What is general mobilization. General mobilization in the Russian Federation

01.10.2020

Mobilizations have been continuously developed ever since.

Mobilization can be general, carried out on a state-wide scale with the aim of bringing the armed forces to full combat readiness and transferring the entire industry and infrastructure of the state to martial law, and private, which can be carried out both on a separate territory and in order to increase the combat readiness of the Armed Forces or its individual formations (associations, connections, and so on).

It became clear to everyone that it would not be possible to avoid war with Germany. Therefore, on the same day, July 17, Tsar Nicholas II signed a decree on general mobilization.
Losses of the Armed Forces of Russia.

By the beginning of the Second World War, mobilization began to be carried out covertly in order to gain an advantage over the enemy before he could mobilize his armed forces.

Place of mobilization in preparation for war

Mobilization is an integral part of the strategic deployment, which includes:

the transfer of the armed forces from a peaceful position to a military one (mobilization proper);
operational deployment of troops (forces) in theaters military operations;
strategic regrouping of troops (forces) from the interior regions of the country to theaters of military operations and between them;
deployment of priority strategic reserves.

The main purpose of strategic deployment is the transfer of armed forces from a peaceful position to a military one (with mobilization), the creation of groupings of the Armed Forces in theaters of military operations and in the interior of the country for an organized entry into the war, repelling enemy aggression and successfully conducting the first strategic operations of the initial period of the war.

Often, strategic deployment is confused with operational deployment, which is also an integral part of strategic deployment and is carried out to create and build groupings of troops (forces) in theaters of military operations to repel aggression and conduct the first operations. The main activities carried out as part of the operational deployment:

strengthening reconnaissance, forces and means of combat duty and combat service;
occupation of lines, positions and designated areas by troops and force covering, forces and means of air defense, artillery, fleet participating in fire strikes;
redeployment of aviation to operational airfields;
deployment of the rear of fronts, fleets, armies, corps, as well as forces and means of technical support;
the occupation of defense zones (exit to areas of operational mission) by troops of the fronts, separate armies, corps of the first operational echelon;
advancement and occupation of concentration areas (defense lanes) by troops of the fronts of the second operational echelon, reserve;
creation of territorial defense within the appropriate boundaries.

Mobilization consists of:

in staffing the personnel of the army, aviation and navy up to full wartime staff;
in resupplying troops with military equipment;
in replenishment of the material part, that is, uniforms, weapons and equipment;
in the formation of new parts of the troops, departments and institutions necessary for the duration of the war
in resupplying troops with equipment and other means of transportation.

For mobilization, it is necessary to always have in the reserve of the armed forces such a number of servicemen that would be equal to the difference between the states of peacetime and wartime. In the places of mobilization, it is necessary to have stocks of materiel and military equipment in constant readiness for recruiting units. The first is achieved by the organization of the mobilization reserve of the armed forces, the second - by the arrangement of emergency reserves and the creation of reserves of equipment. The ultimate goal of mobilization is to gain an advantage over the enemy in combat readiness of troops (forces) from the very beginning of the war. Hence its main condition - speed: all plans for mobilization deployment must be drawn up so that the armed forces have the opportunity to deploy in the shortest possible time. Mobilization measures are carried out in an atmosphere of high secrecy, since they largely determine the operational plans for the initial period of the war. The basis of all mobilization measures are calculations, periodically checked and renewed and reduced to systematic mobilization plans, also periodically updated. The distribution and sequence of actions for mobilization are set out in special instructions, where the entire course of the mobilization of each unit is accurately indicated by day. Any responsible person should be fully aware of his duties in the event of mobilization and, upon receipt of appropriate orders, immediately begin to fulfill them, without asking for any instructions or explanations.

The example of a carefully and comprehensively prepared and successfully carried out mobilization was given by Prussia in the 1870s. Mobilization is general and private, that is, it does not concern the entire territory of the state and not all the armed forces. In order to actually check the mobilization readiness, sometimes trial and verification mobilization is carried out.

Permanent mobilization

Unlike mobilization, which is carried out before the start of the war and, in some cases, is the reason for it, permanent mobilization is carried out during the entire war, or part of it. An important resource of this mobilization is the contingent of civilians, due to the natural course of time reaching military age.

General mobilization

From that moment on, one event after another shocked society. Six weeks after the declaration of war, a decision was made to call for military service. In the United States, compulsory military service was introduced during the Civil War of 1861-1865, which caused a lot of discontent, especially in New York. In 1917, the men, many of whom were born outside the country or were the sons of immigrants, met the decision to mobilize, at least without enthusiasm. At that time, there was a regular army in the United States, numbering 130,000 people, but it could not be seriously considered capable. Those who were unable to do anything else went into the army. The salary was insignificant, promotion was very slow. The population did not hide their attitude towards the army. In 1916, a Texas bar owner posted a banner on his establishment: "No dogs or soldiers allowed." Much evidence could be cited along the same lines.

No, Americans were not at all attracted to military service. This is confirmed by the following comparison: in 1913 in France there were 1 soldier for 53 inhabitants; in 1917, there were only 1 soldier for every 516 inhabitants in the United States. It is clear that the restoration of compulsory military service did not please many. Opposed were pacifists, Irish and German minorities, and Canadian French settled in northern New England. The ingrained prejudices were strong. The speaker of the House of Representatives made no secret of the general attitude: "In the opinion of the people of Missouri, there is very little difference between a conscript (draft) and a convict (prisoner)." And it wasn't just in this state that they thought so. But without conscription, there will be no army.

Ten days after the announcement of the US entry into the war, the General Staff expected to have 700 thousand volunteers, and there were only 4355 of them. Meanwhile, France and England demanded that Washington send an expeditionary force to Europe. Marshal Joffre, commander of the French army, assured that 500 thousand people were enough. The Marshal was greeted wildly on the streets of Washington and New York. "Papa Joffre" is the winner near the Marne. His charm captivated the crowd, especially when he exclaimed in a funny accent: “I do not speak English. Long live the United States of America!” His competence impressed the military, and the journalists did the rest, creating a myth about him as a brilliant commander. The New York Times compared Joffre to Aetius, who managed to stop the Huns, to Roland and Olivier. The article ended with a doxology: “People see in such unusually courageous personalities a symbol and hope worth dying for, the personification of passion and poetry, heroes who do not expect awards, capable, following the example of the inhabitants of Lyon in the days of the French Revolution, to die for an idea.” And New Yorkers warmly applauded "the man who stopped the Germans almost at the gates of Paris." This was a propaganda operation, certainly necessary in order to break the last arguments against mobilization. It is also undeniable that the Allies were looking forward to the arrival of the Americans on the battlefields.

Imagine for a moment this impromptu mobilization. Special commissions are in a hurry to organize a viewing of men from twenty to thirty years old. Ten million people have been registered. Not all of them will be mobilized, as the system is based on the principle of selection, but four million have been found fit for military service. Many are looking for an excuse not to be selected for the army. Young people get married in a hurry, only to avoid the barracks. Anti-mobilization protests break out, as in New York and Montana. Native American farmers in Oklahoma are even arming themselves to resist the mobilization.

An American businessman wrote to a French friend: “It is very sad that we have entered the war; but now that it has happened, we will go to the end…. We will participate in the war to the last dollar and to the last soldier .... Mobilization is carried out vigorously. We need a few more months to train new recruits, and then we will send them "overseas", and if necessary, we will send another million. Another, more cautious compatriot tried to explain the mobilization hitch: “It takes time to prepare the required number of soldiers. As you know, our country has so far been the most peaceful in the world, and our regular army was ridiculously small for such a huge state.

Another stroke testifying to the atmosphere of tension and struggle that reigned then. In October 1917, municipal elections were held in New York. The Socialist candidate received 21 percent of the vote. On the campaign trail, he pressed for peace, vehemently and relentlessly speaking out against "the wholesale extermination of our male population, the wasteful squandering of our resources in a mad search for an incomprehensible democracy." In Chicago, a similar tally gave 34 percent of the vote for the Socialists; in Dayton, Ohio, 44 percent; in Buffalo, New York, 25 percent. Naturally, such resistance to mobilization was underestimated or passed over in silence. Did they talk a lot about this in France in 1917-1918?

Mobilization was also accompanied by propaganda that tried to raise morale. At first this was done carefully. They say that the war waged by the United States is a crusade, a sacred mission aimed at protecting the fundamental principles of democracy. Law and justice against autocracy and barbarism... As soon as the forces of Evil are defeated, Good will prevail. There is nothing fairer than this fight. In addition, the United States is not fighting for any new territory, for any material advantage. All they want is a world "safe for democracy" (a world where democracy reigns), led by the League of Nations, rallied to meet the demands of oppressed peoples.

In January 1918, President Wilson puts forward a 14-point program. One of his close associates succinctly articulated the beliefs that prevailed then: “We are the only nation that has taken a position in this war that is completely devoid of selfishness. All the warring powers openly counted on the distribution of spoils, while President Wilson raised America's morale. Our country's intention is to help the rest of the world do him a favor."

Such a declaration was indeed not wholly false. But at the same time, not everything is true, since the US pursued goals that any other great power tried to achieve. But for the average American, it didn't matter. He learned that his role is exceptional, and the fulfillment of this mission requires self-sacrifice, and that abroad he will be able to understand the true causes of this war.

There were other, more energetic ways of influencing consciousness. An information committee was set up to make the Americans aware of the main tasks of the moment. Press censorship was introduced. Volunteer speakers made brief statements, preferably during breaks between screenings in theaters. In this propaganda, of course, nuances were avoided. Whoever does not support the war is an agent of German militarism, they were called "Hans". The persecution of the "inner Hans", in the figurative expression of Theodore Roosevelt, began. Everything German caused fear or disgust. Sauerkraut (sauerkraut) was now called liberty cabbage ("freedom cabbage"). In Cincinnati, Ohio, they decided to remove bretzels (salted cumin pretzels) that used to be displayed on bar counters.

The influence of propaganda also affected medical terminology. The measles was called German measles. Not a single doctor or patient now dared to pronounce this name of the disease with such a "shameful definition." They began to say: liberty measles. Worse, the fear of espionage began to spread. Robert La Follette, a Wisconsin senator who voted against entry into the war, lost his seat in that state and was expelled from his club. On June 15, 1917, a harsh law on espionage was urgently passed. It provided for penalties of up to 20 years in prison and a fine of ten thousand dollars for those who could interfere with mobilization or help the enemy in spreading false rumors, or incite the army to defiance. Another important order: the federal post office had the right to refuse to send any correspondence that, in the opinion of the minister, could call for treason, armed insurrection or violation of laws. Several periodicals suffered as a result. It was not a ban on appearance, but asphyxia. Intolerance assumed alarming proportions. One film director was sentenced to 10 years in prison: his film was about the American Revolution, and the British were presented in an unflattering way, but the UK was now an ally of the US! Eugene Debs, a prominent socialist leader, delivered a pacifist speech in June 1918. Result: trial and sentence to 10 years in prison.

A month earlier, the president had signed a law on mass demonstrations. This time, freedom of opinion and freedom of speech are under direct threat. Under the new law, only the Minister of Communications could authorize or prohibit the use of federal mail. In accordance with the new law, 2,168 people were arrested, 1,055 of them were convicted. It can be argued whether these figures are overestimated or underestimated. Significantly, this practice was directed against American traditions and signaled the onset of a crisis. While tolerance was declining, there was a rise in a rather suspicious and limited patriotism. In the midst of this exaltation, a witch hunt began.

Nevertheless, the "material results" were not disappointing. The United States tried to take its rightful place in the conflict. Naturally, only the desire to create a combat-ready army was not enough. We had to overcome significant difficulties. There were not enough camps for military training. It was necessary to create them urgently, and this took at least several months. I needed to get the uniform ready. There were no instructors. The French and the British came to the rescue - they trained completely inexperienced, but enthusiastic American soldiers. The armament of the army was also in a deplorable state: obsolete guns, and they were not enough; very few guns, machine guns, tanks and aircraft. Then France sold the necessary weapons to the Americans. The Allies also provided the US with the transport needed to bring troops to Europe across the Atlantic. Finally, gradually, American soldiers began to arrive in the ports of France. By the end of 1917, there were about 150,000 of them. This was clearly not enough. In three months, their numbers will double. Finally, in the spring of 1918, all forces were involved. In July, there were already a million Americans in France, and on the day the armistice was signed, two million.

The expeditionary corps played a decisive role in the victory, despite their weakness. They provided the allies with a numerical advantage and several important victories. They appeared at the front quite late, so their losses are relatively small compared to the armies of the allies. From 1914 to 1918, 50,000 Americans, 1,400,000 French, 1,600,000 Germans and 120,000 Belgians died on the battlefields. And yet the Americans were convinced, mostly rightly, that without their participation the outcome of the war would have been different. The French and British objected, especially after the armistice, stating that the Pix allies from across the ocean had played an insignificant role, since the war had already been going on for thirty-two months, when the US Congress voted to declare war, and during the nineteen months of the Americans in Europe they did not were quite active, with the exception of the last battles. Summing up caused them great annoyance.

One more aspect should be noted. Economic mobilization also played a decisive role. The United States exported grain, sugar, raw materials, metals, cars, gasoline, which contributed to the overall victory. In addition, since April 1917, the United States has provided the Allies with a loan of ten billion dollars. The country experienced rapid economic growth. Jobs were provided to everyone, even blacks from the US South - this was required by the intensively developing industry of the North and the Great Lakes region. From 1915 to 1918, the real incomes of the population increased by 25 percent. Farmers suffered a little from taxes on the sale of wheat, but the demand for wheat was so high… It was worth producing to sell. True, inflation absorbed part of the profits, although they tried to slow it down with taxes and national loans. In any case, the Federal Government has taken steps to regulate the economy by the state. In an exceptional situation - exceptional measures to improve the economy. The state took control of the railroads and navy, financed military purchases, controlled the expenditure of raw materials, closely monitored the relationship between workers and employers. The federal government also oversaw the consumption area, calling for savings. Herbert Hoover, head of the food control administration, advised fellow citizens to save food. The wasteful attitude to products was regarded as a betrayal. Control over fuel consumption and economical use of coal was introduced. This is all the more important since the winter of 1917/18 was severe. Water pipes and lakes froze. Railway communication was interrupted due to snow drifts. Traffic on highways stopped after heavy snowfalls. On Friday, January 18, and the next four days, and then every Tuesday for nine weeks, industries in the east Mississippi were forced to reduce their coal consumption. Stopping businesses on Sundays was mandatory, with the exception of the military industry. An American from Boston, in her letter to France, described the tension among her compatriots as follows: “The impact of the war has affected our lives; we send too much coal and provisions to Europe. Our resources are dwindling and many are suffering.”

Self-sacrifice, suffering, effort - these are the words of war that Americans have not used for a long time; these words explained what sacrifices had to be made in the name of the common victory. Fortunately, the growth of the economy has been a good stimulus. What was a good American in 1918? He either fought somewhere in Europe, or, remaining in the country, produced products for the war, limiting himself in many ways and nurturing the conviction that America's task was to help the civilized world.

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Romanov Nicholas II

My conscience is clear. I did everything to avoid war

On July 28 (15), 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia by direct telegram and on the same day began shelling Belgrade. According to the treaty, Russia was supposed to support allied Serbia, but was in no hurry. The Serbian envoy M. Spalaikovich informed the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia Sazonov S.D. about the beginning of hostilities, and a message was sent to Berlin that on July 29 (16) partial mobilization would be announced.

Attempts of Nicholas II to prevent the war

Despite the decision on general mobilization adopted at a meeting of military officials, the Russian emperor canceled it. And a telegram was sent to the German government stating that Russia had no conquest plans against Germany. This message was also sent to Vienna, Paris and London.

On July 28 (15) Nicholas II sent a personal telegram to the German Emperor Wilhelm II, in which he asked to influence Austria-Hungary.

Mobilization Medal

In 1915, a medal was issued dedicated to the mobilization of 1914 - "For the work on the implementation of general mobilization"

Interesting Facts

On July 29 (16), the emperor, in a new telegram to Wilhelm, proposed that the Austro-Serbian conflict be referred to the Hague Conference in order to prevent bloodshed. Kaiser Wilhelm II did not answer her. In the afternoon, the sovereign in Peterhof signed two alternative decrees: on partial and on general mobilization. He instructed the Chief of the General Staff, General Yanushevich, after a meeting with the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sazonov D.V. "publish the decree that Sazonov deems necessary."

At the same day meeting of the Council of Ministers with the participation of General Yanushevich, it was decided to postpone the issuance of a decree on partial mobilization, taking into account further developments. In the evening, at a meeting in Yanushevich's office with Sazonov and Minister of War Sukhomlinov, a decision was made on the need for general mobilization. This was immediately reported by telephone to Nicholas II.

On the morning of July 30 (August 17), the emperor again urged Wilhelm II in a telegram to influence Austria. In the afternoon, Nicholas II sent to Berlin with General Tatishchev V.S. another letter to the Kaiser asking for assistance in peace. Only in the evening, under pressure from military officials, did the emperor give permission to begin general mobilization.

General mobilization in the Russian Empire

Sazonov planned to carry out mobilization activities in an atmosphere of deep secrecy. But on July 31 (18) on the walls of Russian cities appeared announcements on red paper about mobilization. Against the backdrop of a general patriotic upsurge, storekeepers arrived at the assembly points by 15% more than planned.

During the first two days, cavalry formations and units brought to combat readiness were advanced to the western border to cover the mobilization deployment. On the 8th day, regular infantry divisions were mobilized. Operational transportation of troops and their strategic concentration immediately began. On the 13th day, the active army had 96 infantry and 37 cavalry divisions - 2.7 million people in addition to a million reservists and fortress troops. On the 15th - 18th day of mobilization, the deployment of another 35 infantry divisions of the second stage was completed.

Fully Armed Forces of Russia completed mobilization on the 45th day. 3,388,000 military personnel and more than 570,000 militia warriors were put under arms. In the mobilized Russian army, there were 1830 battalions, 1243 squadrons (hundreds) and 908 artillery batteries with 6720 guns.

On February 12, 1915, by the highest order of Emperor Nicholas II, the medal "For labors on the mobilization of 1914" was established. A huge number of such medals were required, and only the St. Petersburg Mint, in addition to private firms, minted at least 50,000 medals.

Start of World War I

On July 31, the German ambassador in St. Petersburg, Count Friedrich Pourtales, tried to get an explanation from Sazonov and, in an ultimatum, demanded that the mobilization be canceled, which was refused. Nicholas II sent a telegram to Wilhelm II during these hours: “It is already technically impossible to suspend mobilization,” he wrote, “but Russia is far from wishing for war. As long as negotiations with Austria on the Serbian question are ongoing, Russia will not take provocative actions.

Russia refused to give Germany a positive answer on demobilization. In the evening of the same day, Pourtales handed over a note declaring war to Foreign Minister Sergei Sazonov, after which, according to the minister's memoirs, he "went to the window and cried."

A little later, advanced German formations (the 5th and 6th German corps) invaded Russian territory in the area of Kalisz and Częstochowa.

The description was prepared according to the book by A.M. Zayonchkovsky "World War 1914-1918", ed. 1931

Mobilization

Mobilization (M, mobilization deployment)(fr. mobilization, from mobiliser- set in motion) - a set of measures aimed at bringing the armed forces (AF) and state infrastructure to martial law in connection with emergency circumstances in the country or in the world. For the first time, the word "mobilization" was used to describe the activities carried out by Prussia in 1850-1860. The theory and methods of mobilization have been continuously developed since then.

Mobilization can be general, carried out on a statewide scale with the aim of bringing the armed forces to full combat readiness and transferring the industry and infrastructure of the state to martial law, and private, which can be carried out both on a separate territory and in order to increase the combat readiness of the Armed Forces or individual its associations and connections.

After 1917

By the beginning of the Second World War, mobilization began to be carried out covertly in order to gain an advantage over the enemy before he could mobilize his armed forces.

Place of mobilization in preparation for war

Mobilization is an integral part strategic deployment which includes:

the transfer of the armed forces from a peaceful position to a military one (mobilization proper);
operational deployment of troops (forces) in theaters of military operations;
strategic regrouping of troops (forces) from the interior regions of the country to theaters of military operations and between them;
deployment of priority strategic reserves.

The main purpose of the Strategic Deployment is the transfer of the armed forces from a peaceful position to a military one (with mobilization), the creation of groupings of the Armed Forces in the theaters of military operations and in the depths of the country's territory for an organized entry into the war, repulse enemy aggression and successfully conduct the first strategic operations of the initial period of the war.

Often strategic deployment confused with operational deployment, which is also an integral part of the strategic deployment and is carried out to create and build groupings of troops (forces) in theaters of military operations to repel aggression and conduct the first operations. The main activities carried out within the framework of operational deployment:

strengthening reconnaissance, forces and means of combat duty and combat service;
the occupation of lines, positions and designated areas by troops and cover forces, air defense forces and means, artillery, fleet participating in fire strikes;
redeployment of aviation to operational airfields;
deployment of the rear of fronts, fleets, armies, corps, as well as forces and means of technical support;
the occupation of defense zones (exit to areas of operational mission) by troops of the fronts, individual armies, corps of the first operational echelon;
advancement and occupation of concentration areas (defense lanes) by troops of the fronts of the second operational echelon, reserve;
creation of territorial defense within the appropriate boundaries.

Mobilization consists of:

in staffing the personnel of the army, aviation and navy up to full wartime staff;
in resupplying troops with military equipment;
in replenishment of the material part, that is, uniforms, weapons and equipment;
in the formation of new parts of the troops, departments and institutions necessary for the duration of the war
in resupplying troops with equipment and other means of transportation.

For mobilization, it is always necessary to have in the reserve of the armed forces such a number of officers and privates that would be equal to the difference between the states of peacetime and wartime. In the places of mobilization, it is necessary to have stocks of materiel and military equipment in constant readiness for recruiting units. The first is achieved by the organization of the mobilization reserve of the armed forces, the second - by the arrangement of emergency reserves and the creation of reserves of equipment. The ultimate goal of mobilization is to gain an advantage over the enemy in the combat readiness of troops (forces) from the very beginning of the war. Hence its main condition - speed: all plans for mobilization deployment must be drawn up so that the armed forces have the opportunity to deploy in the shortest possible time. Mobilization measures are carried out in an atmosphere of high secrecy, since they largely determine the operational plans for the initial period of the war. The basis of all mobilization measures are calculations, periodically checked and renewed and reduced to systematic mobilization plans, also periodically updated. The distribution and sequence of actions for mobilization are set out in special instructions, where the entire course of the mobilization of each unit is accurately indicated by day. Any responsible person should be fully aware of his duties in the event of mobilization and, upon receipt of appropriate orders, immediately begin to fulfill them, without asking for any instructions or explanations.

The example of a carefully and comprehensively prepared and successfully carried out mobilization was given by Prussia in 1999. Mobilization is general and private, that is, it does not concern the entire territory of the state and not all the armed forces. In order to actually check the mobilization readiness, sometimes trial and verification mobilization is carried out.

Permanent mobilization

Unlike mobilization, which is carried out before the start of the war and, in some cases, is the reason for it, Permanent mobilization is carried out during the entire war, or part of it. An important resource of this mobilization is the contingent of civilians, due to the natural course of time reaching military age.

Notes

Literature

Rediger A.F., "Manning and organization of the armed force";
Lobko P. L.; "Notes of the military administration";
Froment, "La mobilization et la préparation à la guerre".

Links

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See what "Mobilization" is in other dictionaries:

- (French from Latin mobilis mobile). 1) bringing the army from a peaceful position to a military one. 2) the procedure for the transfer of land ownership from one person to another, without restrictions from the authorities. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

MOBILIZATION, mobilization, women. (French mobilization from Latin mobilis mobile). 1. Transfer of the army from a peaceful state to a state of full readiness to participate in hostilities (military). Declare general mobilization. || Any translation... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

Attraction, call, self-mobilization Dictionary of Russian synonyms. mobilization / to the army: conscription / for what l. deeds: attraction to what Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. Practical guide. M: Ru... Synonym dictionary

A set of state measures to bring to an active state, concentration and tension of available resources, forces and means to achieve military-political goals. This finds practical expression in the translation into martial law of the Armed Forces, ... ... Emergencies Dictionary

mobilization- and, well. mobilization f. 1. Call for military reserve of several ages for active military service. ALS 1. simple. Where, I ask, have the people gone? Nabilization! they say. What kind of nabilization? OZ 1878 4 1 436. And then they started talking ... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

General mobilization

Polish mobilization 1939.

Mobilization (mobilization deployment)(fr. mobilization, from mobiliser- set in motion) - a set of measures aimed at transferring the army and state infrastructure to martial law. For the first time the word "mobilization" was used to describe the activities carried out by Prussia in 1850-60. The theory and methods of mobilization have been continuously developed since then.

Mobilization can be general, carried out on a statewide scale with the aim of bringing the army to full combat readiness and transferring the industry and infrastructure of the state to martial law, and private, which can be carried out both on a separate territory and in order to increase the combat readiness of the army or its individual connections.

Mobilization plan- a document of particular importance, which spells out mobilization measures and the procedure for their implementation. It is inextricably linked with the Strategic Deployment Plan of the Armed Forces. Both documents, as a rule, are prepared at the General Staff and approved by the country's top leadership.

Story

Before World War I

The problem of solving mobilization tasks arose with the introduction of universal military service in most developed countries at that time. The mobilization governs the general conscription, which was first held during the French Revolution. Since then, technological progress and the development of social institutions have had a serious impact on the practice of deploying troops. Such changes were the railways, which allowed the transfer of large numbers of troops over long distances in a short time; a telegraph that provides communication between territorial military structures and ensures coordination of the implementation of the mobilization plan; universal conscription, which allows to have a large trained reserve in case of war.

Administrative actions on mobilization in Germany, Austria, and France are concentrated in corps districts, with each corps commander independently directing the mobilization of his district; executive actions are assigned in Germany and Austria to the administrations of landwehr districts, in France - to the administrations of regimental districts. In Russia, due to the peculiarities of manning the army, the extremely uneven deployment of troops and the complete discrepancy between the needs of M. and the sources of replenishment (sources of replenishment are in the center and in the East, and the bulk of the troops are in the West), administrative actions are concentrated in one central institution - the main headquarters , under which there is a special committee for preparing data for M. Executive actions are distributed as follows: registration, conscription, distribution and dispatch to the troops of reserve ranks and militia warriors of the first category are carried out by district military commanders with the assistance of local police; horses to be handed over to the troops on the basis of military horse duty are collected by special heads of military horse sections chosen from local residents, accepted by mixed commissions and then handed over to military receivers; the maintenance of material reserves is entrusted to parts of the troops, to the departments of district military commanders and to the commissariat. Detailed rules for staffing army personnel to wartime states are taught in the book. VI St. military. fast. and in the Charter on military service (see Appeal).

World War I

By 1914, the general mobilization of the troops of a potential enemy began to be considered the beginning of the war, this provision was included in the Laws and Customs of War.

The Second World War

By the beginning of the Second World War, mobilization began to be carried out covertly in order to gain an advantage over the enemy before he could mobilize his army.

Place of mobilization in preparation for war

Mobilization is an integral part strategic deployment which includes:

transfer of the Armed Forces from a peaceful position to a military one (mobilization proper);
operational deployment of troops (forces) in theaters of military operations;
strategic regrouping of troops (forces) from the interior regions of the country to theaters of military operations and between them;
deployment of priority strategic reserves.

The main purpose of the Strategic Deployment is the transfer of the Armed Forces from a peaceful position to a military one (with mobilization), the creation of groupings of the Armed Forces in the theaters of military operations and in the depths of the country's territory for an organized entry into the war, repulse enemy aggression and successfully conduct the first strategic operations of the initial period of the war.

Often Strategic Deployment confused with operational deployment, which is also an integral part of the Strategic Deployment and is carried out to create and build groupings of troops (forces) in theaters of military operations to repel aggression and conduct the first operations. The main activities carried out within the framework of operational deployment:

strengthening reconnaissance, forces and means of combat duty and combat service;
the occupation of lines, positions and designated areas by troops and cover forces, air defense forces and means, artillery, fleet participating in fire strikes;
relocation of aviation to operational airfields;
deployment of the rear of the fronts, fleets, armies, corps, as well as forces and means of technical support;
the occupation of defense zones (access to operational areas) by troops of the fronts, individual armies, and corps of the first operational echelon;
advancement and occupation of concentration areas (defense lanes) by troops of fronts of the second operational echelon, reserve;
creation of territorial defense within the appropriate boundaries.

Mobilization consists of:

in staffing army personnel to full wartime staff;
in resupplying troops with military equipment;
in replenishment of the material part, that is, uniforms, weapons and equipment;
in the formation of new parts of the troops, departments and institutions necessary for the duration of the war
in resupplying troops with equipment and other means of transportation.

For mobilization, it is always necessary to have in the reserve of the army such a number of officers and privates that would be equal to the difference between the states of peacetime and wartime. In the places of mobilization, it is necessary to have in constant readiness stocks of materiel and military equipment for the acquisition of units. The first is achieved by the organization of the mobilization reserve of the army, the second - by the arrangement of emergency supplies and the creation of reserves of equipment. The ultimate goal of mobilization is from the very beginning of the war to gain an advantage over the enemy in the combat readiness of troops. Hence its main condition - speed: all plans for mobilization deployment must be drawn up so that the army has the opportunity to deploy in the shortest possible time. Mobilization measures are carried out in an atmosphere of high secrecy, since they largely determine the operational plans for the initial period of the war. All mobilization measures are based on calculations that are periodically checked and renewed and reduced to systematic mobilization plans, which are also periodically updated. The distribution and sequence of actions for mobilization are set out in special instructions, where the entire course of the mobilization of each unit is accurately indicated by day. Any responsible person should be fully aware of his duties in the event of mobilization and, upon receipt of appropriate orders, immediately begin to fulfill them, without asking for any instructions or explanations.

The model of a carefully and comprehensively prepared and successfully completed M. was given by Prussia in and years. M. is general and private, that is, it does not concern the entire territory of the state and not the entire army. In order to actually check the mobilization readiness, sometimes a trial and verification M.

Literature

Rediger A.F. , "Assembly and organization of the armed force";
Lobko P.L. ; "Notes of the military administration";
Froment, "La mobilization et la préparation à la guerre".

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