Classification of types of environmental pollution. Presentation - environmental pollution Mechanical environmental pollution presentation

29.07.2020

Boyko Elena

This presentation was developed on the topic: "Environmental Pollution". Can be used in technology lessons in grade 10.

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POLLUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT The presentation was made by: 10th grade student Elena Boyko

Environmental pollution Pollution is a process of negative modification of the environment - air, water, soil - by its intoxication with substances that threaten the life of living organisms. Types of pollution Biological - pollutants are organisms not characteristic of the ecosystem. The most famous example is the out-of-control rabbit breeding in Australia. - Microbiological Mechanical - pollution by chemically inert garbage, trampling of paths and other mechanical impact on the environment. Space debris Chemical - pollutants are harmful chemical compounds. Aerosol pollution - aerosol pollutant (system of small particles) Physical Thermal - excessive heating of the medium. Light - excessive lighting. Noise Electromagnetic - radio pollution; can interfere with both the vital activity of some organisms and radio reception. Radioactive - excess of the natural radioactive background. Visual pollution - damage to natural landscapes by buildings, wires, debris, aircraft plumes, etc.

Soil pollution Soil pollution is a type of anthropogenic soil degradation, in which the content of chemicals in soils subject to anthropogenic impact exceeds the natural regional background level of their content in soils. The main criterion for environmental pollution by various substances is the manifestation of signs of the harmful effects of these substances in the environment on certain types of living organisms, since the resistance of certain types of the latter to chemical exposure varies significantly. An environmental hazard is the fact that in the natural environment, in comparison with natural levels, the content of certain chemicals is exceeded due to their intake from anthropogenic sources. This danger can be realized not only for the most sensitive species of living organisms. Ecosystem pollution is one of the types of its degradation, soil pollution is one of the most dangerous types of soil and ecosystem degradation as a whole. Pollutants (pollutants) are substances of anthropogenic origin entering the environment in quantities exceeding the natural level of their intake.

Pollution of fresh water Pollution of fresh water - the ingress of various pollutants into the waters of rivers, lakes, groundwater. Occurs when contaminants are introduced directly or indirectly into water without adequate treatment and removal of harmful substances. In most cases, freshwater pollution remains invisible because the contaminants are dissolved in the water. But there are exceptions: foaming detergents, as well as oil products floating on the surface and untreated sewage. There are several natural pollutants. Aluminum compounds found in the ground enter the fresh water system as a result of chemical reactions. Floods wash out magnesium compounds from the soil of meadows, which cause great damage to fish stocks.

Pollution of the Earth's atmosphere Pollution of the Earth's atmosphere is the introduction of new uncharacteristic physical, chemical and biological substances into the atmospheric air or a change in their natural concentration. According to the sources of pollution, two types of atmospheric pollution are distinguished: natural, artificial. According to the nature of the pollutant, atmospheric pollution can be of three types: physical - mechanical (dust, solid particles), radioactive (radioactive radiation and isotopes), electromagnetic (various types of electromagnetic waves, including radio waves) , noise (various loud sounds and low-frequency vibrations) and thermal pollution (for example, emissions of warm air, etc.) chemical - pollution by gaseous substances and aerosols. To date, the main chemical pollutants of atmospheric air are: carbon monoxide (IV), nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbons, aldehydes, heavy metals, ammonia, atmospheric dust and biological radioactive isotopes - mainly microbial pollution. For example, air pollution by vegetative forms and spores of bacteria and fungi, viruses, as well as their toxins and waste products.

Pollution of the oceans Land and ocean are connected by rivers that flow into the seas and carry various pollutants. Chemicals that do not break down on contact with the soil, such as petroleum products, oil, fertilizers (especially nitrates and phosphates), insecticides and herbicides, are leached into rivers and then into the ocean. As a result, the ocean turns into a dumping ground for this "cocktail" of nutrients and poisons. Oil and oil products are the main pollutants of the oceans, but the damage they cause is greatly exacerbated by sewage, household garbage and air pollution. Plastics and oil washed up on beaches remain along the high-tide mark, indicating that the seas are polluted and that many wastes are not biodegradable. A study of the North Sea showed that about 65% of the pollutants found there were carried by rivers. Another 25% of pollutants came from the atmosphere (including 7,000 tons of lead from vehicle exhausts), 10% from direct discharges (mostly sewage), and the rest from discharges and discharges of waste from ships. Ten US states are dumping waste into the sea. In 1980, 160,000 tons of waste were destroyed in this way, but since then this figure has decreased.

A presentation on the topic “Environmental Pollution” was prepared by Elena Boyko, a student of class 10 “a”.

Description of the presentation on individual slides:

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ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION Ivanova Galina Viktorovna Lecturer PSK CPS

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GENERAL CONCEPTS Environmental pollution is an unfavorable change in our environment, which is wholly or mainly a by-product of human activity (B. Nebel, 1994)

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GENERAL CONCEPTS Environmental pollution is any solid, liquid and gaseous substances, types of energy (heat, sound, ionizing radiation) in quantities that have a harmful effect on humans and the environment as a whole, both directly and indirectly.

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CLASSIFICATION OF POLLUTION Natural (natural) pollution - pollution caused by natural sources volcanic eruptions forest and steppe fires dust storms floods mudflows tornadoes, etc. Natural sources of pollution are scattered around the planet Background pollution - natural concentration and degree of impact of natural pollutants

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CLASSIFICATION OF POLLUTION Anthropogenic pollution - pollution caused by human activity Anthropogenic sources of pollution: organized - permanent, operating stationary sources unorganized - one-time emissions from industries mobile - emissions from vehicles

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SOURCES AND OBJECTS OF POLLUTION TYPE OF ACTIVITY GENERAL TYPE OF POLLUTION POLLUTION OBJECTS Extraction of solid minerals Solid waste (waste rock, sludge) Waste water (mine and mine water, runoff from processing plants) Gas emissions (blasting, enrichment processes) Noise, vibrations Soil Water Atmosphere Oil production Oil leakage Wastewater Gaseous hydrocarbon emissions Noise, vibrations Soil Water Atmosphere

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SOURCES AND OBJECTS OF POLLUTION TYPE OF ACTIVITY GENERAL TYPE OF POLLUTION OBJECTS OF POLLUTION Industrial production Solid waste (slag, residues of raw materials and materials, spent catalysts, dust, defective products, obsolete equipment, sludge from treatment facilities, etc.) Liquid waste (waste liquids and solutions , flushing liquids) Gaseous emissions (exhaust and flue gases, ventilation emissions) Noise, vibrations Atmosphere Water Soil

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SOURCES AND OBJECTS OF POLLUTION TYPE OF ACTIVITY GENERAL TYPE OF POLLUTION OBJECTS OF POLLUTION Energy production Gaseous emissions (fuel combustion products) Solid waste (ash) Wastewater Thermal pollution Noise, vibrations Emissions Atmosphere Water Soil Transport Gaseous products of combustion with an admixture of aerosols Wash waters with hydrocarbons Noise, vibrations End-of-life vehicles Air Water Soil

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SOURCES AND OBJECTS OF POLLUTION TYPE OF ACTIVITY GENERAL TYPE OF POLLUTION OBJECTS OF POLLUTION Agriculture Fertilizers Pesticides Genetically modified plants Soil Water Air Livestock and poultry Effluents containing organic substances Odors Water Soil Air Public utilities Waste water (domestic sewage, storm water) Solid waste (domestic and construction waste) ) Gas emissions (garbage incineration) Water Soil Air

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CLASSIFICATION OF POLLUTION By their nature, pollution is divided into: Physical (dust, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, thermal pollution, noise, vibration) Physical and chemical (aerosols, odors) Chemical (various chemicals that have carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, allergenic, etc. impact on living organisms) Biological (viruses and bacteria that cause infectious diseases, as well as allergic reactions; introduction of alien species of organisms into the ecosystem)

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CLASSIFICATION OF POLLUTION According to the nature of the impact on the environment, pollution is divided into primary and secondary. Primary pollutants enter the environment directly from sources (natural or anthropogenic), for example, volcanic gases, flue gases from power plants, wastewater from enterprises, municipal solid waste, etc. Secondary pollutants are formed during transformations (transformations) of primary pollutants and natural substances in the environment, for example, acid rain

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IMPACT OF POLLUTION ON THE ENVIRONMENT Local pollution - pollution of a small area around an industrial enterprise, settlement and other places Local pollution is typical for cities, large industrial enterprises, large livestock and poultry complexes, mining areas

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF POLLUTION Regional pollution is pollution found over relatively large areas. Regional pollution covers large areas of land and water bodies. Examples are the pollution of the Baltic and Mediterranean seas.

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IMPACT OF POLLUTION ON THE ENVIRONMENT Global pollution is pollution of the natural environment or its components, which is found far from sources of pollution almost anywhere in the world. Most commonly caused by emissions to the atmosphere, they travel long distances from the point of release and affect large regions and the entire planet. For example, an increase in the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere led to an increase in the average annual temperature on the planet, emissions of freons into the stratosphere - to the destruction of the ozone layer.

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IMPACT OF POLLUTION ON THE ENVIRONMENT STATE OF ECOSYSTEMS EQUILIBRIUM The rate of recovery processes is higher than or equal to the rate of anthropogenic destruction CRITICAL The limiting state of equilibrium of an ecosystem (on the border of its stability area) CATASTROPHIC Hardly reversible process of fixing unproductive systems, which can end in an ecological catastrophe

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IMPACT OF POLLUTION ON THE ENVIRONMENT An ecological catastrophe is understood as a non-equilibrium, non-stationary transformation of the environment, which results in a loss of stability (balance) as a result of changes in its own parameters and / or a rapid change in external variables. As a result of an ecological catastrophe, the complexity of ecosystems, energy and biological potential decreases. An environmental disaster often occurs as a result of direct or indirect anthropogenic impact, or an adverse and dangerous natural phenomenon.

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CONCLUSION Almost all aspects of modern human activity lead to biosphere pollution: industry, energy, transport, agriculture and life, rapid population growth and urbanization. Environmental monitoring should provide information about the initial state of the biosphere and identify anthropogenic changes.

Introduction: The natural environment serves as a condition and means of human life, the territory on which he lives, the spatial limit of the exercised state power, a place for placing industrial, agricultural and other cultural and community facilities. A person influences the natural environment of his habitat not only by consuming its resources, but also by changing the natural environment, adapting it to solve his practical, economic problems. Because of this, human activity has a significant impact on the environment, subjecting it to changes, which then affect the person himself.

Pollution. Environmental pollution is divided into several types: 1. Dust. 2.Gas. 3. Chemical (including soil pollution with chemicals). 4. Aromatic. 5.thermal (temperature change). 6. And many others. The source of environmental pollution is human economic activity (industry, agriculture, transport).

Of all types of pollution, the main ones can be distinguished: MAIN TYPES OF POLLUTION Physical (thermal, noise, electromagnetic, light, radioactive) Chemical (heavy metals, pesticides, plastics and other chemicals) Biological (biogenic, microbiological, genetic) Informational ( information noise, false information, anxiety factors

The atmosphere (air environment), hydrosphere (water environment) and lithosphere (solid surface) of the Earth are exposed to pollution.

Environmental pollution. The main sources of pollution. Major harmful substances Atmosphere Industry Transport Thermal power plants Oxides of carbon, sulfur, nitrogen Organic compounds Industrial dust. Hydrosphere Wastewater Oil spills Road transport Heavy metals Oil Petroleum products Lithosphere Industrial and agricultural waste Excessive use of fertilizers Plastics Rubber Heavy metals

Depletion of natural resources: Development of minerals to the point of unprofitability of further development. Exceeding the rate and volume of production over the ability of natural renewal of renewable resources. These are deforestation, overfishing, overgrazing and destruction of pastures, non-compliance with agrotechnical measures in tillage and depletion of their fertility, pollution of watercourses and reservoirs with industrial waste so that they cannot be practically used, air pollution in large cities, etc. And. etc. happens naturally. For example, the rapid reproduction of the muskrat in some areas led to the extermination of its food and the death of the animal; reproduction of the mink leads to the disappearance of some fish species of its food, etc. With the development and progress of society, the use of natural resources is increasing, so the problem of preventing this process arises.

Nature protection This form is a reaction to destructive human activities in the environment. Unlike consumption, this is a conscious form of social and state activity aimed at the conservation and reproduction of natural resources. As a secondary form of interaction between society and nature, nature conservation arises and improves as consumption and use of the natural environment grows. Protection appears and is improved where there is a threat of destruction of the natural environment, where the consumption of nature arises and develops.

Rational use of natural resources: In the middle of the XX century. (5060s) the problem of rational use of natural resources as a form of nature protection develops into protection, improvement of the human environment. Unlike previous forms, where natural objects and their resources were the direct object of protection, here the protection of the natural environment puts forward a person, his life, his health, his genetic future as a direct object of protection.

Necessary: Purification of harmful emissions (for example, using filters). Use of treatment facilities. Elimination of the very causes of pollution, which requires the development of low-waste, and in the future, waste-free production technologies that would allow the integrated use of raw materials and utilize the maximum of substances harmful to the biosphere. Introduction in educational institutions of environmental education, which forms respect for nature.

Conclusion: As a result, we can say that the problem of protecting the natural environment in all its three forms of conservative, rational use of natural resources and improving the human environment from a regional one is gradually turning into a national and then an international problem, the solution of which depends on the joint efforts of the entire international communities. For a global solution to the problem, it is necessary to ensure the interaction of international environmental protection, related to the implementation of international obligations and agreements, and national and regional nature protection. Pollution of the natural environment with waste harmful to humans, depletion of natural resources and the threat of destruction of ecological ties in nature are steadily leading to a global crisis.

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Sources of environmental pollution Tikhonova Tatyana Alekseevna teacher of technology, MBOU "Secondary School No. 3", Cheboksary

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Physical (energy) pollution: noise, vibration, electromagnetic fields, ionizing radiation of radioactive substances, thermal radiation resulting from anthropogenic activity. Chemical pollution: pollution of the environment with all kinds of chemicals (xenobiotics) that enter it with gaseous, liquid and solid emissions and waste.

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Route of entry Physical form of the pollutant Scale of pollution Air emissions Gases, aerosols, solid particles Local, regional Discharges into water bodies, direct contamination of soils and vegetation Liquid soluble and insoluble compounds Local, regional Waste disposal Solid and liquid wastes Local

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Atmospheric pollution Atmospheric air is one of the most important components of the environment. The main sources of air pollution are: thermal power plants and heating plants that burn fossil fuels; motor transport; ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy; mechanical engineering; chemical production; extraction and processing of mineral raw materials; open sources (extraction of agricultural production, construction).

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Study the following table and conclude which sources of pollution have the greatest negative impact on the environment.

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Sources of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere Impurities Main sources Average concentration in air mg/m3 Natural Angrogenic Dust Volcanic eruptions, dust storms, forest fires Fuel combustion in industrial and domestic conditions in cities 0.04 - 0.4 Sulfur dioxide Volcanic eruptions, sulfur oxidation and sulfates dispersed in the sea Combustion of fuel in industrial and domestic installations in cities up to 1.0 Nitrogen oxides Forest fires Industry, vehicles, thermal power plants In areas with developed industry up to 0.2 Carbon oxides Forest fires, natural methane Motor transport, evaporation of oil products In areas with developed industry up to 0.3 Volatile hydrocarbons Forest fires, natural methane Road transport, evaporation of oil products In areas with developed industry up to 0.3 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - Motor vehicles, chemical and oil refineries In areas with developed industry up to 0.01

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Many branches of energy and industry generate not only the maximum amount of harmful emissions, but also create environmentally unfavorable living conditions for residents of both large and medium-sized cities. Emissions of toxic substances lead, as a rule, to an increase in the current concentrations of substances above the maximum permissible concentrations (MACs).

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MPCs of harmful substances in the atmospheric air of populated areas are the maximum concentrations related to a certain averaging period (30 minutes, 24 hours, 1 month, 1 year) and do not have, with a regulated probability of their occurrence, either direct or indirect harmful effects on the human body, including long-term consequences for the present and subsequent generations that do not reduce a person's working capacity and do not worsen his well-being.

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Pollution of the hydrosphere Water, like air, is a vital source for all known organisms. The main sources of pollution of the hydrosphere are discharged wastewater generated during the operation of energy, industrial, chemical, medical, defense, housing and communal and other enterprises and facilities; disposal of radioactive waste in containers and tanks that lose their tightness after a certain period of time; accidents and catastrophes occurring on land and in water spaces; atmospheric air polluted by various substances and others.

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Water pollution leads to the suppression of ecosystem functions, slows down the natural processes of biological purification of fresh water, and also contributes to a change in the chemical composition of food and the human body.

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Regulatory documents regulating hygienic and technical requirements for water sources GOST 2761-84 “Sources of centralized domestic and drinking water supply. Hygienic, technical requirements and selection rules”; SanPiN 2.1.4.544-96 “Requirements for water quality of non-centralized water supply. Sanitary protection of springs”; GN 2.1.5.689-98 “Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPC) of Chemical Substances in the Water of Water Bodies of Domestic Drinking and Cultural Water Supply”, etc.

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When determining the quality of drinking water, the following parameters are taken into account: the content of impurities and suspended particles, taste, color, turbidity and temperature of water, pH, composition and concentration of mineral impurities and oxygen dissolved in water, MPC of chemicals and pathogenic bacteria. MPCv is the maximum allowable pollution of water in reservoirs, at which safety for human health and normal conditions for water use are maintained. For example, for benzene MPCv is 0.5 mg/l.

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Soil pollution Soil is a habitat for numerous lower animals and microorganisms, including bacteria, mold fungi, viruses, etc. The most important importance of soils is the accumulation of organic matter, various chemical elements, and energy. The soil cover functions as a biological absorber, destroyer and neutralizer of various contaminants. If this link of the biosphere is destroyed, then the existing functioning of the biosphere will be irreversibly disrupted.

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Classification of types of environmental pollution1
Classification of types of environmental pollution
Mechanical Contamination of the environment by agents that have only a mechanical effect without
chemical-physical effects (e.g. garbage)
Chemical
Changes in the chemical properties of the environment that have a negative impact on
ecosystems and technological devices
Physical
Changes in the physical parameters of the environment: temperature and energy (thermal
or thermal), wave (light, noise, electromagnetic), radiation
(radiation or radioactive), etc.
Thermal
Increase in ambient temperature, mainly due to industrial
(thermal) emissions of heated air, exhaust gases and water; can occur and how
secondary result of a change in the chemical composition of the medium
light
Violation of the natural illumination of the area as a result of the action
artificial light sources; leads to anomalies of plants and animals
Noise
Increase in noise intensity above the natural level; leads to an increase
fatigue, decreased mental activity and at 90-100 dB to hearing loss
Electromag- Change in the electromagnetic properties of the environment (from power lines, radio and
thread
television, industrial installations, etc.) leads to global and local
geographic anomalies and changes in subtle biological structures
Radiation Exceeding the natural level of content in the environment of radioactive substances
Biological Penetration into ecosystems and technological devices of animal species and
plants alien to these communities and devices
. Biotic Distribution of unwanted nutrients where they have not previously been observed
Microbiological
a) The appearance of a large number of microorganisms associated with their reproduction
in anthropogenic environments changed in the course of human economic activity;
b) The acquisition of pathogenic properties by a previously harmless form of microorganisms.

Sources of air pollution

2
Sources of air pollution
- industrial enterprises, first of all,
chemical,
petrochemical
and
metallurgical plants;
- heat generating installations (thermal
power plants,
heating
and
industrial boilers);
- transport, primarily by road.
Emissions from energy facilities account for
about 60%, transport 20-25%, industry
15-20%.

Consequences of air pollution

3
Consequences of air pollution
Sanitary and hygienic consequences. Since air is a medium,
which a person is throughout his life and on which his health depends,
the presence of even small concentrations of harmful substances in the air can
adversely affect a person, lead to irreversible consequences and
even to death.
Environmental consequences. Air is the most important element of the environment
environment, which is in continuous contact with all other elements of living and
dead nature. Deterioration of air quality due to the presence of
various pollutants leads to the death of forests, agricultural crops
crops, grass cover, animals, to pollution of water bodies, as well as to
damage to cultural monuments, building structures, various kinds
structures, etc.
economic consequences. Dust and gas content in the air
industrial premises leads to a decrease in labor productivity. In
many industries, the presence of dust in the air degrades the quality
products, accelerates equipment wear. During production, extraction,
transportation of many kinds of materials, raw materials, finished products part of these
substances passes into a dusty state and is lost, polluting at the same time
environment.

Characteristics of dust and gas air pollutants

4
Characteristics of dust and gas air pollutants

Dust and other aerosols.

cyanides.
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

Nitrogen oxides are a mixture of nitrogen compounds in various ratios. Very
common harmful substances released during the production of nitric acid, during
fertilizer production, explosive
Aromatic hydrocarbons.
Lead (Pb).
Mercury (Hg).
Manganese (Mn)
Zinc (Zn).
Chromium (Cr).
Nickel (Ni)
carcinogens.
radioactive substances.
microorganisms

Dust and other aerosols.

5
Dust and other aerosols.
Air quality, its effect on the body, as well as equipment and technological processes are largely
due to the content of suspended particles in it, mainly dust.
Dust of technological origin is characterized by a wide variety of chemical composition,
particle size, shape, density, character of particle edges, etc. Accordingly, the impact
dust on the human body and the environment.
Dust causes harm to the body as a result of mechanical impact (damage to the respiratory system
sharp edges of dust), chemical (toxic dust poisoning), bacteriological (together with dust in
pathogens enter the body).
According to hygienists, dust particles with a size of 5 microns or less are able to penetrate deep into the lungs.
down to the alveoli. Dust particles of 5-10 microns in size are mainly retained in the upper respiratory tract,
hardly penetrates the lungs. Dust has a harmful effect on the respiratory system, vision, skin, and when
penetration into the human body - also on the digestive tract.
The most severe consequences are caused by the systematic inhalation of dust containing free dioxide
silicon SiO2. The result is silicosis. This is a form of lung disease associated with inhalation.
dusty air, pneumoconiosis. The impact of dust on the organ of vision causes conjunctivitis, on the skin -
dermatitis.
Dust in industrial premises has an adverse effect on equipment, causing,
for example, its intensive wear. Deposition of dust on the heating and cooling surface worsens the conditions
heat transfer, etc. The deposition of dust on electrical equipment can lead to disruption of its operation,
to accidents.
Organic dusts, such as flour, can be a breeding ground for the development of microorganisms.
Dust particles can be the condensation core for liquid vapors. Together with dust in the room can
penetrate substances that cause intense corrosion of metals, etc. With air, many dusts form
explosive mixtures.

Carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide CO)

6
Carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide CO)
- colorless gas, odorless. Highly toxic substance. Density relative to
air 0.967. Formed as a result of incomplete combustion of carbon (combustion of carbon
under conditions of lack of oxygen). CO emissions occur in foundries,
thermal, blacksmith shops, in boiler houses, especially those working on coal
fuel, CO is contained in the exhaust gases of cars, tractors, etc. Through the lungs
SO
penetrates
v
blood.
Entering
v
compound
With
hemoglobin
forms
carboxyhemoglobin. This disrupts the supply of oxygen to the body. V
in severe cases, suffocation occurs.

cyanides

7
cyanides
Cyanides include: cyanic (hydrocyanic) 1 acid (HCN), its salts (KCN, NaCN,
CH3CN), etc. HCN is a colorless liquid with a smell of bitter almonds. cyanides
sodium and potassium - colorless crystals, faintly smell of hydrocyanic acid.
Hydrocyanic acid is used in the production of nitrile rubber, a synthetic
fiber and organic glass, in the extraction of precious metals from ores, etc.
Sodium and potassium cyanides are used in electroplating shops for coating metals
copper, brass, gold, in pharmacological production.
Hydrocyanic acid can enter the body through the mucous membranes
respiratory tract and digestive tract, in a small amount through
skin. Hydrocyanic acid salts enter the body in the form of dust through the mouth
cavity. Hydrocyanic acid and its compounds are highly toxic. Cyanides received
into the body, disrupting blood circulation and oxygen supply to the body.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

8
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
A colorless gas with a rotten egg odour. Boiling point 60.9°C, density according to
relative to air 1.19. Burns with a blue flame to form water and dioxide
sulfur.
Occurs during the processing, production or use of barium sulfide,
sodium sulfide, antimony, in the leather industry, in sugar beet
production, in rayon factories, in the extraction of oil and its processing
and other industries. Enters the body through the lungs, in small amounts
through the skin. Has high toxicity. Odor threshold 0.012…0.03 mg
/ m3, a concentration of about 11 mg / m3 is difficult to tolerate even for those accustomed to it.
It affects the central nervous system, disrupts the blood supply to the body. At
at low concentrations, it has an irritating effect on the mucosa
membranes of the eyes and upper respiratory tract.

Sulfur dioxide (SO2 sulfur dioxide)

9
Sulfur dioxide (SO2 sulfur dioxide)
is a colorless gas with a pungent odor. Density relative to air 2.213.
Occurs when burning fuel containing sulfur in boiler houses, forges,
foundry, in the production of sulfuric acid, in copper smelters
factories, in leather-venous production and a number of others. Very common harmful
substance
organism
arrives
across
respiratory
way.
Renders
strong
irritating effect on the mucous membranes of the eyes, upper respiratory tract. At
higher concentrations may have more severe consequences up to the loss
consciousness, pulmonary edema.

Nitrogen oxides

10
Nitrogen oxides
are a mixture of nitrogen compounds in their various ratios. Very
common harmful substances released during the production of nitric acid,
in the production of fertilizers, during blasting, etc. Enter the body through
Airways. At low concentrations and low content in the mixture
nitrogen dioxide irritates the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory
ways. With a high content of nitrogen dioxide in the mixture and a high concentration
mixtures in the air, suffocation occurs.

Aromatic hydrocarbons.

11
Aromatic hydrocarbons.
Benzene, toluene, xylene are widely used in production. They are obtained by distillation
coal in coke plants and oil refining.
V
under normal conditions, they are in a liquid state. Boiling temperature
benzene (C6H6) 80.1°C; toluene (C6H5CH3) 110.8°C; xylene ((CH3)2C6H4) 144°C.
They enter the body through the respiratory tract and skin. The most dangerous is
benzene. Aromatic hydrocarbons act on the hematopoietic organs and on
central nervous system.

Metals

12
Metals
Lead (Pb). Lead and its compounds are released into the air at
lead smelting, for the production of batteries, lead paints, for the production of
shots, etc. Lead enters the body mostly through the respiratory tract, and
also through the digestive tract.
Lead disrupts the functioning of the circulatory system and the central nervous system,
digestive system, metabolic processes in the body. May accumulate in
various organs (bones, brain, liver, muscles), excretion of lead from the body
occurs over a long period of time (months, years).

Metals

13
Metals
Mercury (Hg). Mercury is used in the manufacture of measuring instruments (ter-
mometers, barometers), mercury fulminate, mercury rectifiers, obtaining gold from
ores, etc. In the production conditions, mercury vapor enters through the organs
breathing. When mercury enters the body, it mainly affects the nervous system.
system and gastrointestinal tract, kidneys. Mercury can accumulate in
body, mainly in the liver and kidneys. Finely dispersed mercury can
get into the pores of materials (plaster, wood, etc.) and release for a long time
mercury vapor.

Metals

14
Metals
Manganese (Mn) is a silvery metal with a red tint. Melting temperature
1210…1260°С, boiling point 1900°С. Common manganese compounds:
manganese oxide, manganese dioxide, manganese chloride.
WITH
manganese
account for
collide
v
metallurgical
industry
(production of high-quality steels), glass and chemical industries, with
welding, mining and processing of manganese ores, etc.
Manganese and its compounds enter the body through the gastrointestinal tract in
the form of dust. They act on the central nervous system.

Metals

15
Metals
Zinc (Zn). The harmful substance is zinc oxide - a white friable powder. Oxide
zinc can be obtained by oxidizing zinc by heating it above
melting point (939°C).
When zinc is heated above the melting point (939 ° C), zinc vapor is formed,
which combine with oxygen to form zinc oxide (ZnO).
Contact with zinc oxide can occur during the manufacture of zinc white, casting
brass, its cutting, etc. Zinc oxide in the form of dust enters the body through
Airways. Consequences of exposure to zinc oxide on the body - phenomena
fever. Zinc is mainly deposited in the liver and pancreas.

Metals

16
Metals

catalyst,
at
production, etc.
nickel plating
metal
products
v
galvanic

Metals

17
Metals
Chromium (Cr). Chrome is a hard, shiny metal. Melting point 1615°С,
boiling point 2200°C. Chromium compounds are used: chromium oxide, chromium dioxide
chromium, potassium and sodium chromium alum, etc. Chromium and its compounds
used in metallurgy, chemical, leather, textile, paintwork,
match and other industries. They enter through the respiratory tract
in the form of dust, fog vapors, through the gastrointestinal tract, are absorbed through the skin into
the form of solutions. Can be deposited in the liver, kidneys, endocrine system, lungs,
hair, etc. Chromium and its compounds affect the mucous membrane of the respiratory system,
gastrointestinal tract, cause ulcers on the skin. Like allergens, they
cause a disease such as bronchial asthma.

Metals

18
Metals
Nickel (Ni) is a silvery white metal with a brown tint. Temperature
melting point 1425°C, boiling point 2900°C. Finds application in production
nickel and chromium-nickel steel, alloys with copper, iron, as
catalyst,
at
nickel plating
metal
products
v
galvanic
production, etc.
V
Nickel and its compounds enter the body through the respiratory tract in the form of
dust. Nickel and its compounds cause damage to the respiratory system, skin
cover.

carcinogens.

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carcinogens.
A number of substances used in industry can cause malignant
tumors in various parts of the body. Such substances are chromium, arsenic, nickel,
asbestos, beryllium, soot, tar, pitch, mineral oils and a number of others. These
neoplasms can also occur after a significant period (several years) after
cessation of work with the relevant substances.
Very
specific
harmfulness
present
yourself
unpleasant
smells,
whose sources are gases and aerosol particles, usually in small
quantities in the air. Odors adversely affect
the human body, causing increased fatigue, nervous excitement or,
on the contrary, depression. Unpleasant odors are encountered in areas
location of chemical enterprises, as well as enterprises where
processing
agricultural
meat processing plants, tobacco factories, etc.
organic
raw materials,
For example,
near

20
V
In recent decades, a new type of air pollution has appeared -
radioactive substances. Development of nuclear power and mining industry
and processing of nuclear energy carriers is associated with the release into the environment
radionuclide environment. These substances are highly variable in terms of
the intensity of the impact on the human body and animals, on the environment,
as well as the time of its existence - from fractions of a second to millennia.
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The air environment also contains microorganisms - bacteria and viruses.
The nutrient medium for their reproduction and development are biological
processes occurring in both industry and agriculture.

Basic properties of aerosols

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Basic properties of aerosols
dispersion
Sedimentation particle diameter
Density
Specific surface area
Dust adhesion
Fluidity of dust
Dynamic angle of repose
Dust hygroscopicity
Wetting of dust
Electrical properties of dust
Electrical resistivity (SER)
Electric dust charge
Flammability and explosiveness of dust