly on process equipment and communications (primary devices, actuators).

For devices that do not have numbers of electrical external terminals (for example, junction boxes), the connection diagram is depicted in a simplified form as a rectangle, without clamp assemblies and without gaskets in accordance.

Cable trays, junction boxes and branch boxes may allow holes of 6 mm in diameter to remove water if it is expected to accumulate in these cable structures.

Open conduits and trays for cable routing should be rigidly secured and sufficiently distant from moving parts of process equipment to reduce the risk of damage or wear. In places where the passage of people is necessary, open boxes and trays must be mounted at a height of at least 2 m above the working platform.

Cable ducts should only be used as mechanical protection.

Due to the fact that cable entries (trays) that are only partially protected are not considered as ducts or cable support systems, the cables used must be suitable for installation on cable trays.

Rigid metal ducts and fittings should be made of galvanized steel or corrosion-resistant material and adapted to the service conditions. It is not recommended to use various materials that, upon contact, may be a source of galvanic corrosion.

In industrial machines, the following classical wiring methods are assumed between housings and individual elements (the symbols used correspond to IEC 60364-5-523; Figure 54):

Rice. 54 Methods of laying cables and wires

Shown here:

B1 - boxes and cable-carrying channels for supporting and protecting wires (single-core cables);

B2 - the same as B1, but with multi-core cables;

C - cables laid on walls without boxes and channels;

E - cables laid in open horizontal or vertical routes (busbars)

For thermoelectric converters, resistance thermal converters), as well as for pneumatic actuators, graphic symbols are used that are adopted for these devices on automation circuits (GOST 21.404). At the bottom of the format there are off-panel devices, shields and other technical means. In case of accepted design decisions, a DIN rail with a contact group is shown on the switchboard (Fig. 55).

Fig.55 Fragment of external wiring diagram

When tables with explanatory inscriptions are located in the upper and lower parts of the drawing field, local control cabinets are depicted as rectangles in the middle part of the drawing. When the table is located only at the top, the cabinets are shown at the bottom of the drawing field. The name of the cabinet is indicated inside the rectangle. The following is given and applied to parts of the cabinet connection diagram:

Images of devices to which wiring is connected (for example,
DIN rail, panel board blocks);

Connecting cable cores, wires and pipes to them and their designations;

Sections of cables and pipes in accordance with the connection diagram.

Sections of cables and pipes opposite to the connection are ended with a curly bracket with reference to the designation and/or sheet number of the main kit, which shows the connection diagram.

Installation drawings and connection diagrams show the relative position of instruments and devices on switchboards and consoles and their interconnection. The AS distinguishes between the circuits of the field-level equipment control cabinet (Fig. 40) and the external wiring of the communication cabinet (Fig. 56).

Here, Figure 56 shows the external wiring for the motor control circuit for the example discussed in Lecture 16 (Figure 52). In Fig. Figure 57 shows the connection between the relay contact group for remote control of the same motor and a discrete output device.

Rice. 57 Example of a diagram for connecting external wiring of a SCADA input/output device Cabinets and layouts

The design of the cabinets, as well as the installation locations and the location of devices on them are depicted in general view drawings. General drawings must be made in strict accordance with the ESKD standard. Depending on the functional purpose of the shield and its design features, the sketch drawing of the cabinet contains:

Specification, which, in addition to technical automation equipment, includes products for installation and assembly, cables and wires;

Front view;

View of the internal planes;

Table of inscriptions.

Unlike drawings of general views, connection diagrams for cabinets and consoles are not made to scale. The connection diagram shows all the elements and devices included in the cabinet or console. In this case, their location should approximately correspond to the actual placement in the product. Devices are depicted in the form of rectangles or conventional graphic symbols displaying all pins (contacts) for connecting conductors. The diagram indicates: for wires - brand, cross-section and, if necessary, color; for cables - brand, number and cross-section of cores. Connection diagrams are performed in various ways, but in all cases all contact elements through which the connections are made must be indicated.

electrical connections and conductors extending from them. Simple diagrams completely show all the conductors that connect devices, instruments and other elements, and reading such diagrams does not cause difficulties.

For the selected pump motor control circuit diagram (example of lecture 16, Fig. 52), a possible version of the schematic wiring diagram of the remote control

local level control (SHMU1) is shown in Fig. 58. The arrangement of the equipment in the diagram approximately corresponds to the actual placement in the cabinet design. Next to each device is a serial number and position designation. So, near the terminal block - 1/ХТ1, input circuit breaker - 2/QF, etc. Inside each

The element is numbered with pins corresponding to the factory markings. Installation of power circuits is shown by direct connection of conductors between devices. The control circuit connections are made using the address method. Thus, the electrical circuit 104 (example of lecture 16, Fig. 33) is designed as follows. Pins 2 and 4 of switch 1SA1 (device 9) are bridged with each other, and wire 11-1 comes out of pin 2 (device 11, pin 1). The second end of this wire on the 1HL1 light bulb (device 11) is marked 9-2 (device 9, pin 2). In addition, wire 1-12 departs from pin 1 of device 11 (to terminal block XT1), which is marked 11-1 at the second end. The wire connecting terminal block 12 XT1 to the contact of the thermal relay KK1 is marked 5-95 and 1-12, respectively, on the side of the terminal block and the relay. The field of the diagram drawing indicates which wires to mount with which wire, and for the protective neutral wire - its color. The drawing field may also indicate installation methods. For example: “Installation should be performed using 25x25 mm perforated boxes and installed locally”; “Install the terminal blocks on DIN rails”, “The wires connecting the XT1 terminal block to the equipment on the cabinet door should be made in the form of a bundle in a spiral tube with a diameter of 10 mm”, etc. If, according to the technical specifications for the equipment, laying wires in bundles is unacceptable ( for example, compensation wires), or it is necessary to use a shielded wire, then such wiring is shown as a dotted line in the diagram. In this case, the ends of the screens must be connected to the neutral protective conductor PE.

Correct interaction of all automation elements and normal operation of the entire system is possible only when they are connected in accordance with the external wiring connection diagrams.

The layout determines the relative location of the components of the speaker, and, if necessary, also harnesses, wires, cables, pipelines, etc. Layout diagrams are used in the development of other design documents, as well as in the operation and repair of nuclear power plants.

In Fig. Figure 59 shows a diagram of the location and wiring of electric drives. The local control panel 5 is powered by wire line 1, laid in the pipe of the input panel 8. Wire lines 2 and 3, laid in closed boxes, connect ShchMU1 with engines 6 and 7. Wire line 4 provides, through ShchMU1, automatic remote control of the engines from the automation panel 9, located in the operator room.

Bibliography

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Klyueva. Design of process automation systems
processes: Reference manual. 2nd ed., revised. and additional – M.:
Energoatomizdat, 1990. – 464 p.

2. Olsson G., Piani D. Digital automation and control systems. –
St. Petersburg: Nevsky Dialect, 2001. – 557 pp..

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4.5.1General requirements

4.5.1.1 Connections and connections of external wiring are shown in the form of diagrams or tables.

4.5.1.2 Connection and connection diagrams are, as a rule, carried out separately for each automated unit, the installation of which is carried out independently of the others. In this case, the name of the circuit additionally indicates the name of the block.

Example - Pump block. External wiring connection diagram.

4.5.1.3 It is recommended that in connection diagrams of external wiring, electrical wiring connections be shown to devices installed directly on process equipment and communications, as well as to single off-panel (local) devices.

If the volume of electrical wiring connected to technical automation equipment is small, these connections can be shown in the connection diagram without completing the connection diagram.

4.5.1.4 It is recommended to provide electrical wiring connections to group installations of devices, switchboards and consoles, and complexes of technical equipment on separate connection diagrams.

4.5.1.5Technical equipment for which electrical wiring connections are shown in the diagrams are depicted in simplified external outlines or in the form of rectangles, in which:

Input elements (for example, pressure seals, seals) are shown along the contour of the rectangle with conventional graphic symbols in accordance with GOST 2.702;

Input and output elements are shown in the form of circles (for round plug connectors) or rectangles (for example, for assemblies and clamp blocks and other elements of the corresponding shape).

4.5.1.6 Designations (of off-panel devices), serial number and type (of junction boxes) indicate above the shelf the leader line, below the shelf the designation and/or number of the installation sheet (Figure 7)

Figure 7

For other technical means, their name is indicated inside the rectangle, as well as:

Sheet number (document designation) of the installation drawing (for group installation);

Designation of a general view sketch drawing (for switchboards and consoles).

4.5.1.7 Designations of cable cores and wires on diagrams and tables of connections and connections are taken in accordance with the electrical circuit diagrams.

4.5.2 Rules for executing connection diagrams for external wiring.

4.5.2.1 In the general case, the connection diagram shows:

Primary instruments and actuators installed directly on process equipment and communications;

Off-panel devices and group installations of devices;

Panels, consoles, complexes of technical equipment;

External electrical and pipe wiring between all technical automation equipment;

Protective grounding and zeroing of automation systems;

List of elements according to GOST 2.701.

4.5.2.2 Primary devices and actuators are shown in the upper part of the diagram under the data table, carried out according to Figure 8. Below are off-panel devices, switchboards and other technical means.

Figure 8

4.5.2.3 Automation equipment for which the wiring diagram does not show electrical connections are shown:

Devices - graphic symbols according to GOST 21.404;

Group installations, junction boxes, switchboards and consoles, complexes of technical equipment - in the form of rectangles, in which their name, designation and/or number of the sheet on which the connection diagrams are shown are indicated;

Single boards and consoles - in accordance with Figure 9

Continuous boxes - in the form of rectangles, inside which dashed lines show the branching of the wire harnesses - in accordance with Figure 10;

Composite boards and consoles - in accordance with Figure 11.

Figure 9

Figure 10

Figure 11

4.5.2.4 External electrical and pipe wiring is carried out in separate continuous main thick lines. In this case, the wiring laid in the boxes is depicted as two parallel thin lines at a distance of 3-4mm from each other.

For each wiring, above the line representing it, give the technical characteristics (type, brand of cable, wires, pipes, etc.) and the length of the wiring. It is allowed to indicate the length under the wiring line. For electrical wiring in protective pipes, the characteristics and length of the protective pipe are indicated below the line.

Control cables and protective pipes in which the wiring harnesses are laid are assigned serial numbers. Sequential numbers are assigned to the boxes with the addition of the letter K.

Example - 1K, 2K, etc.

Pipe wiring (impulse, command, supply, drainage, auxiliary, etc.), including pneumatic cables, are assigned serial numbers with the number 0 added in front of them.

The transaction numbers are indicated in circles placed at the line breaks.

4.5.2.5 High-pressure pulse pipe lines (over 10 MPa) are depicted on connection diagrams in a frontal dimetric projection indicating all elements of the lines.

4.5.2.6 Protective grounding to grounding of automation systems is shown in connection diagrams using graphic symbols in accordance with Table E.I (Appendix E).

The cores of cables and wires used as bullet protective conductors are given a spherical designation with the addition of the letter “N”.

Example - 801N.

4.5.2.7 Technical requirements for the circuit in the general case should contain:

Explanations on the numbering of cables, wires, pipes, boxes (if necessary);

Instructions for protective grounding and grounding of electrical installations.

4.5.2.8 The list of elements carried out in accordance with GOST 2.701 includes:

Shut-off valves;

Junction and duct boxes;

Cables, wires, pneumatic cables;

Materials for protective grounding and grounding of equipment and wiring.

Column "Pos. designation" is not filled in.

4.5.2.9 For complex electrical wiring connections in an automation system (for example, with the predominance of electric drive control systems), when multi-core trunk cables are used, it is advisable to show the wiring connection using a simplified diagram that reflects only the wiring structure. In this case, all devices are shown with symbols in accordance with the automation scheme (without a data table), the remaining technical means are shown in the form of rectangles.

Communication lines (regardless of the number of wires, cables, ducts laid) are shown as one line, without indicating the characteristics and length of the wires; the wire numbers are indicated above the communication line.

For such a scheme, a table is drawn up for connecting external wiring, which contains all the other information necessary for installing the wiring.

An example of the external wiring connection diagram is shown in Figure 12.

Figure 12

4.5.3 Rules for executing external wiring diagrams

4.5.3.1 The connection diagram generally shows wiring connections to group installations of off-panel devices, junction boxes, boards (including terminal boards), consoles, complexes, and their components. For complex connections to single off-panel devices, electrical devices, and other technical means (for example, for certain types of gas analyzers and concentration meters, starters, push-button control stations), they are also shown in the connection diagram.

4.5.3.2 On the connection diagram the following is given and marked:

Images of devices to which wiring is connected (according to clause 4.5.1.5);

Connecting cable cores, wires and pipes to them and their designations (according to clause 4.5.1.7);

Sections of cables and pipes in accordance with the connection diagram. Sections of cables and pipes opposite to the connection are ended with a curly bracket with reference to the designation and/or sheet number of the main kit, which shows the connection diagram.

An example image of connecting external wiring to a single single-section switchboard is shown in Figure 13.

Figure 13

4.5.4 Rules for executing connection tables and connecting external wiring.

4.5.4.1 The connection table is made according to form 4. The first sheet of the table contains a list of elements and technical requirements.

4.5.4.2 In the columns of the connection table indicate:

In the column “Cable, harness, pipe” - the number of electrical or pipe wiring;

In the “Direction” column - the name or designation of the technical automation equipment from which (from) and to which (where) this connecting wiring is directed;

In the column “Direction according to location drawings” - the address of laying external wiring;

In the “Measuring circuit” column, put a “plus” - only for measuring circuits;

In the “Installation drawing” column - designation of the installation drawing of automation devices indicated in the “From” subheading of the “Direction” column.

End of form 4

The remaining columns are filled in in accordance with their names. At the same time, in the column “Cable, wire” they do not indicate the actual length, and in the column “Pipe” they additionally indicate the thickness of the walls of the pipes, including protective ones, for a pneumatic cable - its brand and number of pipes.

4.5.4.3 The connection table is made according to Form 5 in sections corresponding to the names of technical equipment (for example, switchboards, consoles, junction boxes). Their names are recorded in the table as a heading and underlined.

First, the electrical wiring is recorded in the table, then (from a new sheet) the pipe wiring.

It is recommended to leave empty rows in the table between records of different devices.

4.5.4.4 In the columns of the connection table indicate:

In the column “Cable, harness” - the number of the cable, wiring harness, wire, pneumatic cable connected to the device indicated in the title;

In the column “Conductor” - designations of cores of cables, wires, pneumatic cables. If two conductors are connected to one terminal (clamp), an “asterisk” is placed next to the conductor designation;

In the “Output” column - the designation of the outlet and the number of the clamp (assembly of bulkhead connectors and the number of the connector), i.e., the location where the cable cores (pipes) are connected in this device.

Figure 6

4.4.15 Examples of the implementation of basic pneumatic diagrams are given in Appendices D and E.

4.5 Diagrams (tables) of connections and external wiring connections

4.5.1 General requirements

4.5.1.1 Connections and connections of external wiring are shown in the form of diagrams or tables.

4.5.1.2 Connection diagrams and connections are, as a rule, carried out separately for each automated unit, the installation of which is carried out independently of the others. In this case, the name of the circuit additionally indicates the name of the block.

Example - Pump block. Connection diagram for external wiring.

4.5.1.3 It is recommended that in connection diagrams of external wiring, electrical wiring connections are shown to devices installed directly on process equipment and communications, as well as to single off-panel (local) devices.

If the volume of electrical wiring connected to technical automation equipment is small, these connections can be shown on the connection diagram without completing the connection diagram.

4.5.1.4 It is recommended to provide electrical wiring connections to group installations of devices, switchboards and consoles, and complexes of technical equipment on separate connection diagrams.

4.5.1.5 Technical means for which electrical wiring connections are shown on the diagrams are depicted in simplified external outlines or in the form of rectangles, in which:

Input elements (for example, pressure seals, seals) - along the contour of the rectangle are shown with conventional graphic symbols in accordance with GOST 2.702;

Input and output elements are shown in the form of circles (for round plug connectors) or rectangles (for example, for assemblies and clamp blocks and other elements of the corresponding shape).

4.5.1.6. The designations (of off-panel devices), serial number and type (of junction boxes) indicate above the shelf the leader line, below the shelf - the designation and/or number of the installation sheet (Figure 7)

Figure 7

For other technical means, their name is indicated inside the rectangle, as well as:

Sheet number (document designation) of the installation drawing (for group installation);

Designation of a general view sketch drawing (for switchboards and consoles).

4.5.1.7 The designation of cable cores and wires on diagrams and tables of connections and connections is taken in accordance with the electrical circuit diagrams.

4.5.2 Rules for executing connection diagrams for external wiring

4.5.2.1 In the general case, the connection diagram shows:

Primary instruments and actuators installed directly on process equipment and communications;

Off-panel devices and group installations of devices;

Panels, consoles, complexes of technical equipment;

External electrical and pipe wiring between all technical automation equipment;

Protective grounding and grounding of automation systems;

List of elements according to GOST 2.701.

Figure 8

4.5.2.3 Technical automation equipment for which the electrical wiring connections are not shown in the diagram are shown:

Devices - with conventional graphic symbols according to GOST 21.404;

Single boards and consoles - in accordance with Figure 9;

Continuous boxes - in the form of rectangles, inside which dashed lines show the branching of the wire harnesses - in accordance with Figure 10;

Composite boards and consoles - in accordance with Figure 11.

Figure 9

Figure 10

Figure 11

Control cables and protective pipes in which the wiring harnesses are laid are assigned serial numbers. Sequential numbers are assigned to the boxes with the addition of the letter K.

Example - 1K, 2K, etc.

Pipe wiring (impulse, command, supply, drainage, auxiliary, etc.), incl. pneumatic cables are assigned serial numbers with the addition of the number 0 in front of them.

The transaction numbers are indicated in circles placed at the line breaks.

4.5.2.5 High-pressure pulse pipe wiring (over 10 MPa) is depicted on connection diagrams in a frontal dimetric projection indicating all wiring elements.

4.5.2.6 Protective grounding and grounding of automation systems are shown on connection diagrams using graphic symbols in accordance with Table E.1 (Appendix E).

The cores of cables and wires used as neutral protective conductors are assigned a digital designation with the addition of the letter “N”.

Example - 801N.

4.5.2.7 Technical requirements for the circuit in the general case should contain:

Explanations on the numbering of cables, wires, pipes, boxes (if necessary);

Instructions for protective grounding and grounding of electrical installations.

4.5.2.8 The list of elements carried out in accordance with GOST 2.701 includes:

Shut-off valves;

Junction and duct boxes;

Cables, wires, pneumatic cables;

Materials for protective grounding and grounding of equipment and wiring.

The column "Pos. designation" is not filled in.

For such a scheme, a table of external wiring connections is made, which contains all the other information necessary for installing the wiring.

An example of the external wiring connection diagram is shown in Figure 12.

Figure 12

4.5.3 Rules for executing external wiring diagrams

4.5.3.1 The connection diagram generally shows wiring connections to group installations of off-panel devices, junction boxes, boards (including terminal boards), consoles, complexes, and their components. For complex connections to single off-panel devices, electrical devices and other technical means (for example, for certain types of gas analyzers and concentration meters, starters, push-button control stations), they are also shown in the connection diagram.

4.5.3.2 The following is shown and marked on the connection diagram:

Images of devices to which wiring is connected (according to clause 4.5.1.5);

Connecting cable cores, wires and pipes to them and their designations (according to clause 4.5.1.7);

An example image of connecting external wiring to a single single-section switchboard is shown in Figure 13.

Figure 13

4.5.4 Rules for executing connection tables and connecting external wiring

4.5.4.1 The connection table is made according to form 4. The first sheet of the table contains a list of elements and technical requirements.

4.5.4.2 In the columns of the connection table indicate:

In the column “Cable, harness, pipe” - the number of electrical or pipe wiring;

In the "Direction" column - the name or designation of the technical automation equipment from which (from) and to which (where) this connecting wiring is directed;

In the column "Direction according to location drawings" - the address for laying external wiring;

In the “Measuring circuit” column, put a “plus” - only for measuring circuits;

In the "Installation drawing" column - designation of the installation drawing of automation devices specified in the "From" subheading of the "Direction" column.

Form 4

The remaining columns are filled in in accordance with their names. At the same time, in the column “Cable, wire” the actual length is not indicated, and in the column “Pipe” the thickness of the pipe walls is additionally indicated, incl. protective, for pneumatic cable - its brand and number of pipes.

First, the electrical wiring is recorded in the table, then (from a new sheet) the pipe wiring.

It is recommended to leave empty rows in the table between records of different devices.

Form 5

4.5.4.4 In the columns of the connection table indicate:

In the column “Cable, harness” - the number of the cable, wiring harness, wire, pneumatic cable connected to the device indicated in the title;

In the "Conductor" column - designations of cable cores, wires, pneumatic cables. If two conductors are connected to one terminal (clamp), an “asterisk” is placed next to the conductor designation;

In the "Terminal" column - the designation of the terminal and the number of the clamp (assembly of bulkhead connectors and the number of the connector), i.e. the connection location of the cable cores (pipes) in this device.

4.6 Drawings of equipment location and external wiring of automation systems

4.6.1 In the location drawings (plans, sections, fragments, assemblies) of equipment and external wiring of automation systems (hereinafter referred to as location drawings), in general the following is shown and given:

Contours of buildings (structures) with the location of technological equipment and communications;

Wiring flows, single electrical and pipe wiring, load-bearing and supporting structures for their installation;

Passages of wiring through walls and ceilings;

Specification for layout drawings according to form 7 GOST 21.101.

4.6.2 The location drawings show:

Coordination axes of the building (structure);

Markings of clean floors of floors and platforms on which technical automation equipment is installed;

Classes of explosion and fire hazardous zones, category and group of explosive mixtures and boundaries of explosive zones in indoor and outdoor installations in accordance with the requirements of the Electrical Installation Rules (PUE) - if there are explosion and fire hazardous zones at the facility.

Example - B - Ia (IT2 vinyl acetate).

4.6.3 The following may not be indicated on the location drawings:

Instruments (mercury thermometers, pressure gauges, etc.) located on process equipment and pipelines and not having communication lines connected to them;

Protective grounding and grounding of automation systems.

4.6.4 It is recommended that the location of automation equipment and external wiring in monitoring and control rooms, as well as in sensor rooms, be done on separate sheets.

4.6.5 Layout plans are usually carried out on the same scale as plans for the location of process equipment and main pipelines.

4.6.6 The name and designation of the process equipment is indicated inside its outline or on the shelf of the leader line.

4.6.7 Symbols of graphic symbols for devices, load-bearing and supporting structures for laying external wiring are adopted according to Table E.2. Next to the symbolic graphic symbols of the devices, indicate their positional designations, adopted according to the equipment specification (Figure 14).

Figure 14

The structures of wiring fastening units, as well as supporting structures for laying external wiring, are assigned positions according to the specification for the layout drawing and indicated on the shelves of leader lines; the numbers of cables, wires and pipes are indicated in rectangles (2.5 mm font) under the leader line shelf in accordance with Figure 15.

Figure 15

4.6.8 Conventional graphic images of switchboards, consoles, single and group installations of devices, external wiring, connecting and ducting boxes are accepted in accordance with GOST 21.614.

The numbers of connecting and traction boxes are indicated (according to the diagram or table of connections) on the shelf of the leader line.

4.6.9 Technical means, as well as flows of electrical and pipe wiring in the location drawings are tied to the coordination axes or structures of buildings and structures. For flows of electrical and pipe wiring, the sections indicate the mark of the bottom or top of the flow laying.

Single devices may not be tied.

4.6.10 The numbering of electrical and pipe wiring is indicated in the following flow locations and cases:

For automation equipment, switchboards and consoles, connection and traction boxes, etc. (at the starting and ending points);

At the branch of the wiring from the stream;

When the number of cables, wires and pipes in the flow changes;

When moving to an adjacent room or to another floor.

4.6.11 Instructions about the features of laying electrical and pipe wiring are given on the shelves of leader lines, as shown in Figures 16 and 17.

Figure 16

Figure 17

4.6.12 It is allowed to make location drawings using the address method, in which only supporting structures are depicted without indicating the numbers of the wiring being laid. Images of flows, ducts, trays, cable structures are divided into sections, which are assigned serial numbers.

Section numbers are indicated on leader lines in circles and at the change boundary indicate the number of cables, wires and pipes laid on structures in accordance with Figure 18. Section numbers are also indicated in the table of connections in the column “Direction according to location drawings.”

Figure 18

4.6.14* Technical requirements in general should contain:

________________

*Numbering corresponds to the original. - Note "CODE".

Links to construction, technological and other drawings that contain automation elements, embedded structures, tunnels, channels, openings, etc., indicating the designations of these drawings and the developer organization;

Instructions for joint installation of electrical wiring;

Methods for sealing passages (if necessary).

4.6.15 The specification for the location drawing includes:

Load-bearing and supporting structures;

Pipe blocks;

Designs for passages of wiring through walls and ceilings of buildings and structures;

Designs of installation units and fastenings for wiring;

Installation products and materials.

The specification column “Weight” is not filled in.

4.7 Drawings of automation equipment installations

4.7.1 In the absence of standard drawings as part of the main set, make installation drawings of devices, switchboards, consoles, fastening electrical and pipe wiring (hereinafter referred to as installation drawings) both for their separate installation and for their assembly into automation system blocks (CA blocks) .

4.7.2 Installation drawings generally show:

A simplified image of the supporting structure and the devices located on it, frames for inscriptions (if necessary);

Connecting external wiring to devices;

Dimensions between instrument axes;

Specification in form 7 GOST 21.101;

Table of inscriptions for frames according to form 6.

Form 6

An example of an installation drawing is given in Appendix G.

4.7.3 The specification for the installation drawing includes products and materials in the following sequence:

Technical automation equipment;

Products for installation and fastening (frames, racks, brackets, etc.);

Products and parts necessary for the installation of electrical and pipe wiring (junction boxes, connectors, etc.);

Cables, wires, pipes.

4.7.4 Drawings for the installation of devices and embedded structures on technological and engineering equipment and communications are carried out in the main sets of working drawings of the corresponding brands (TX, OV, VK, etc.).

5. Sketch drawings of general types of non-standard automation equipment

5.1. Sketch drawings of general types of non-standard automation equipment are developed by:

On parts, structures and devices used when installing automation equipment (hereinafter referred to as sketch drawings of devices) in the absence of standard drawings or in the event that it is impossible to use standard drawings of supporting structures, structures for fastening new technical equipment to building foundations or when operating devices in special conditions (for example , aggressive environments);

For switchboards and consoles (except for commercially produced switchboards and automation consoles for specific technological or engineering equipment, for example, boiler switchboards, compressors, supply ventilation systems).

5.2 Device sketches

5.2.1 The sketch drawing defines the design of a non-standard device and contains its simplified image, basic parameters and technical requirements for the product in the amount of initial data (tasks) necessary for the development of design documentation.

5.2.2 A separate sketch drawing is made for each non-standard device. The exception is a group of devices that have common design features, for which it is allowed to make a group drawing.

5.2.3 The sketch drawing is assigned an independent designation, consisting of the designation of the main set of working drawings in accordance with GOST 21.101, through the code point H and the serial number of the sketch drawing.

Example - 2345 - 11 - ATX.H1; 2345 - 11 - ATX.N2.

5.3 Sketch drawings of general types of switchboards and consoles

5.3.1 Sketch drawings of general types of boards, cabinets, consoles (hereinafter referred to as board drawings) are developed for single and composite boards.

5.3.2 The drawing of a single shield, depending on the functional purpose of the shield and its design features, contains:

Specification;

Front view;

View of the internal planes;

Fragments of views;

Table of inscriptions according to form 6.

5.3.3 The front view of a single panel shows devices, alarm devices and controls, elements of mnemonic diagrams, and inscriptions on the purpose of devices.

When entering wiring into switchboards (cabinet panels, including small ones), a view of the switchboard cover is placed in the upper part of the drawing field, on which the entries for electrical and pipe wiring are indicated.

5.3.4 In the drawing of the view of the internal planes of the boards, the side walls, rotary structures, covers, etc., located in different planes, are shown conventionally rotated in the plane of the drawing.

The heading “View of the internal planes (expanded)” is placed above the image.

5.3.5 The following is applied to the images of planes:

Instruments, electrical devices and pneumatic devices;

Products for installation of electrical and pipe wiring;

Fastening elements for in-panel equipment;

Electrical and pipe wiring harnesses.

5.3.6 A composite panel drawing is developed for complex multi-panel (multi-cabinet) panels. The drawing shows the specification and front view.

In the front view of the composite shield, technical automation equipment is not shown.

The front view of a composite shield, which has a complex configuration in plan, is depicted conventionally unfolded until combined into one plane. The inscription “Expanded” is written above the image. A schematic representation of the entire shield in plan is placed on the drawing field for such a shield.

5.3.7 The specification of the shield is carried out according to Form 7 GOST 21.101. In this case, the “Weight” column may not be filled in.

The composite panel specification contains two sections:

Assembly units;

Standard products.

Single panels with general drawings are included in the “Assembly units” section.

Auxiliary elements that do not have a general drawing are included in the “Standard Products” section. The specification of a single shield, as a rule, consists of sections:

Documentation;

Details;

Standard products;

Other products;

Materials.

The "Documentation" section includes connection tables and connections.

The “Parts” section includes non-standard parts for installing devices and equipment inside switchboards (angles, slats), elements (symbols of equipment and communications) of mnemonic diagrams.

The "Standard Products" section includes:

Panel structures;

Other standard products.

The section "Other products" includes all instruments and equipment, installation products by groups in the following sequence:

Devices;

Electrical devices;

Pipeline accessories;

Products for electrical installation;

Products for installation of pipe wiring;

Products for applying inscriptions.

The "Materials" section includes electrical wires indicated in the connection table and pipes.

6. Specification of equipment, products and materials

6.1 The specification of equipment, products and materials is carried out in accordance with GOST 21.110.

The equipment specification includes all types of technical automation equipment, including individually manufactured products that must be installed when performing installation work.

6.2 The equipment specification generally consists of sections:

Devices;

Complexes of technical means;

Shields and consoles;

Electrical devices;

Pipeline accessories;

Cables and wires;

Materials;

Mounting products;

Technical automation equipment supplied complete with the equipment.

6.4 The subsection “Technical automation equipment supplied complete with equipment” includes automation equipment supplied complete with technological or engineering equipment and installed during installation work.

6.5 It is allowed, if necessary, to carry out the specification of switchboards and consoles as a separate document.

In this case, the specifications are assigned the following names and designations:

Specification of equipment, products and materials - C1;

Specification of boards and consoles - C2.

Subsection C1 “Panels and consoles” is not performed if all the shields and consoles used to automate the facility are taken into account in C2.

Appendix A

(informative)

List of main sets of working drawings of systems

automation of technological processes


Name of the main kit	Brand
Process automation systems. (Monitoring and regulation of technological parameters, automated process control systems (APCS), technological process dispatch, automation of a unit, installation)	ATX
Automation of dust removal systems	APU
Automation of heating and ventilation systems	AOB
Automation of water supply and sewerage systems	AVK
Automation of external water supply systems (pumping stations, recycling water supply systems)	ANV
Automation of external water supply and sewerage systems	ANVC
Automation of gas distribution devices (GDU)	AGSV
Automation of gas distribution points (GDP)	AGSN
Automation of heat supply devices (heating points)	ATS
Automation of thermomechanical solutions for boiler houses	ATM
Automation of fire extinguishing and smoke removal systems	APT
Automation of refrigeration plant	AHS
Automation of a compressor station (air supply installation)	ABC

Appendix B

(informative)

An example of implementing an automation scheme in an expanded way

Appendix B

(informative)

An example of implementing an automation scheme in a simplified way

Appendix D

(informative)

An example of a basic pneumatic

control loop diagrams

Appendix D

(informative)

An example of a pneumatic supply circuit diagram

Appendix E

Conventional graphic symbols

Table E.1

Name

Designation

Protective conductor connected to the housing of electrical equipment

A cable or wire core used as a neutral protective conductor and connected to the housing of electrical equipment

Protective conductor of electrical equipment connected to armor, cable sheath or protective pipe

When branching

Postings (flow) go to a higher level or come from a higher level

Postings (flow) go to a lower level or come from a lower level

The wiring (flow) crosses the mark shown on the plan from top to bottom or bottom to top and does not have horizontal sections within this plan

The text of the document is verified according to:

official publication

M.: Standards Publishing House, 1995

Part 1 | Part 2

Just 15 - 20 years ago, the load on the power grid was relatively small, but today the presence of a large number of household appliances has provoked an increase in loads significantly. Old wires are not always able to withstand heavy loads and over time there is a need to replace them. Laying electrical wiring in a house or apartment is a task that requires certain knowledge and skills from the master. First of all, this concerns knowledge of electrical wiring rules, the ability to read and create wiring diagrams, as well as electrical installation skills. Of course, you can do the wiring yourself, but to do this you must adhere to the rules and recommendations outlined below.

Electrical wiring rules

All construction activities and building materials are strictly regulated by a set of rules and requirements - SNiP and GOST. As for the installation of electrical wiring and everything related to electricity, you should pay attention to the Electrical Installation Rules (abbreviated PUE). This document describes what and how to do when working with electrical equipment. And if we want to lay electrical wiring, then we will need to study it, especially the part that relates to installation and selection of electrical equipment. Below are the basic rules that should be followed when installing electrical wiring in a house or apartment:

key electrical wiring elements such as distribution boxes, meters, sockets and switches must be easily accessible;
Switches are installed at a height of 60 - 150 cm from the floor. The switches themselves are located in places where an open door does not prevent access to them. This means that if the door opens to the right, the switch is on the left side and vice versa. The wire to the switches is laid from top to bottom;
It is recommended to install sockets at a height of 50 - 80 cm from the floor. This approach is dictated by flood safety. Also, sockets are installed at a distance of more than 50 cm from gas and electric stoves, as well as heating radiators, pipes and other grounded objects. The wire to the sockets is laid from bottom to top;
the number of sockets in the room must correspond to 1 pc. for 6 m2. The kitchen is an exception. It is equipped with as many sockets as necessary to connect household appliances. Installation of sockets in the toilet is prohibited. For sockets in the bathroom, a separate transformer is installed outside;
wiring inside or outside the walls is carried out only vertically or horizontally, and the installation location is displayed on the wiring plan;
wires are laid at a certain distance from pipes, ceilings, etc. For horizontal ones, a distance of 5 - 10 cm from the floor beams and cornices and 15 cm from the ceiling is required. The height from the floor is 15 - 20 cm. Vertical wires are placed at a distance of more than 10 cm from the edge of the door or window opening. The distance from gas pipes must be at least 40 cm;
when laying external or hidden wiring, it is necessary to ensure that it does not come into contact with metal parts of building structures;
when laying several parallel wires, the distance between them must be at least 3 mm or each wire must be hidden in a protective box or corrugation;
The wiring and connection of wires is carried out inside special distribution boxes. The connection points are carefully isolated. Connecting copper and aluminum wires to each other is strictly prohibited;
grounding and neutral wires are secured to the devices with a bolted connection.

Electrical wiring design and diagram

Electrical wiring work begins with the creation of a project and wiring diagram. This document is the basis for future wiring of the house. Creating a project and diagram is quite a serious matter and it is better to entrust it to experienced specialists. The reason is simple - the safety of those living in a house or apartment depends on it. Project creation services will cost a certain amount, but it's worth it.

Those who are accustomed to doing everything with their own hands will have to, adhering to the rules described above, and also having studied the basics of electrical engineering, independently make a drawing and calculate the load on the network. There are no particular difficulties in this, especially if there is at least some understanding of what electric current is and what the consequences of careless handling are. The first thing you need is some symbols. They are shown in the photo below:

Using them, we make a drawing of the apartment and mark lighting points, installation locations for switches and sockets. How many and where they are installed is described above in the rules. The main task of such a diagram is to indicate the location of installation of devices and routing of wires. When creating an electrical wiring diagram, it is important to think in advance where, how much and what kind of household appliances will be installed.

The next step in creating the diagram will be to route the wires to the connection points on the diagram. It is necessary to dwell on this point in more detail. The reason is the type of wiring and connection. There are several such types - parallel, sequential and mixed. The latter is the most attractive due to the economical use of materials and maximum efficiency. To facilitate wiring, all connection points are divided into several groups:

lighting of the kitchen, corridor and living rooms;
toilet and bathroom lighting;
power supply for sockets in living rooms and corridors;
power supply for kitchen outlets;
power supply socket for electric stove.

The above example is just one of many options for lighting groups. The main thing to understand is that if you group the connection points, the amount of materials used is reduced and the circuit itself is simplified.

Important! To simplify wiring to sockets, the wires can be laid under the floor. Wires for overhead lighting are laid inside the floor slabs. These two methods are good to use if you don’t want to scratch the walls. In the diagram, such wiring is marked with a dotted line.

The electrical wiring project also indicates the calculation of the expected current in the network and the materials used. The calculation is performed using the formula:

I=P/U;

where P is the total power of all devices used (Watt), U is the network voltage (Volts).

For example, a 2 kW kettle, 10 60 W light bulbs, a 1 kW microwave, a 400 W refrigerator. Current strength is 220 Volts. As a result (2000+(10x60)+1000+400)/220=16.5 Amperes.

In practice, the current strength in the network for modern apartments rarely exceeds 25 A. Based on this, all materials are selected. First of all, this concerns the cross-section of electrical wiring. To make your choice easier, the table below shows the main parameters of the wire and cable:

The table shows extremely accurate values, and since the current strength can fluctuate quite often, a small margin will be required for the wire or cable itself. Therefore, it is recommended that all wiring in an apartment or house be made from the following materials:

wire VVG-5*6 (five cores and cross-section 6 mm2) is used in houses with three-phase power supply to connect the lighting panel to the main panel;
wire VVG-2*6 (two cores and cross-section 6 mm2) is used in houses with two-phase power supply to connect the lighting panel to the main panel;
wire VVG-3*2.5 (three cores and cross-section 2.5 mm2) is used for most of the wiring from the lighting panel to the distribution boxes and from them to the sockets;
wire VVG-3*1.5 (three cores and cross-section 1.5 mm2) is used for wiring from distribution boxes to lighting points and switches;
wire VVG-3*4 (three cores and cross-section 4 mm2) is used for electric stoves.

To find out the exact length of the wire, you will have to run around the house a little with a tape measure, and add another 3 - 4 meters of reserve to the result obtained. All wires are connected to the lighting panel, which is installed at the entrance. Circuit breakers are installed in the panel. Typically these are 16 A and 20 A RCDs. The former are used for lighting and switches, the latter for sockets. For an electric stove, a separate 32 A RCD is installed, but if the power of the stove exceeds 7 kW, then a 63 A RCD is installed.

Now you need to calculate how many sockets and distribution boxes you need. Everything is quite simple here. Just look at the diagram and make a simple calculation. In addition to the materials described above, you will need various consumables, such as electrical tape and PPE caps for connecting wires, as well as pipes, cable ducts or boxes for electrical wiring, and socket boxes.

Electrical wiring installation

There is nothing overly complicated about electrical wiring installation work. The main thing during installation is to adhere to safety regulations and follow the instructions. All work can be done alone. Tools for installation will require a tester, a hammer drill or grinder, a drill or screwdriver, wire cutters, pliers, and a Phillips and slotted screwdriver. A laser level will not be superfluous. Since without it it is quite difficult to make vertical and horizontal markings.

Important! When carrying out repairs and replacing wiring in an old house or apartment with hidden wiring, you must first find and, if necessary, remove the old wires. For these purposes, an electrical wiring sensor is used.

Marking and preparing channels for electrical wiring

We begin installation with markings. To do this, use a marker or pencil to place a mark on the wall where the wire will be laid. At the same time, we follow the rules for placing wires. The next step will be to mark the locations for the installation of lighting fixtures, sockets and switches, and the lighting panel.

Important! In new houses, a special niche is provided for the lighting panel. In the old ones, such a shield is simply hung on the wall.

Having finished with the markings, we proceed either to install the wiring in an open way, or to groove the walls for hidden wiring. First, using a hammer drill and a special bit, holes are cut for installing sockets, switches and distribution boxes. For the wires themselves, grooves are made using a grinder or a hammer drill. In any case, there will be a lot of dust and dirt. The depth of the groove of the groove should be about 20 mm, and the width should be such that all the wires fit into the groove without obstruction.

As for the ceiling, there are several options for solving the issue of placing and securing the wiring. The first is that if the ceiling is suspended or suspended, then all the wiring is simply fixed to the ceiling. The second is to make a shallow groove for wiring. Third, the wiring is hidden in the ceiling. The first two options are extremely simple to implement. But for the third one you will have to make some explanations. In panel houses, floors with internal voids are used; it is enough to make two holes and stretch the wires inside the floor.

Having finished with the gating, we move on to the last stage of preparation for wiring installation. Wires must be pulled through the walls to bring them into the room. Therefore, you will have to use a hammer drill to punch holes. Usually such holes are made in the corner of the room. We also make a hole for running the wire from the distribution panel to the lighting panel. Having finished gating the walls, we begin installation.

Installation of open electrical wiring

We begin the installation by installing the lighting panel. If a special niche was created for it, then we place it there; if not, then we simply hang it on the wall. We install an RCD inside the shield. Their number depends on the number of lighting groups. The assembled and ready-to-connect panel looks like this: there are neutral terminals at the top, grounding terminals at the bottom, and automatic circuit breakers are installed between the terminals.

Now we insert wire VVG-5*6 or VVG-2*6 inside. On the switchboard side, the electrical wiring is connected by an electrician, so for now we will leave it unconnected. Inside the lighting panel, the input wire is connected as follows: we connect the blue wire to zero, the white wire to the top contact of the RCD, and the yellow wire with a green stripe to ground. We connect the RCD circuit breakers to each other in series at the top using a jumper from the white wire. Now we move on to open wiring.

Along the previously outlined lines we fix boxes or cable channels for electrical wiring. Often, with open wiring, they try to place the cable channels themselves near the baseboard or vice versa, almost under the ceiling. We secure the wiring box using self-tapping screws in increments of 50 cm. We make the first and last hole in the box at a distance of 5 - 10 cm from the edge. To do this, we drill holes in the wall using a hammer drill, drive a dowel inside and secure the cable channel with self-tapping screws.

Another distinctive feature of open wiring are sockets, switches and distribution boxes. All of them are hung on the wall, instead of being built inside. Therefore, the next step is to install them in place. All you have to do is place them on the wall, mark the mounting locations, drill the holes and secure them in place.

Next we proceed to wiring the wires. We start by laying the main line and from the sockets to the lighting panel. As already noted, we use wire VVG-3*2.5 for this. For convenience, we start from the connection point towards the panel. At the end of the wire we hang a label indicating what kind of wire it is and where it comes from. Next, we lay the VVG-3*1.5 wires from switches and lighting fixtures to the distribution boxes.

Inside the distribution boxes, we connect the wires using PPE or carefully insulate them. Inside the lighting panel, the main wire VVG-3*2.5 is connected as follows: brown or red wire - phase, connected to the bottom of the RCD, blue - zero, connected to the zero bus at the top, yellow with a green stripe - grounding to the bus at the bottom. Using a tester, we “ring” all the wires to eliminate possible errors. If everything is in order, we call an electrician and connect to the distribution panel.

Installation of hidden electrical wiring

Concealed electrical wiring is quite simple. The only significant difference from the open one is the way the wires are hidden from view. Otherwise the actions are almost the same. First, we install the lighting panel and RCD circuit breakers, after which we start and connect the input cable from the side of the distribution panel. We also leave it unconnected. An electrician will do this. Next, we install distribution boxes and socket boxes inside the made niches.

Now let's move on to wiring. First we lay the main line from VVG-3*2.5 wire. If it was planned, then we lay the wires to the sockets in the floor. To do this, we insert the VVG-3*2.5 wire into a pipe for electrical wiring or a special corrugation and lay it to the point where the wire exits to the sockets. There we place the wire inside the groove and insert it into the socket box. The next step will be to lay the VVG-3*1.5 wire from the switches and lighting points to the junction boxes, where they are connected to the main wire. We isolate all connections with PPE or electrical tape.

At the end, we “call” the entire network using a tester for possible errors and connect it to the lighting panel. The connection method is similar to that described for open wiring. Upon completion, we seal the grooves with gypsum putty and invite an electrician to connect it to the distribution panel.

Installing electrical wiring in a house or apartment is quite easy for an experienced technician. But for those who are not well versed in electrical engineering, they should take the help of experienced professionals from start to finish. This, of course, will cost money, but this way you can protect yourself from mistakes that could lead to a fire.