MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND ELECTRIFICATION OF THE USSR
MAIN PRODUCTION AND TECHNICAL DEPARTMENT
ON CONSTRUCTION
ALL-UNION INSTITUTE FOR ORGANIZATION DESIGN
ENERGY CONSTRUCTION
"ORGENERGOSTROY"
TECHNOLOGICAL MAPS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF OHL 35-500 kV
STANDARD TECHNOLOGICAL CARDS
(COLLECTION)
K-III -33
INSTALLATION OF UNIFIED INTERMEDIATE
AND ANCHOR-ANGLE STEEL SUPPORTS
WITH FOOTPEGS
Moscow
Typical technological maps (collection) K-III-33 were developed by the department of organization and mechanization of the construction of power transmission lines (ZM-20) of the Orgenergostroy Institute.
Compiled by: B.I. RABIN, G.N. POKROVSKY, N.A. VOINILOVICH, P.I. BERMAN, E.A. SSORIN
A collection of standard technological maps has been compiled for the installation of intermediate and anchor-angular steel supports with supports given in the album (inventory number 5713 tm-t1 “Catalogue of unified supports”, edition 1968 - 1970), developed by the North-Western branch of the Energosetproekt Institute .
Technological maps were compiled in accordance with guidelines for the development of standard technological maps in construction, approved by the USSR State Construction Committee on July 2, 1964 and serve as guidelines for the construction of power transmission lines of 35 - 500 kV on standardized supports.
A COMMON PART
In winter, when the ground freezes to 0.25 m or deeper, do not install spacers.
It is prohibited to install supports on foundations that are not completely covered with soil;
b) install the T-100M tractor with the L-6 winch and the K-162 crane according to the diagram for the P110-5 support (Fig. 4, sheet 17), and for the P110-6 support - Fig. 10 sheet 28;
c) secure the traction and brake cables in the places indicated in Fig. 4, sheet 17, for support P110-5 and fig. 10 sheet 28, for support P110-6;
d) attach the traction cable to the tractor winch;
e) using a K-162 crane, using sling 6, raise the support assembly to a height of 14.2 m;
f) use a traction cable to hold the support in the raised position;
g) release the K-162 crane from the sling and transport it to the place indicated in Fig. 4 (sheet 17) for support P110-5 and fig. 10 (sheet 28) - for support P110-6 (2nd position) and fasten the brake cable to the crane forearm (item 4);
h) using a traction tractor and a crane standing on the brake, bring the support to a vertical position;
i) secure the support by screwing nuts onto the anchor bolts, while the nuts should not come close to the surface of the support shoes. Then tilt the support slightly with a traction pulley and remove the mounting hinges;
j) check the support according to the standards and tolerances specified in the map, and finally secure the rack to the foundation with the nuts tightened.
To level the support, it is allowed to install shims between the heel and the foundation. The dimensions of the linings must be at least 150´ 150 mm. The total height of the pads should not exceed 40 mm. After alignment, the linings are welded to the heel of the support;
k) remove the rigging from the support.
B. P330-3 support with S58 stand 5 m high
When installing the P330-3 support with the S58 stand with a height of 5.0 m, the operations specified in paragraphs. , and for supports P110-5 and P110-6 also apply to these supports.
Profession
discharge
number of people
Note
Electric lineman (foreman)
Lineman
Crane operator
Tractor driver
TOTAL
B. P330-3 supports with 5 m stand
|
Profession |
discharge |
number of people |
Note |
|
|
Electric lineman (foreman) |
||||
|
Lineman |
||||
|
Crane operator |
||||
|
Tractor driver |
||||
|
TOTAL |
IN. P330-2 supports with a 5 m high stand
|
Profession |
discharge |
number of people |
Note |
|
|
Electric lineman (foreman) |
||||
|
Lineman |
||||
|
Crane operator |
||||
|
Tractor driver |
||||
|
TOTAL |
G. Supports U110-2 with two stands with a total height of 14.0 m and U330-3 with two stands with a total height of 14.0 m
|
Profession |
discharge |
number of people |
Note |
|
|
Electric lineman (foreman) |
||||
|
Lineman |
||||
|
Crane operator |
||||
|
Tractor driver |
||||
|
TOTAL |
D. Supports U220-2 with two stands in common height 14.0 m
|
Profession |
discharge |
number of people |
Note |
|
|
Electric lineman (foreman) |
||||
|
Lineman |
||||
|
Crane operator |
||||
|
Tractor driver |
||||
|
TOTAL |
Overhead line 35-500 kV
INSTALLATION OF UNIFIED ANCHOR-ANGLE STEEL SUPPORTS TYPE U110-2 WITH TWO STANDS C2 AND C13 WITH A TOTAL HEIGHT OF STANDS 14 M. FALLING BOOM
K-Sh-33-5
Name
In summer time
In winter time
Labor intensity, in man-days
11,71
13,9
Operation of mechanisms, machine shifts
3,54
4,20
Team size, people
Diesel fuel consumption, kg
Crew productivity per shift, supports
0,85
0,72
Duration of installation of one support, shifts
1,17
1,39
General instructions for organizing the technology for installing supports and working methods for workers, relevant to all maps, are given on sheets 4 - 11 of this collection.
The support is installed according to the diagram shown in Fig. , sheet 62.
The diagram for lifting a falling arrow is shown in Fig. , sheet 63.
Details of fastening the cables to the boom head are shown in Fig. , sheet 64.
Attaching the cables to the support in Fig. , sheet 65.
Cable diagrams are shown in Fig. , sheet 67.
The support installed on the foundations must meet the tolerances shown in Fig. , sheet 66.
The mechanisms, devices, tools and materials required for installing supports are shown on sheets 68, 69.
Technical characteristics of the support U110-2 with stands C12 and C13
|
13993 |
||
|
Number of parts, pcs. |
428 |
|
|
Hardware |
number of bolts, pcs. |
1292 |
|
hardware weight, kg |
664 |
|
|
Weight of deposited metal, kg |
14 |
|
|
Total weight of the support with subst. Without zinc coating, kg |
14671 |
|
|
Weight of zinc coating, kg |
379 |
|
|
Total weight of the support with subst. with zinc coating, kg |
15050 |
|
Rice. 28. Anchor corner support U110-2 with stands C12 and C13
Name
Type
Brand
Qty.
Technical specifications
Tractor with winch L-8
Crawler
T-100M
Engine power 108 hp. With.
winch Q = 8 t, driven by tractor power take-off shaft
Tractor crane
TK-53
Boom with insert, rotating on the T-100M tractor. Lifting height 12 m, Q = 3.8 t
NOTE: In winter, a D-686 bulldozer is added to clear the area of snow
Name
Qty.
Note
A-shaped metal boom, 22 m high, pcs.
See damn. No. 656.12.00.80
Steel cable d= 27 mm from support to boom (reins),l= 36 m, pcs.
GOST 3071-66 27-G-1-N-160
Steel cable d= 18 mm for traction pulleyl= 330 m pcs.
- "- 18-G-1-N-160
Steel cable d= 20 mm for brake, support,l= 75 m, pcs.
-"- 20-G-1-N-160
Steel cable d= 20 mm for raising and lowering the boom,l= 110 m, pcs.
- "- 20-G-1-V-160
Steel cable d= 27 mm from the boom to the pulley block,l= 12 m pcs.
-"- 27-G-1-N-160
d= 20 mm, l= 12 m, pcs.
-"- 20-G-1-Y-160
Universal steel rope slingd= 20 mm, l= 4 m, pcs.
-"- 20-G-1-Y-160
Universal steel rope slingd= 27 mm, l= 7 m, pcs. 15.
Thumb 60, pcs.
Bracket SK-45, pcs.
According to the catalog of the Elektrosetizolyatsiya trust SK-45 1A
Bracket SK-25, pcs.
According to the catalog of the Elektrosetizolyatsiya trust SK-25-1A
Rack jack 10 t, pcs.
Assembly key for M42 bolt, pcs.
The same for M36 bolt, pcs.
Scrap with a diameter of 28 mm, pcs.
Bayonet shovel, pcs.
Cross saw, pcs.
Axe, pcs.
Electrician's belt with carabiners and chains, set.
Bench chisel, hand, pcs.
Thermos for water, pcs.
First aid kit, set
Steel tape measure 20 m, pcs.
Theodolite with tripod, set.
Plumb, pcs.
Cotton rope, d= 20 mm, m
Design and materials for temporary fastening of reinforced concrete footrests
Reinforced concrete crossbars P1-A, pcs.
LABOR COSTS
Profession and rank
Qty.
Standard time for installing one support in h/hours
For the entire volume in hours/days
In winter conditions K = 1.188 in hours/days
Apply. § 23-3-13 tab. 2 p. 61
Installation of anchor-angular steel supports of type U110-2 with two supports C12 and C13 with a total height of supports of 14 m.
The weight of the support with stands is 15.5 tons.
Email lineman
6 times.
Crane operator 6 times.
Truck driver. 5 times.
Total
10 people
Electric Linemen
Support 1
67,0
8,17
9,70
Machinists
Support 1
29,0
3,54
4,20
Total
11,71
13,90
Crew time spent - days:
a) in summer 11.71: 10 = 1.17
b) in winter 13.90: 10 = 1.39
TsNIB - 1966 MSES
N&R Issue. 1 § 16
Clearing the area of snow in winter
1000 m 2
0,575
0,32
Note: 1. The correction factor for labor costs in winter is taken as average for the 3rd temperature zone.
2 . The duration of the working day is assumed to be 8.2 hours.
Installation (installation) of supports is one of the most important and complex stages in the construction of overhead power lines associated with the use of large-scale mechanization of electrical installation work.
The choice of method for installing supports depends on the design of the supports and foundations, local conditions on the line route, as well as the fleet of mechanisms and devices that the construction and installation organization has. Currently, various methods of mounting supports are used, which can be combined into 3 groups:
Installation of supports by extension allows:
- perform work on a small site;
- use relatively light rigging, the load capacity of which is several times less than the weight of the mounted support;
- do not reinforce a support that is not rigid enough to install it in the assembly.
However, installing supports by extension has a number of serious disadvantages:
- work on the installation of supports by extension is carried out at a height, on a limited-size installation site, which places high demands on personnel training and the organization of safe work;
- Using the vertical extension method, only free-standing tower-type supports can be mounted. Supports on guy wires, supports of the “Glass” type, and portal supports cannot be mounted using this method;
- installation by extension is more labor-intensive and time-consuming compared to the rotation method;
- The safety of work on the installation of extension supports is affected by weather conditions; work in wind speeds of more than 10 m/s, snowfall or ice is prohibited.
In this regard, if the size of the support, its weight and local conditions allow, preference should be given to installing the assembled support by turning it.
Additional material
- Technological map - Installation of a single-column anchor-angle single-circuit steel polyhedral support 330 kV MU330-1 using one crane [download document].
- Technological map - Installation of a single-column anchor-angle double-circuit steel polyhedral support 330 kV MU330-2 using the extension method [download document].
- Technological map - Installation of a single-column anchor-angle single-circuit steel polyhedral support 330 kV MU330-3 using one crane [download document].
- Technological map - Installation of a single-column anchor-angle double-circuit steel polyhedral support 330 kV MU330-4 using the extension method [download document].
- Technological map - Installation of a single-column anchor-angle single-circuit steel polyhedral support 330 kV MU330-5 using one crane [download document].
- Technological map - Installation of a single-column anchor-angle double-circuit steel polyhedral support 330 kV MU330-6 using the extension method [download document].
Let's look at the most commonly used methods for installing supports.
Installation of supports using drill crane machines
To install single-column wooden and reinforced concrete supports up to 10 kV with a relatively small mass and height, drill crane machines are used.
The method of installing a support using drill crane machines is the most rational and economical, requiring a minimum amount of preparatory work, rigging and mechanisms.
Installation of supports by crane
The lifting capacity of the crane must correspond to the weight of the installed support, and the working stroke of the crane hook and the reach of the boom must ensure full lifting of the support. The support is pre-assembled and placed next to the pit. Next, it is lifted by a crane to a vertical position and installed on the foundation or in a pit. During the process of securing the support to the foundation anchor bolts or backfilling the pit, the crane holds the support in a vertical position. After filling the pit at least 2/3 or securing the support to the anchor bolts, the slings are removed, the crane is released and transferred to install the next support.
Cranes are usually used to install single-post poles with voltages up to 220 kV.
Installation of supports by crane and tractors
If the mass of the support is greater than the lifting capacity of the existing crane, and the lifting height of the hook from the ground surface is not sufficient to lift (hang) the support above the pit, the support is installed with a crane and tractors. The design force on the crane hook when lifting the support should be no more than its lifting capacity, and the lifting height of the hook should ensure that the support rotates at an angle of at least 30-45°.
The assembled support is placed horizontally next to the foundation, and the footrests of the support are connected to the foundation elements using a mounting hinge. The crane is installed in such a way that it does not fall into the area of possible fall of the support. The support is lifted from a horizontal position by a crane to an angle of 30-45°. Next, the traction force is transferred to the tractor, and the crane moves to a position to brake the support and prevent it from tipping over. Further lifting of the support is carried out by the tractor.
Installation of supports by falling boom and tractors
If it is impossible to install the support using the methods listed above, it is raised using a falling boom and tractors.
When installing supports using a falling boom, the maximum force in the traction cable occurs at the initial moment of lifting. Then it gradually decreases and, when the support takes a vertical position, disappears. The force in the falling arrow and the “reins” that connect it to the support barrel changes similarly. This is an advantage of the method of installing supports using a falling boom, since rigging faults identified at the beginning of the lift can be easily eliminated. The loads acting on the hinge and foundations when lifting the support can increase and reach maximum values at angles of inclination of 30-50°.
Installation of supports by helicopters
In difficult conditions, when conventional methods cannot be used or are not economically feasible, helicopters are used. The support assembled at the installation site is delivered in a vertical position by helicopter to the picket and immediately installed on the prepared foundation. First, special catching devices are installed on the foundations. This method is usually used to install metal supports of relatively small mass.
For example, the method of installing supports by helicopter was used during the construction of the 110 kV Mamakan-Muskovit overhead line. A 3.5 km section of the air line route ran along a slope with a slope of about 35° along the river bank. Arranging a site for assembling supports near the installation site was difficult, since the slope was covered with accumulations of stone blocks ranging in size from 1 to 3 meters with rocky soil. Driving along the highway in this section is impossible; access to the installation sites for supports could only be from the river. At the same time, the planning of sites and entrances to the site of assembly and installation of supports required heavy earth-moving equipment, which was not possible to deliver. The use of a helicopter eliminated complex excavation work on planning sites for assembling and installing supports and organizing access to them.
Heavy metal supports are installed by helicopter using the rotating method. To do this, hinges of a special design are pre-installed on two foundations, the heels (shoes) of the pre-assembled support are connected to them, and a lifting cargo cable is secured to its top. The helicopter, rising into the air, rotates the support around the hinges and brings it to a vertical position. After this, the hinges are removed and the support is secured to the foundation.
Installation of supports by extension using a crawling crane
Installation of the support by extension is carried out using creeping cranes or masts. These devices are called creeping because they are fixed at the top of the mounted section of the support and, after mounting the next section of the support, they are lifted onto the newly mounted section for mounting the next section of the support.
Depending on the size and design, the support can be mounted in welded sections (small transition supports), planes or rods (large supports made from steel pipes). The weight of the lifted parts of the support should not exceed the lifting capacity of the cranes or booms with which the support is mounted.
Typically, the bottom one or two sections are installed by ground crane or jib, and the next sections are built up. The prepared sections are lifted by a crawling crane, a crawling boom or a tower crane and installed in the design position, where they are secured.
Installation of supports by vertical extension using helicopters
Currently, the installation of individual transition supports by extension is carried out using special helicopters. Such helicopters are usually equipped with an additional cockpit, from which the co-pilot, having sufficient visibility under and behind the helicopter, can control the machine and lift cargo using a cargo winch.
Installation of supports using a helicopter occurs as follows. The lower section of the tower height is usually installed on the foundation using a crane and secured to it. At the upper end of the mounted sections of the support, four guide angles curved to the vertical axis are temporarily fixed. At a site located close to the installation site of the support, the enlarged assembly of the support sections is carried out. The helicopter lifts the assembled section and slowly, to avoid its swinging, transfers it to the mounted support. Hovering over the mounted sections, the helicopter lowers the section onto the guides.
Drawing. Installation of supports by extension using a helicopter: 1 – lower section; 2 – section mounted by helicopter using the vertical extension method; 3 – guide.
Wooden blocks can be used to prevent impact when lowering. The section's landing is adjusted from the ground by sending commands to the pilot via radio. After lowering the section into place and uncoupling the sling from the helicopter, the installers climb onto the support and install the parts connecting the sections, after which they transfer the guides to the top of the mounted section. The following sections of the support are mounted in the same way.
Helicopter operation is permitted only when wind speeds are less than 6 m/s. The use of helicopters for the installation of supports using the build-up method, which requires the use of complex and sophisticated equipment, careful preparation, and good organization of work, makes it possible to increase labor productivity and allows the enlarged assembly of sections of several supports to be carried out on one site, located away from the support foundations.
Installing supports manually
For a small amount of work or when it is impossible to use large-scale mechanization, wooden support posts that are light in weight can be installed manually. In this case, hooks, grips, braces and other devices are used.
TECHNOLOGICAL MAP FOR ASSEMBLY AND INSTALLATION OF SUPPORTS DURING CONSTRUCTION OF OVERHEAD POWER LINES
Application area
A typical flow chart has been developed for assembly work and installation of supports for power lines.
GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT SUPPORTS
Types of supports. According to their purpose, supports are divided into intermediate (P), anchor (A), corner (U), end (K) and special (S). The locations of various types of supports along the route were shown on the plan and profile of the 10 kV overhead line section.
Intermediate supports installed on straight sections of the overhead line route are intended only to support wires and are not designed for loads from the tension of wires along the line. In normal operation, intermediate supports absorb vertical and horizontal loads from the mass of wires, insulators, fittings and wind pressure on the wires and support posts. In emergency mode (if one or more wires break), the intermediate supports take the load from the tension of the remaining wires and are subjected to torsion and bending. Therefore, they are calculated with a certain margin of safety. Intermediate supports on the lines account for 80-90%.
Anchor supports installed on straight sections of the route for crossing overhead lines through engineering structures (roads, communication lines) or natural barriers (ravines, rivers) take up the longitudinal load from the difference in tension of wires and cables in adjacent anchor spans. When installing the line, the anchor supports absorb the longitudinal load from the tension of the wires suspended on one side. The design of anchor supports must be rigid and durable.
Corner supports installed at the angles of rotation of the overhead line route, under normal conditions, perceive the resultant forces of tension of wires and cables of adjacent spans, directed along the bisector of the angle of rotation of the line. Corner supports can be intermediate or anchor. Intermediate ones are installed at small angles of rotation of the line, where the loads are small. At large angles of rotation, anchor supports with a more rigid structure are used.
End supports are a type of anchor and are installed at the end or beginning of a line. Under normal line operating conditions, they take the load from the one-sided tension of the wires.
In addition to the considered so-called normal supports, special supports are also installed on power lines:
transposition - to change the order of wires on supports;
branch lines - for arranging branches from the main line;
cross - for crossing overhead lines of two directions;
anti-wind - to enhance the mechanical strength of overhead lines;
transitional - for overhead line crossings through natural obstacles and artificial structures, etc.
Based on the method of fixation in the ground, supports are divided into those installed directly into the ground and onto foundations.
Based on their design, supports are divided into free-standing and guyed. Both types of supports can be single-post and portal. Free-standing supports also include A-shaped supports and supports with struts. Free-standing supports are designed to transfer the loads acting on them directly through the posts to the ground or foundation. Support posts with guy wires transfer only vertical loads to the ground or foundation; transverse and longitudinal (relative to the axis of the overhead line) loads are transmitted to the ground by guys attached to anchor plates.
Depending on the number of wires, both supports and overhead lines can be single-, double-, or multi-circuit.
The supports can be made of wood, reinforced concrete and steel.
Location of wires on supports. The number of wires on the supports may vary. As a rule, each overhead line consists of three phases, therefore, the supports of single-circuit overhead lines with voltages above 1 kV (Fig. 1, a) are designed to suspend three phase wires (2, 3, 5), i.e. one chain; Two parallel circuits are suspended on the supports of double-circuit overhead lines (Fig. 1, b), i.e. six wires (2,3,5 and 6, 7, 8).
Fig.1. Location of wires on overhead line supports:
a - single-chain,
b - double-chain,
c - up to 1 kV,
d, e - when suspended on a single-chain and double-chain in a zigzag pattern;
2, 3, 5, 6. 7, 8 - wires,
4 - lightning protection cable
They also build overhead lines with split phases, on which, instead of one phase wire of a large cross-section, several wires of a smaller cross-section are suspended together. Typically, in each phase of a 6-220 kV overhead line, one wire is suspended, a 330 kV overhead line - two wires located horizontally, a 500 kV overhead line - three wires at the vertices of a triangle, a 750 kV overhead line - four wires at the corners of a square or five wires at the corners of a pentagon and 1150 kV overhead line - eight wires in the corners of the octagon. Split phases make it possible to increase the transmitted power, reduce losses (with the same cross-sectional area of the wires), and in some cases refuse to install vibration dampers.
If necessary, one or two lightning protection cables 4 are suspended above the phase wires.
Overhead line supports up to 1 kV (Fig. 1, c) allow you to hang from 5 to 12 wires to supply power to various consumers on one overhead line (external and internal lighting, power supply, household loads). On overhead lines up to 1 kV with a solidly grounded neutral, in addition to the phase wires, a neutral wire is suspended. In addition, wires of lines of different voltages and purposes can be suspended on the same supports.
The arrangement of wires on supports can be horizontal (in one tier), vertical (one above the other in two or three tiers) and mixed, in which vertically located wires are offset horizontally relative to each other. In addition, on single-circuit supports, the wires are often arranged in a triangle.
A new system for hanging wires on intermediate supports in a zigzag pattern is being developed and improved. In this case, on single-circuit overhead lines (Fig. 1, d), the lower wire 5 on the first support is suspended from the lower crossbeam, and on the second - from the upper one; the lower wire 3 is suspended in reverse: on the first support - to the upper cross-arm, and on the second - to the lower one. The upper wire 2 is attached to the first support on the right side of the upper traverse, and on the second - on the left. The height of the suspension of the lower wires with this scheme increases on average by half the distance between the lower and upper crossarms, which makes it possible to increase the span between the supports or reduce the height of the supports.
Suspension of wires in a zigzag pattern on double-circuit overhead lines (Fig. 1, e) allows you to further increase the length of the spans, but at the same time the design of the supports becomes somewhat more complicated.
Unification and designation of supports. Based on the results of many years of practice in the construction, design and operation of overhead lines, the most appropriate and economical types and designs of supports for the corresponding climatic and geographical regions, overhead line voltages and wire grades are determined and their unification is systematically carried out. At the same time, the number of types of supports and their parts is reduced as much as possible. Many standardized parts can be used both for various types of supports and for overhead line supports of different voltages. Thus, reinforced concrete stepsons for wooden supports of overhead lines of all voltages are taken of one profile - trapezoidal (three standard sizes).
The unification carried out in 1976 adopted the following system for designating metal and reinforced concrete supports of 35-330 kV overhead lines. The letters P and PS indicate intermediate supports, PVS - intermediate with internal connections, PU or PUS - intermediate corner, PP - intermediate transition, U or US - anchor-corner, K or KS - end. The letter B indicates reinforced concrete supports, and its absence indicates that the supports are steel. The numbers 35, 110, 150, 220, etc. following the letters indicate the overhead line voltage, and the numbers following them after the hyphen indicate the standard size of the supports. The letters U and T are added respectively to the designation of intermediate supports used as corner supports and with cable support. For example, the designation PB110-1T is deciphered as follows: intermediate single-circuit single-column reinforced concrete support with a cable resistant for a 110 kV overhead line.
Wooden supports are designated in accordance with the 1968-1970 unification, according to which, after the letters P, U, S and D, meaning intermediate, anchor-corner, special and wooden supports, respectively, there are numbers indicating the overhead line voltage and the conventional number of the standard size of the support ( odd - for single-chain and even - for double-chain). For example, the designation UD220-1 stands for: wooden anchor-corner single-circuit support for 220 kV overhead lines.
The unification of supports allows the use of industrial methods for their assembly and installation using power tools, cranes, drilling machines, as well as organizing mass production of elements at specialized factories, which reduces the construction time of overhead lines.
Reinforced concrete supports
For the construction of overhead lines with voltages up to 750 kV inclusive, reinforced concrete supports are widely used. Currently, the share of overhead lines with reinforced concrete supports is about 80% of the length of all lines under construction.
Reinforced concrete supports have high mechanical strength, are durable and do not require high operating costs. Labor costs for their assembly are significantly lower than for assembling wooden and metal ones. The disadvantage of reinforced concrete supports is their large mass, which increases transportation costs and necessitates the use of heavy-duty cranes during assembly and installation.
In reinforced concrete supports, the main forces in tension are taken by steel reinforcement, and in compression - by concrete. Approximately the same coefficients of thermal expansion of steel and concrete eliminate the appearance of internal stresses in reinforced concrete when temperature changes. A positive quality of reinforced concrete is also the reliable protection of metal reinforcement from corrosion. The disadvantage of reinforced concrete is the formation of cracks in it.
To increase the crack resistance of reinforced concrete structures, prestressing reinforcement is used, which creates additional compression of the concrete. Periodic or round steel wire, rods and seven-wire steel strands are used as reinforcement.
The main elements of reinforced concrete supports are racks, traverses, cable supports and crossbars.
Reinforced concrete posts with annular cross-section (conical and cylindrical) are manufactured using special centrifugal machines (centrifuges) that form and compact concrete. Rectangular racks are made using the vibration method, in which concrete is compacted in forms using vibrators. For power lines with voltages of 110 kV and above, only centrifuged racks are used, and for overhead line supports up to. 35 kV - both centrifuged and vibrated.
Centrifuged conical stands SK are manufactured in six standard sizes with a length of 19.5-26 m (butt diameter 560 and 650 mm), and cylindrical STs are manufactured in seven standard sizes with a length of 22.2-26.4 m (butt diameter 560 mm). The production of new centrifuged cylindrical racks with a length of 20 m and a diameter of 800 mm has begun, on the basis of which free-standing anchor-corner supports for overhead lines up to 330 kV inclusive have been developed, as well as intermediate portal supports 40 m high, consisting of two racks connected by flanges.
The vibrating racks of rectangular section have a length of 16.4 m and the cross-section of the upper and lower parts is 200X200 and 380X380 mm, respectively. For overhead line supports with voltage up to 10 kV, vibrating racks SNV with a length of 9.5 and 11 m with a cross section of the lower part from 170Х 170 to 280Х 185 mm are used, as well as centrifuged conical racks C with a length of 10 and 11 m with a diameter of the lower base of 320-335 mm and the top 170 mm, having through holes for attaching equipment.
Overhead line supports up to 1 kV. On overhead lines up to 1 kV, unified reinforced concrete free-standing single-post (intermediate), as well as single-post with struts and A-shaped (corner, anchor and end) supports are installed. In some cases, anchor and corner supports are assembled from two vertical posts installed side by side.
From vibrating SNV racks, single-post supports and supports with struts are assembled, designed to support from two to nine overhead line wires and two to four radio network wires. All types of supports have steel traverses with welded pins. Racks with a height of 9.5 and 11 m are equipped with embedded parts with holes that allow the traverses to be fastened with one bolt. On these supports you can install outdoor lighting fixtures, cable sleeves and brackets for branch wires.
Fig.2. Reinforced concrete supports for overhead lines up to 1 kV:
a - intermediate,
b - corner,
c - anchor (end);
1 - centrifuged conical stand,
2 - brace,
4 - traverses,
5 - sub-traverses,
6.7 - anchor and base plates
Figure 2, a - c shows reinforced concrete supports with conical centrifuged posts 10.1 m long and wooden cross-beams made of impregnated timber with a section of 100X80 mm. Intermediate supports (Fig. 5, a) consist of racks 1 and traverses 4. In soft soils or with a large number of wires, they are strengthened with crossbars.
Corner A-shaped supports (Fig. 2, b) have two posts of the same length, the tops (Fig. 3) of which are connected to each other by plates 2 and double traverses 3. The traverses are secured to the mounts with through bolts and connected to each other for rigidity by strips 6. On the tensile post (see Fig. 2, b), an anchor plate 6 is installed, which increases the resistance of the support to pull-out, and on the compressed post, a support plate 7 is installed, which reduces the specific load on the ground.
Fig.3. The top. A-shaped corner reinforced concrete support for overhead lines up to 1 kV:
1 - centrifuged racks,
2 - plate,
3 - traverses,
5 - traverse mounting bolts,
6 - strips,
The end A-shaped supports (see Fig. 2, c) are similar in design to the corner ones and differ from them in the fastening of the traverses (sub-traverses 5 are used).
Work is underway to create fiberglass traverses, single-post anchor and corner supports. Some sections of overhead lines with such cross-arms and supports are in pilot operation.
6-10 kV overhead line supports. On 6-10 kV overhead lines, single-post intermediate, single-post with struts and A-shaped - corner, end and anchor supports are used. Single-post intermediate supports made of vibrating START posts (Fig. 4, a) are equipped with a traverse 2, designed for hanging three aluminum wires with a cross-section of up to 120 mm. On single-post corner supports with a brace (Fig. 4, b) and anchor supports made from the same posts, the struts 5 are secured with metal brackets 4, and the wires are mounted on steel cross-beams 3, separate for each phase.
Fig.4. Reinforced concrete single-column supports of 6-10 kV overhead lines:
a - intermediate,
b - corner with a strut;
1 - stand,
2, 3 - steel traverses.
4 - bracket for fastening the strut
Single-post intermediate, as well as corner, end and anchor A-shaped supports made of centrifuged posts have standard wooden cross-beams with a cross-section of 100X80 mm (they are secured with through bolts and braces), as well as apical pins.
35-500 kV overhead line supports. On 35-500 kV overhead lines, unified free-standing and guyed single-post and portal supports are used (Fig. 5, a - c), the main elements of which are post 1, traverses 2 and cable post 3. Post 1 has a waterproofing of the lower part at a length of 3.2 m, made with asphalt bitumen varnish. To prevent moisture from getting inside the rack, caps are installed at its ends. The bottom cover, in addition, increases the support area of the rack, which increases the strength of its embedding in the ground. In the upper part of the rack there are through holes for fastening crossbars. Inside, along the rack in concrete, a special grounding descent is laid.
Fig.5. Intermediate reinforced concrete supports:
a, b - single-rack single- and double-circuit for 35-220 kV overhead lines, portal with a metal crossarm for 330 kV overhead lines,
2 - traverses,
3 - cable stand,
The traverses are attached to the rack with through bolts (Fig. 6, a) or clamps (Fig. 6, b). Holes are made in the traverses and cable racks for installing special brackets, clamps, rollers, to which the coupling fittings - earrings or brackets - are attached. The cable supports have a welded metal structure and are attached to the rack with clamps.
Fig.6. Attaching traverses to the posts of reinforced concrete supports:
a - through bolts;
b - clamps
On 35-220 kV overhead lines, reinforced concrete single-column free-standing single- and double-circuit supports with conical and cylindrical racks are installed as intermediate ones (Fig. 5, a, b), and on 330-500 kV overhead lines - single-circuit portal ones with metal traverses (see Fig. .5, c).
Single-column reinforced concrete supports with guy wires are used as corner anchor supports on 35-110 kV overhead lines, and metal ones on higher voltage lines.
In recent years, on 110-330 kV overhead lines, single-column free-standing reinforced concrete supports with posts with a diameter of 800 mm have begun to be used as corner anchor supports.
Metal supports
Metal supports are usually made of steel, and sometimes of aluminum alloys. The great mechanical strength of steel allows you to create powerful and high metal supports that can withstand enormous mechanical loads. However, such supports are much more expensive than reinforced concrete and wooden ones. In addition, their disadvantage is their low corrosion resistance. Supports made of aluminum alloys are less susceptible to environmental influences, but their high cost limits their widespread use.
The scope of application of metal supports is practically unlimited. Steel supports are installed on power transmission lines of all voltages passing in areas with severe climatic conditions, on hard-to-reach routes and in mountainous areas. Corner and anchor metal supports are installed on 110-500 kV overhead lines together with intermediate reinforced concrete ones, and also as transitional ones on long-distance crossings.
Essential elements. Steel supports can be single-column (tower) or portal in design, and free-standing or guyed in the method of fastening to foundations. In this case, single-column supports with dimensions of the lower part larger than the width of the railway car (2.7 m) are called wide-base, and smaller ones - narrow-base. The main elements of the metal supports (Fig. 7) are the trunk 1, the traverses 2 and the cable support 3. Some supports have guy wires 4.
Fig.7. Intermediate metal supports:
A. b - free-standing single- and double-circuit tower type,
c - single-chain with guys;
2 - traverse,
3 - cable stand,
4 - guy lines,
5 - anchor plate
The barrel (Fig. 8) is usually a tetrahedral truncated lattice pyramid made of rolled steel profiles (angle, strip, sheet), and consists of a belt 1, a lattice 2 and a diaphragm 3. The lattice, in turn, has brace rods and spacers, as well as additional connections.
Fig.8. Metal support barrel elements:
2 - grille,
3- aperture
Connections between the belts, diaphragms and brace rods with the belts can be welded (overlapping) or bolted (Fig. 9, a, b).
Fig.9. Connection of brace rods with the support belt;
a - overlap,
b - bolts
Depending on the method of connecting the elements, supports are divided into welded and bolted and, accordingly, are manufactured in the form of separate spatial sections or small flat galvanized elements with holes for subsequent assembly on the overhead line. Sections of welded supports are assembled at the installation site using plates and bolts. Elements of bolted supports, as well as bolts, washers and other parts, are shipped from factories as a set.
When transporting welded supports, the load capacity of the machines is used extremely low (no more than 10-30%). Bolted supports are economical in transportation, but require a significant increase in labor costs for assembly (1.5-2 times).
The crossbars of single-post supports have a conventional flat frame or spatial design and are made of channels. To suspend lightning protection cables, a cable support in the form of a lattice truncated pyramid is installed at the top of the support trunk. The cable supports of the portal supports are usually attached to the trebps. At the ends of the traverses and cable stands of metal supports there are holes or special parts are installed for attaching coupling fittings.
The trunk belts of free-standing supports end at the bottom with support shoes - heels, which are attached to the foundations with anchor bolts (Fig. 10, a). The support trunks with guys are attached to the foundations with special hinged feet (Fig. 10, b). Guys of such supports are attached with one side to the traverses (or trunk), and the other - to the anchor plates (Fig. 10, c). The attachment points for the guy ropes to the anchor plates allow you to adjust the length and tension of the guys.
Fig. 10. Fastening the shoes (heels) of free-standing metal supports (a), with guy wire (b) and guy wire to the anchor plate (c)
Metal support structures. The main types of metal supports for 35-500 kV overhead lines are single-column, free-standing, single-circuit and double-circuit with vertical wires, as well as portal ones with guys. For single-circuit lines running along hard-to-reach routes, single-post supports with guys have been developed.
Intermediate supports of 35-110 kV overhead lines (see Fig. 7, a, b) are made single- and double-circuit. Free-standing intermediate supports have a welded upper part of a rectangular structure with parallel chords. The lower sections are bolted. The wires on a single-circuit support are arranged in a triangle, and on a double-circuit support - in a “barrel”. Crossbars for double-chain supports are of the same type as for single-chain ones. On cable sections of overhead lines, cable supports are mounted at the top of the trunk. The supports are secured to the foundation with two anchor bolts located on each of the four footrests.
Intermediate supports with guys (see Fig. 7, c) are used only on single-circuit 110 kV overhead lines. These supports have three double split guys. The lower ends of the two guys are attached in pairs to a common anchor, and the upper ends are attached to the middle of the lower traverses. The third guy, located in the traverse plane, is attached directly to the trunk from the side where the two traverses are located (upper and lower). The guy lines are positioned at an angle of 120° to one another.
Intermediate supports of 220 and 330 kV overhead lines are similar to 110 kV supports shown in Fig. 7, a, b, and usually have a bolted structure, with the exception of some welded parts (for example, support shoes, traverses), but differ from 110 kV supports in the distance between wires and traverse length. In addition, on 330 kV lines, portal intermediate supports with guys are used.
Anchor corner supports of 35-330 kV overhead lines are made of free-standing tower type. Due to heavy loads, the transverse dimensions of the trunk of these supports are significantly increased, and the height of the suspension of the lower wire is reduced.
Painting and galvanizing of supports. To protect against corrosion, metal supports are painted at the manufacturing plants by dipping the finished welded sections into a paint bath. Less commonly, paint is applied with brushes or pneumatic spray guns. Sometimes the supports are painted at the installation site. For priming and painting supports, oil paint, varnishes with aluminum powder and enamels are used.
A more reliable protection of steel supports from corrosion is hot-dip galvanizing. Pre-degreased structures are cleaned in a pickling bath with a sulfuric acid solution, washed with hot running water, coated with flux and lowered into a vertical cylindrical bath with molten lead. At the top of the bath, a layer of molten zinc floats on the surface of the lead. When rising from the bath, the lead-heated structure passes through a layer of liquid zinc, which forms a film with a thickness of 0.10-0.12 mm on its surface.
The method of protecting the support metal from corrosion in many cases determines the choice of the type of connection of the lattice elements. Thus, the painting of supports allows the use of both bolted and welded connections, including overlapping ones with welding of elements on both sides. At the same time, hot-dip galvanizing does not allow overlapping parts to be welded, since the acid used to etch the elements before galvanizing can flow into their gaps and subsequently destroy the joint.
Due to the scarcity of zinc, pilot industrial implementation of aluminum coatings has begun, the mechanical strength and adhesion of which are not inferior to zinc.
Degree of readiness of metal supports. The number of parts and components sent from the factory determines the degree (group) of factory readiness of the support and characterizes the amount of work on its assembly on the overhead line route:
Group I - individual elements (in bulk) or individual parts of sections arrive from the factory; on the overhead line route, supports are assembled from bolted elements and parts;
Group II - separate spatial sections and support parts arrive from the factory; on the overhead line route, enlarged and general assembly with bolts is carried out;
Group III - entire main parts are supplied from the factory and do not require extensive assembly on the highway; General assembly is carried out using bolts.
Each element or part of a support sent by the factory has a code called a shipping mark. When completing and assembling supports on the route, they use the so-called dispatch album, which contains drawings of the dispatch marks of the supports.
Wooden supports
The widespread use of wooden supports is mainly due to the low cost of wood, its fairly high mechanical strength, as well as its natural round assortment, which ensures simplicity of construction and the least resistance to wind loads. The high electrical insulating properties of wood make it possible to use fewer pendant insulators on wooden supports than on metal or reinforced concrete ones, and on overhead lines up to 10 kV use light and cheap pin insulators. In addition, in some cases there is no need to hang a lightning protection cable and ground these supports. Reinforced concrete stepsons or piles are used as foundations for wooden supports.
Wooden supports are approximately 1.5 times cheaper than reinforced concrete and metal ones, but less durable. To extend their service life, the wood of the supports is subjected to anti-rot treatment (antiseptic treatment) at special factories. Promising is the use of supports made of laminated wood, the designs of which have been developed recently. Such wood is made from pine boards, impregnated with an oil antiseptic and glued together. The use of laminated wood allows you to increase the service life of supports, eliminate hidden defects, and also use short-length posts.
In the Russian Federation and other countries rich in forest resources (USA, Canada, Sweden, Finland), overhead lines with voltages up to 220 kV are built on wooden supports. In the USA, experimental sections of 330 and 460 kV overhead lines were built on wooden supports, and in the Russian Federation, similar supports were developed for 330 and 500 kV overhead lines.
Technical properties of wood. For the manufacture of wooden supports, pine, larch and, less commonly, spruce are used. Pine and larch wood contains a lot of resin and therefore resists moisture well. The support posts are made from tree trunks. The lower part of the trunk is called the butt, and the upper, thinner part is called the cut. The natural taper of the trunk from cut to butt is called runaway.
The strength of wood largely depends on humidity. When the humidity in wooden supports decreases due to wood shrinkage, the connections are broken: the nuts and bands become loose. To obtain wood suitable for making supports (with a moisture content of 18-22%), it is dried. The main method is atmospheric, i.e. natural air drying, which, although time-consuming, gives the best results. In recent years, high-temperature drying of wood in petrolatum, as well as drying with high-frequency currents, have been used.
The strength of wood is also affected by rot, knots, cracks, cross-grain and other damage. The most dangerous defect is rot, which occurs from wood infestation with fungi. Rotten wood becomes covered with small cracks, becomes rotten and disintegrates with a slight blow. The most intense decay occurs at a temperature of 20-35 ° C and a humidity of 25-30%.
To protect against rotting, the wood is impregnated with oily and mineral antiseptics. Pine lends itself best to impregnation; The outer layers of larch and spruce are impregnated with antiseptics very poorly. As oily antiseptics, pure creosote oil or creosote oil mixed with fuel oil, which serves as a solvent, is usually used. The disadvantages of oily antiseptics are their harmful effects on human skin and mucous membranes, as well as flammability. Oily antiseptics are used to impregnate the finished elements of wooden supports at the factory.
When assembling supports on the route, all areas subjected to treatment are additionally coated with safer mineral antiseptics: sodium fluoride, dinitrophenol, uralite, which are diluted in water. In a number of foreign countries (USA, Canada), a solution of pentachlorophenol in fuel oil or kerosene is widely used to impregnate wood. Other synthetic materials are also being developed and tested to simultaneously serve as an antiseptic and protect wood from fire.
The average lifespan of untreated wood is approximately five years. Impregnation of the pillars with oily antiseptics increases this period to 15-25 years. Therefore, for overhead line supports, it is allowed to use only factory-impregnated pine and spruce logs, and in exceptional cases, unimpregnated air-dried larch with a moisture content of no more than 25%. Supports for temporary overhead lines (for example, for power supply to construction sites, dredgers, etc.) can also be made from unimpregnated poles. In all cases, the diameter of the logs in the upper section of the main elements of the supports (racks, stepsons and traverses) must be for overhead lines 1, 6-35, 110 kV and above, respectively, at least 14, 16 and 18 cm. The diameter of the pillars for auxiliary elements for overhead lines up to 1 kV must be at least 12 cm, and for overhead lines above 1 kV - at least 14 cm.
The disadvantage of wooden supports is their relatively easy flammability, which can be caused by fires, lightning strikes and leakage currents that occur when insulators become dirty or breakdown. To protect against ground fires, clear an area of grass and bushes with a radius of 2 m around each support or dig it in with a fire ditch 0.4 m deep and 0.6 m wide. Leakage currents usually cause fire of the support in the places where insulators are attached to the crossbeam or where wooden parts are connected . Good tightening of the bolts and tight fit of the metal parts to the wood ensure a reduction in electrical resistance and a reduction in leakage currents to safe values. Abroad, to protect supports from fire, chemical compounds (fire retardants) are used to increase the fire resistance of wood.
Power line supports up to 1 kV. On overhead lines up to 1 kV, unified wooden supports of three types are installed: single-post (Fig. 11, a, b), single-post with struts (Fig. 11, c) and A-shaped (Fig. 11, d). Single-post supports are used as intermediate ones, and single-post supports with struts and A-shaped (so-called complex) are used as corner, anchor, end and branch supports. Two series of such supports have been developed: for hanging 5-8 and 8-12 wires with fastening on hooks and pins, respectively.
Fig. 11. Wooden supports for overhead lines up to 1 kV:
a, b - single-post intermediate with fastening of wires on hooks and pins,
c - single-post corner with a tray and fastening of wires on hooks,
d - A-shaped corner with fastening of wires on pins:
1 - attachment,
2 - stand,
5, 6 - traverse and its brace,
7 - support strut,
8 - crossbar
The main elements of supports of all types are posts 2, attachments 1 and struts 7. The posts and struts are made of impregnated wooden pillars 6.5-11 km long with a diameter in the upper section of at least 14 cm. To increase the service life of supports, as a rule, they are used standard reinforced concrete attachments PT with a length of 4.25 and 6 m, and in some cases wooden ones with a length of 4.5 m. Supports without attachments are also installed (with solid racks and struts). In weak soils, the strength of the supports is increased by fixing reinforced concrete slabs or wooden crossbars in their bases 8.
To pair (Fig. 12, a - c) wooden 3 and reinforced concrete 9 attachments with racks 1, wire bands 2 and fitting clamps 6 are used. Bandages for single-post supports are made of eight turns of galvanized steel wire with a diameter of 4-6 mm, and for complex ones - of 12 and tightened by twisting or tightening bolts 5 with shaped washers 4. The mating length of the racks of single-column supports with wooden and reinforced concrete attachments is 1350 and 1050 mm, respectively, and for complex ones - 1500 and 1350 mm.
Fig. 12. Interfacing of attachments with racks of overhead line supports up to 10 kV:
A. b - wooden wire bandages,
c - reinforced concrete fitting clamps;
1 - stand,
2 - wire bandage,
3, 9 - wooden and reinforced concrete attachments.
4 - bandage washer,
5 - coupling bolt,
6 - fitting clamp
8 - bar
The struts with the posts and the tops of the A-shaped supports are connected with bolts. Traverses are made of impregnated wood and equipped with pins and braces. Standard traverses have a rectangular section of 100x80 mm; round cross-sections with a diameter of 140 mm are used only on end supports with 12 wires. The traverses are fastened to the racks with a through bolt and two braces (see Fig. 11, b).
The distance between the wires on the traverses of intermediate supports should be 400 mm, and on corner and anchor supports - 550 mm. The hooks on the supports are placed on both sides of the rack in a checkerboard pattern; in this case, the distance between them (on one side) should be 400 and 600 mm, respectively, on intermediate and complex supports. The upper hook is installed at a distance of 200 mm from the top of the support.
6-10 kV overhead line supports. On 6-10 kV overhead lines, unified free-standing wooden supports of three types are installed: single-column - intermediate; A - shaped - end, anchor, branch; three-post (A-shaped with struts) - corner anchor. A-shaped trusses of anchor and end supports are installed along the axis of the overhead line, and corner trusses are installed along the bisector of the angle of rotation of the line.
Figure 13 shows the main types of wooden supports for 6-10 kV overhead lines with reinforced concrete and wooden attachments and suspension of wires on hooks and crossarms. Single-post supports (Fig. 13, a) consist of a rack 2, an attachment 1 and hooks 3. To hang wires of large cross-sections, instead of hooks, install a traverse 6 with pins 4 and a head 5 (Fig. 13, b). A-shaped and three-post supports (Fig. 13, c - e), in addition to the racks and attachments, have sub-traverses 9, with the help of which the traverses are attached to the racks, as well as crossbars 10 (reinforcing the rigidity of the A-shaped truss), crossbars 8 and struts 11. In addition, 11 m long supports without attachments (with solid racks) are installed on 6-10 kV overhead lines.
Fig. 13. Wooden supports for 6-10 kV overhead lines:
a, b - intermediate with fastening of wires on hooks and on a traverse with a head,
c - angular intermediate with fastening of wires on a traverse,
g - liqueur,
d - corner anchor;
1 - attachment.
2 - stand.
5 - head.
6 - traverse,
7 - brace,
8 - crossbar,
9 - sub-traverse,
10 - cross member,
11 - strut
The details of supports of all types are unified: the posts are 8.5 m long, the reinforced concrete attachments are 4.25 and 6 m, the wooden attachments are 4.5 m. From the parts of the corner anchor supports (Fig. 13, e) you can assemble an anchor
Routing
Installation of overhead line supports
- General requirements. 4
- The order of work. 6
- The need for machines and mechanisms, technological equipment and materials. eleven
- Team composition by profession... 11
- Solutions for labor protection, industrial and fire safety. 12
- Operational quality control scheme. 24
- Schemes of work execution. 26
- Reference list. thirty
1. General requirements
The technological map has been developed for the implementation of a set of works for the installation of supports along the route of a 10 kV power transmission line during the construction of the facility. The technological map has been developed in accordance with the requirements of the following regulatory and technical documentation:
- SNiP 12-03-2001. Occupational safety in construction. Part 1 General requirements;
- SNiP 12-04-2002. Occupational safety in construction. Part 2 Construction production;
- SP 12-136-2002. Occupational safety in construction. Solutions for labor protection and industrial safety in construction management projects and work execution projects;
- SP 126.13330.2012 Geodetic work in construction. Updated version of SNiP 3.01.03-84;
- SP 45.13330.2012 Earthworks, bases and foundations. Updated version of SNiP 3.02.01-87;
- SP 48.13330.2011 Organization of construction. Updated edition
SNiP 12-01-2004; - SNiP 3.05.06-85 Electrical devices
- Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 384-FZ of December 30, 2009 “Technical Regulations on the Safety of Buildings and Structures”
- SP 20.13330.2011 Loads and impacts. Updated edition
SNiP 2.01.07-85; - SP 52-101-2003 Concrete and reinforced concrete structures without prestressing reinforcement;
- OR-91.200.00-KTN-108-16 “The procedure for carrying out construction control of the customer when performing construction and installation work at the facilities of Transneft system organizations.”
- OR-91.040.00-KTN-109-16 “Requirements for quality services of construction contractors at the facilities of Transneft system organizations.”
- OR-91.010.30-KTN-111-12 “Procedure for developing projects for the construction, technical re-equipment and reconstruction of main oil pipelines and oil product pipelines.”
- RD-93.010.00-KTN-011-15 Main pipeline transport of oil and petroleum products. Construction and installation work performed on the linear part of main pipelines
- OR-91.200.00-KTN-201-14 Main pipeline transport of oil and petroleum products. The procedure for organizing and implementing construction control over compliance with design decisions and the quality of construction of underwater crossings of MN and MNPP
2. Work procedure
Work on installing overhead line supports should be carried out in the following sequence:
- route breakdown;
- preparation of entrances to the installation sites of supports;
- planning of sites for horizontal installation of mechanisms;
- preparation of the support installation site;
- support layout;
- enlarged assembly of support structures;
- installation of supports using a truck crane on a foundation with fastening;
Structures manufactured at factories are delivered to the storage site, where they are received and prepared for installation.
It is necessary to carry out incoming inspection of all structural elements entering construction. Incoming quality control is carried out in order to prevent the launch into production of products that do not meet the requirements of design and regulatory and technical documentation, supply contracts and permit protocols in accordance with GOST 2.124-2014 “ESKD. Procedure for using purchased products."
Before installing the support, the following work must be completed:
- the construction of the foundations has been completed;
- the assembly of the support is completed and it is secured to the foundation with mounting hinges;
- all rigging for lifting supports must be prepared in advance and, if necessary, tested in accordance with labor protection rules.
Work on mounted structures is allowed only after they are finally secured.
The installation of overhead line supports is preceded by a set of organizational and technical measures, basic and preparatory work:
– receive working documentation;
– obtain permission to carry out work;
Appoint a person responsible for high-quality and safe work and safe operation of cranes;
– provide access roads;
Familiarize equipment operators with working drawings and work plans;
Provide the workplaces of equipment drivers with first aid and fire-fighting equipment;
– organize incoming control of incoming materials;
– check how the entrances to the pickets are arranged for vehicles and machinery;
– install foundations for this type of support;
– clear the installation site of trees, stumps, bushes and other objects that interfere with the work.
The dimensions of the installation site should be determined depending on the type of support and foundation. When determining the size of the site, you should also take into account the space for laying out, assembling and installing the support.
Assembly of metal supports
Enlarged assembly
The assembly of large-sized supports on the route is usually preceded by the enlarged assembly of their individual parts (trunks, sections, gravers, struts, etc.).
The enlarged assembly includes:
– preliminary laying out of sections; their connection with temporary assembly bolts;
– connection with design bolts;
– verification of the assembled structure.
The enlarged assembly of bolt-type supports is carried out on the lower edge and using the parallel edges method.
In the first case, the lower waist corners of the lower section are attached with hinges to two footrests from the side of the support layout. At the upper and lower ends of the waist corners, transverse diaphragms are installed, to which, in turn, two other waist corners are attached. After this, lattice braces are installed and secured between the waist corners, first in the side, and then in the lower and upper edges of the section. The waist corners of the next section are attached to the upper elements of the first section, and then the grid is filled in the same sequence. The remaining sections of the trunk are assembled in the same way, increasing the support from the bottom up - from the foundation to the top.
In the second case, the waist corners of the lower section are laid out in pairs on pads in a horizontal plane. Then, the side edges of the section are assembled from the lattice elements on each pair of corners, they are bent with cranes and installed vertically, after which the upper and lower edges are assembled, attaching the corresponding lattice elements to the waist corners. The heels of the lower section are installed in hinges on two footrests. Other sections are assembled in the same way.
General assembly
The order of general assembly is determined mainly by the design of the support and the readiness of the foundation. The technology for general assembly is the same as for enlarged assembly.
The general assembly of single-post supports consists of assembling the barrel from sections and attaching a traverse and a cable support to it. First, the lower section of the trunk is hinged on two footings of the foundation and the middle section is attached to it, for which they grab it with a crane and bring it closer to the lower one, align the joints and connect the sections with temporary mounting bolts.
Some supports are immediately assembled using design bolts.
In the same way, the following sections and the cable stand are connected into the barrel. After assembling the barrel, traverses are attached to it: first the lower ones, then the middle ones and finally the upper ones.
The assembled support is verified according to the drawings, defects in individual elements are corrected and damaged paint is restored.
During the general assembly of portal-type supports, first, the heels of both trunks are secured in hinges on the footboards of the foundation, the trunks are assembled, a traverse is attached to them, a strut and cable supports are installed, and the dimensions are checked.
In hard-to-reach places or cramped conditions, supports can be assembled by vertically building up elements from the bottom up using a crane.
When assembling metal supports, mechanized (electric or pneumatic impact wrenches, drills, punches) and hand tools, as well as various devices, are widely used.
Data on the assembly and alignment of supports is entered into a log, which is signed by the foreman (or construction and installation foreman) and the assembly foreman.
To level the support, it is allowed to install shims between the fifth support and the foundation. The dimensions of the pads must be at least 150×150 mm. The total height of the pads should not exceed 40 mm and no more than 4 plates. After alignment, the linings are welded to the heel of the support.
Anchor and corner supports
The supervisor of the work on lifting the support must, before starting work, check the compliance of the dimensions at the centers of the anchor bolts of the foundation (footboards) with the dimensions of the support, and also check the vertical marks of the foundations.
If deviations exceeding the established tolerances are detected, the support may be lifted only after the defects have been eliminated.
Installation of supports on foundations is planned to be done using a truck crane.
The sequence of installing the support with a crane:
– the truck crane is installed in the position for lifting the support;
– above the center of gravity (counting from the base of the support) the slings are attached;
– ropes (guy wires) 20-25 m long and 30-50 mm in diameter are attached to the base of the support;
– the support is raised to a vertical position 20-30 cm above the piles and, using guy ropes, the support shoe is directed to the base of the foundation and aligned;
– the support is installed strictly in a vertical position and secured;
– verticality is controlled using a theodolite;
– after the support is securely fastened to the foundation, the slings are released.
The installation of anchor-corner supports, which is the final stage of the main construction work, begins if there is a sufficient number of assembled supports and ready-made foundations. It is impossible to skip individual supports, since this, firstly, does not allow the installation of wires in the anchor span, and, secondly, leads to significant loss of time for the team to return.
Installation of supports consists of preparatory work, lifting, alignment, securing supports and dismantling of auxiliary equipment and fixtures.
Preparatory work includes the arrangement of machines and mechanisms. Lifting a support involves bringing it into a vertical position using machines and mechanisms. During alignment, the raised support is installed in the position that it should occupy according to the design. After fastening to the foundation, the support acquires design stability and is ready for installation of wires. The work is completed by dismantling the equipment and rigging and moving to the next support.
The most rational and economical way to install a support is with a crane, which requires a minimum amount of preparatory work, rigging and mechanisms.
Alignment and fastening of supports. The raised support must be aligned, that is, brought to a position in which its axis is vertical and the crossarms are at an angle of 90° to the axis of the overhead line. All supports must be located within the alignment of the line. The traverses of the corner supports must be directed along the bisector of the angle of rotation of the overhead line.
Control the alignment with a theodolite and plumb line. After alignment, the supports are finally secured to the foundations.
Metal free-standing supports are secured with nuts to the anchor bolts of the foundations. On intermediate supports, one nut is installed per bolt, and on anchor and corner supports, two are installed, followed by re-punching, after tightening the nuts, the threads of the anchor bolts to a depth of at least 3 mm.
After alignment of the supports, grounding is connected to the support through the plates using bolted connections.
Removing sling ropes and devices is permitted only when the support is secured.
The installation of supports is documented in a journal in which deviations of supports and their elements from the design position and other data are recorded.
3. The need for machines and mechanisms, technological equipment and materials
The equipment specified in Table 3.1 and further in the text of this technological map can be replaced by the Contractor with similar equipment available at the time of work based on the required productivity and technical characteristics.
4. Team composition by profession
The composition of the brigade is shown in table 4.1
Table 4.1
5. Solutions for labor protection, industrial and fire safety
When performing work, the following requirements must be observed:
– SNiP 12-03-2001 “Labor safety in construction. Part 1. General requirements";
– SNiP 12-04-2002 “Labor safety in construction. Part 2. Construction production";
– VSN 31-81. Instructions for construction work in security zones of main pipelines of the Ministry of Petroleum Industry;
– SP 12-136-2002. Solutions for labor protection and industrial safety in construction management projects and work execution projects;
– GOST R 12.4.026-2015 System of occupational safety standards. Signal colors, safety signs and signal markings. Purpose and rules of use. General technical requirements and characteristics. Test methods;
– SP 36.13330.2012 Code of rules “Trunk pipelines”
– SP 52.13330.2011 Set of rules “Natural and artificial lighting”
– Safety regulations for the construction of main steel pipelines;
– Rules for labor protection during construction (Order of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation dated June 1, 2015 N 336n);
– Rules for labor protection when working with tools and devices (Order of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation dated August 17, 2015 N 552n);
– RD-13.110.00-KTN-260-14 “Main pipeline transport of oil and petroleum products. Safety rules for the operation of facilities of JSC AK Transneft";
Persons at least 18 years of age who have no medical contraindications for performing this type of work, who have the appropriate qualifications, who are allowed to work independently in the prescribed manner, and who have an electrical safety group of at least II are allowed to work. The person responsible for carrying out the work must have an electrical safety group no lower than that of the subordinate operational personnel.
Before starting work, personnel must put on overalls and safety shoes, PPE appropriate for weather conditions, in accordance with approved standards, and a helmet with a chin strap. Overalls, safety shoes and personal protective equipment must be in good working order, fastened with all buttons and fasteners. It is not allowed to perform work in workwear and personal protective equipment contaminated with flammable or toxic materials or with expired wear.
Workers allowed to install supports are required to comply with the requirements of the labor protection instructions, as well as the requirements of the manufacturers' instructions for the operation of the equipment, tools, and technological equipment used.
Installers must be provided with protective clothing, safety footwear and other protective equipment in accordance with Standard Industry Standards.
Before leaving for work, the foreman must personally inspect the tools, safety belts, rigging devices, protective equipment, ropes, cables, etc. necessary for the work of the team. in accordance with the requirements placed on them.
The installer is only required to carry out work that is assigned to him by his supervisor and provided that the safe means of doing it are well known. If working conditions at the workplace threaten the life and health of an employee, he may refuse to perform work.
An installer who discovers a malfunction in the mechanisms, rigging devices and in the structures of the support prepared for installation must immediately stop work and report this to the work manager. Without his permission, starting work on lifting the support is prohibited.
Workers involved in lifting the support must stand in places previously specified by the supervisor of the installation of supports. Only the work manager is allowed to approach the support for inspection and inspection during lifting. The approach paths to the support must be free of any objects that could prevent the worker, if necessary, from quickly moving to a safe distance equal to one and a half height of the support from the middle of the foundation.
The support should be approached from the side where the traction cables are located (the lifting side). When installing supports in winter, the installation site with a radius equal to one and a half height of the support must be cleared of snow to ensure a free approach to the support and safe work. It is prohibited to carry out work on an area that has not been cleared of snow. The installer is prohibited from climbing onto the support until it is completely secured.
Labor protection requirements when organizing and carrying out work at height
During the production of enlarged assembly and installation of overhead line supports, high-risk work includes work at height.
Persons over the age of eighteen are allowed to work at height.
In accordance with current legislation, workers performing work at height must undergo mandatory preliminary (upon entry to work) and periodic medical examinations.
Workers performing work at height must have qualifications appropriate to the nature of the work performed. The level of qualification is confirmed by a document on professional education (training) and (or) qualifications.
Workers are allowed to work at height after:
a) training and testing knowledge of labor protection requirements;
b) training in safe methods and techniques for performing work at height.
The employer (the person authorized by him) is obliged to organize, before starting work at height, training in safe methods and techniques for performing work at height for workers:
a) those allowed to work at height for the first time;
b) transferred from other jobs, if these employees have not previously received appropriate training;
c) having a break in work at height for more than one year.
Workers who perform work at height using scaffolding, as well as on sites with protective fences 1.1 m high or more, and who have successfully passed the test of knowledge and acquired skills based on the results of training in safe methods and techniques for performing work at height, are issued a certificate of permission to work at height.
Workers allowed to work without the use of scaffolding, performed at a height of 5 m or more, and also performed at a distance of less than 2 m from unfenced differences in height of more than 5 m on sites in the absence of protective fences or with a height of protective fences of less than 1, 1 m, on the instructions of the employer, a work permit issued on a special form is issued to carry out work.
Workers allowed to work without the use of scaffolding, performed at a height of 5 m or more, and also performed at a distance of less than 2 m from unfenced differences in height of more than 5 m on sites in the absence of protective fences or with a height of protective fences of less than 1, 1 m, as well as workers organizing technical, technological or organizational measures during the specified work at height, are divided into the following 3 groups for the safety of work at height (hereinafter referred to as groups):
Group 1 – workers allowed to work as part of a team or under the direct supervision of an employee appointed by order of the employer (hereinafter referred to as Group 1 workers);
Group 2 – foremen, foremen, internship supervisors, as well as workers appointed by work permit as responsible performers of work at height (hereinafter referred to as workers of group 2);
Group 3 – workers appointed by the employer to be responsible for organizing and safely carrying out work at height, as well as for conducting briefings, drawing up an action plan for the evacuation and rescue of workers in the event of an emergency and during rescue operations; workers performing maintenance and periodic inspection of personal protective equipment (hereinafter referred to as PPE); workers issuing permits; responsible managers of work at heights performed under work permit; officials whose powers include approving the work plan at height (hereinafter referred to as employees of group 3).
Group 3 workers also include specialists who provide training in working at height, as well as members of certification commissions of organizations that provide training in safe methods and techniques for performing work at height, and employers.
Periodic training of workers of groups 1 and 2 in safe methods and techniques for performing work at height is carried out at least once every 3 years.
Periodic training of Group 3 workers in safe methods and techniques for performing work at height is carried out at least once every 5 years.
It is not allowed to perform work at height:
a) in open places with an air flow (wind) speed of 15 m/s or more;
b) in case of a thunderstorm or fog, excluding visibility within the work front, as well as in case of ice from icy structures and in cases of growth of a wall of ice on wires, equipment, engineering structures (including power line supports), trees;
c) when installing (dismantling) structures with a large windage at a wind speed of 10 m/s or more.
At workplaces, the supply of materials containing harmful, flammable and explosive substances should not exceed shift requirements.
During breaks in work, technological devices, tools, materials and other small items located in the workplace must be secured or removed.
Storage and transportation of materials is carried out based on the instructions of the materials manufacturer.
After finishing work or a shift, leaving materials, tools or equipment at the workplace is not allowed. Bulky devices must be secured.
The design of ladders and stepladders must prevent them from moving or tipping over during operation. The lower ends of ladders and stepladders should have sharp-pointed fittings for installation on the ground.
The upper ends of ladders attached to pipes or wires are equipped with special hooks that prevent the ladder from falling due to wind pressure or accidental shocks.
Suspended ladders used to work on structures or wires must have devices that ensure that the ladders are firmly secured to structures or wires.
When using an extension ladder or stepladders, the following is not allowed:
a) work from the top two steps of stepladders that do not have railings or stops;
b) have more than one person on the steps of a ladder or stepladder;
c) lift and lower a load along a ladder and leave a tool on it.
It is not allowed to work on portable ladders and stepladders:
a) over rotating (moving) mechanisms, working machines, conveyors;
b) using electric and pneumatic tools, construction and installation guns;
c) when performing gas welding, gas flame and electric welding work;
d) when tensioning wires and to support heavy parts at height.
When moving a ladder by two workers, it must be carried with its tips backwards, warning oncoming people of the danger. When carrying a ladder by one worker, it must be in an inclined position so that its front end is raised above the ground by at least 2 m.
Equipment, mechanisms, hand mechanized and other tools, inventory, devices and materials used when performing work at height must be used with safety measures to prevent them from falling (placement in bags and pouches, fastening, slinging, placement at a sufficient distance from the border changes in heights or fastening to a worker’s safety harness).
Tools, equipment, devices and materials weighing more than 10 kg must be suspended on a separate rope with an independent anchor device.
After finishing work at height, equipment, mechanisms, small-scale mechanization, and hand tools must be removed from the height.
All lifting machines, mechanisms and devices, including winches, pulleys, blocks, hoists, lifting devices, lifting devices and containers, construction lifts (towers), facade lifts are registered in the prescribed manner, put into operation, and subject to periodic inspections and technical inspections , are provided with technical maintenance, and appropriate supervision and control is established over their technical condition and operating conditions.
Each lifting mechanism and device must have documentation provided for by the relevant technical regulations, standards or technical specifications for manufacturing.
Each lifting mechanism and lifting device must be clearly marked in a visible location indicating the maximum safe working load.
Safety requirements for steeplejack operations
Climbing work is classified as high-risk work and is carried out according to a permit, which must provide for organizational and technical measures for the preparation and safe performance of this work.
Installer's claws must meet the established requirements and are intended for work on wooden and wooden with reinforced concrete stepson supports of power and communication lines, on reinforced concrete supports of overhead power lines (OHT), as well as on cylindrical reinforced concrete supports with a diameter of 250 mm of OHL.
Installer's manholes are designed for climbing onto reinforced concrete supports of rectangular cross-section of overhead lines, universal manholes are designed for climbing onto unified reinforced concrete cylindrical and conical supports of overhead lines.
Claws and manholes must withstand a static load of 1765 N (180 kgf) without permanent deformation.
The service life of claws and manholes (except for spikes) is established in the manufacturer’s documentation, but not more than 5 years.
On the foot of the claw, the hole should be applied:
a) manufacturer's trademark;
c) date of manufacture.
Claws and manholes are subject to mandatory inspection before and after use.
Maintenance and periodic inspections of claws and manholes are carried out on the basis of the manufacturer's operational documentation.
It is prohibited to use claws and manholes to climb onto icy supports, in the presence of ice and frost deposits on the wires and line support structures that create an unreasonable load on the supports, and also when the air temperature is below the permissible temperature specified in the operating instructions of the manufacturer of the claws or manholes.
It is not allowed to perform work at height in open areas with wind speeds of 10 m/s or more, thunderstorms or fog that preclude visibility within the work front. Belts must meet the requirements of technical specifications for belts of specific designs. Belts must be adjustable in length and provide a waist circumference from 640 to 1500 mm.
The width of the load-bearing belt straps should not be less than 50 mm, the strapless belt in the back should not be less than 80 mm.
The weight of the belt should be no more than 2.1 kg.
The static breaking load for the belt must be at least 7000 N (700 kgf).
The belt must withstand the dynamic load that occurs when a load weighing 100 kg falls from a height equal to two lengths of the sling (halyard).
The dynamic force during protective action for a strapless safety belt and for a safety harness with only shoulder straps should not exceed 4000 N (400 kgf), for a safety harness with shoulder and leg straps - no more than 6000 N (600 kgf).
The carabiner of the lanyard (halyard) of the safety belt should provide quick and reliable fastening and unfastening with one hand when wearing an insulated mitten.
The duration of the “fastening – unfastening” cycle should be no more than 3 seconds.
The carabiner must have a safety device that prevents its accidental opening.
The lock and safety catch of the carabiner should close automatically.
The force for opening the carbine must be no less than 29.4 N (3 kgf) and no more than 78.4 N (8 kgf).
The sling (halyard) of the belt for electric and gas welders and other workers performing hot work must be made of steel rope or chain.
The conditions for the safe use of a sling (halyard) must be specified in the technical specifications for belts of specific designs.
The metal parts of the safety belt must not have cracks, holes, tears or burrs.
Each belt__ must be marked with:
a) trademark of the manufacturer;
b) size and type of belt;
c) date of manufacture;
d) quality control department stamp;
e) designation of the standard or technical specifications;
e) mark of conformity.
Before being put into operation, as well as every 6 months, safety belts must be subjected to a static load test according to the methodology given in the standards or technical specifications for belts of specific designs.
After the load test, the belt is thoroughly inspected and, if there is no visible damage, it is allowed into operation.
Safety climbing devices must ensure smooth braking of the safety rope when the speed of its removal from the device exceeds 1.5 m/s.
A safety climbing device must have an element for securing it to a support or to another securely fixed structural element of a building or structure.
The output end of the safety rope of the safety climbing device must be designed in the form of a loop or equipped with a ring or carabiner, to which the worker attaches the slings (halyard) of the safety belt.
The drum system of the safety climbing device, equipped with a ratcheting device with a spring, must ensure winding of a safety rope of a certain length that can withstand the dynamic load that occurs when a load weighing 100 kg falls during braking until its fall completely stops at a braking distance from 0.6 to 1, 5 m.
With a weight of the safety climbing device of 8 kg, the safety rope has a length of 5 m, with a weight of 9.4 kg - 10 m, 11 kg - 12 m, 14 kg - 20 m, 21 kg - 30 m.
Based on the specific work conditions, a safety climbing device should be used with the required length of safety rope, allowing the worker to move relatively freely during work operations at a distance of up to 5 and even up to 30 m (depending on the safety diving device used) down from the place where the safety climbing device is attached device without re-fastening the carabiner of the sling (halyard) of the safety belt.
A worker using a safety climbing device, if he falls, must beware of impacts on the structure during the pendulum swing of the activated safety climbing device.
After each actuation event, as well as periodically during operation, every 6 months, the safety climbing device must be surveyed and tested according to the method specified in the manufacturer’s technical specifications.
The safety belt should be attached to the elements of building structures in one of the following ways:
– with a sling that fits around the structure with a carabiner attached to the sling;
– with a sling that fits around the structure with the carabiner secured to the side ring on the safety belt;
– with a carabiner for the mounting loop or safety rope. In all cases, the safety belt should be fastened in such a way that the height of a possible fall for the worker is minimal.
Work at height in the open air, performed directly from structures, ceilings, etc. when weather conditions change with poor visibility, thunderstorms, ice, strong wind, snowfall, they stop and workers are removed from the workplace.
Lighting of the work site
At twilight, a temporary lighting mast is installed on the site to illuminate the site of construction and installation work. Electricity is supplied from a mobile diesel or gasoline generator of the Contractor (diesel station). The standard illumination of the construction site is 10 lux
Based on GOST 12.1.046-2014, electric lighting of construction sites and areas is divided into working, emergency, evacuation and security. When darkness falls, work areas, workplaces, driveways and passages to them must be illuminated: at least 10 lux when performing excavation work; at least 100 lux at the workplace when performing installation and insulation work; at least 2 lux on passages within the work site; at least 5 lux in the passages to the work site.
At night, lighting of the working pit should be carried out with floodlights or explosion-proof lamps.
Fire safety
When carrying out work, it is necessary to strictly comply with fire safety requirements aimed at preventing exposure to dangerous fire factors, set out in the following regulatory documents:
– RD 13.220.00-KTN-148-15 Main pipeline transport of oil and petroleum products. Fire safety rules at the facilities of Transneft system organizations.
– Standard instructions on the procedure for conducting welding and other hot work at explosive and fire-hazardous facilities in the oil industry.
GOST 12.1.004-91. SSBT. "Fire safety. General requirements";
GOST 12.1.010-76. SSBT. “Explosion safety. General requirements";
Fire safety rules in forests of the Russian Federation. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 30, 2007 No. 417;
Fire regulations in the Russian Federation. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation
from 04/25/2012 No. 390
All workers involved in the work must be trained in PTM (fire technical minimum) and undergo fire safety briefings. Initial briefing at the workplace and targeted briefing before starting work should be carried out by the immediate supervisor of the work (foreman, site manager, etc.). Introductory briefing on fire safety should be carried out by a SPB engineer, fire safety instructor.
Engineering and technical personnel of the organizations responsible for carrying out the work must undergo training in a specialized organization according to the fire-technical minimum program. This requirement for the contractor must be included in the special conditions of the contract, in accordance with clause 7.1.7 RD-13.220.00-KTN-148-15.
The work contractor must check the implementation of fire safety measures within the work site. It is permitted to begin work only after all measures to ensure fire safety have been completed.
The contractor's work managers are responsible for compliance by subordinate personnel with the fire safety rules in force at the site and for the occurrence of fires that occur through their fault, in accordance with clause 7.1.17 RD-13.220.00-KTN-148-15.
The provision of work sites with primary fire extinguishing means, depending on the type and volume of work, must be carried out by the work contractor in accordance with clause 7.1.18 RD-13.220.00-KTN-148-15.
Roads and entrances to fire-fighting water supply sources must ensure the passage of fire fighting equipment to them at any time of the day, at any time of the year.
When placing and arranging temporary carriages, be guided by the requirements of section 6.5.9 RD-13.220.00-KTN-148-15.
It is necessary to establish a fire safety regime at the work site in accordance with the Fire Safety Rules in the Russian Federation (approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated April 25, 2012 No. 390) and
RD-13.220.00-KTN-148-15.
Actions in case of fire
Actions of workers in case of fire
Each worker, when detecting a fire or signs of combustion (smoke, burning smell, increased temperature, etc.) must:
a) immediately report this by phone to the fire department; in this case, you must provide the address of the facility, the location of the fire, and also provide your last name;
b) take measures to evacuate people and, if possible, preserve material assets, extinguish the fire using primary and stationary fire extinguishing means;
c) report the fire to the dispatcher (operator) of the facility or the manager of the facility (senior official of the facility).
Managers and officials of facilities, persons duly appointed responsible for ensuring fire safety, upon arrival at the scene of the fire must:
a) report the occurrence of a fire to the fire department, notify the management and duty services of the facility;
b) if people’s lives are threatened, immediately organize their rescue, using available forces and means for this;
c) check the activation of automatic fire protection systems, if available (fire extinguishing, cooling (irrigation) installations, smoke protection systems, warning systems and fire evacuation control systems);
d) if necessary, turn off the power (with the exception of the fire control unit), stop the operation of transporting devices, units, apparatus, and take other measures to help prevent the development of fire hazards;
e) stop all work (if this is permissible according to the production process), except for work related to fire extinguishing measures;
f) remove all workers not involved in fire extinguishing outside the danger zone;
g) provide general guidance on fire extinguishing (taking into account the specific features of the facility) before the arrival of the fire department;
i) ensure compliance with safety requirements by workers taking part in fire extinguishing;
j) simultaneously with extinguishing the fire, organize the evacuation and protection of material assets;
k) organize a meeting of fire departments and provide assistance in choosing the shortest route to access the fire;
l) inform the fire departments involved in extinguishing fires and carrying out related priority rescue operations, information about hazardous (explosive), explosive, highly toxic substances processed or stored at the facility, necessary to ensure the safety of personnel.
Upon arrival of the fire department, the head or person replacing him informs the head of the fire extinguishing about the design and technological features of the facility, adjacent buildings and structures, the quantity and fire hazardous properties of stored and used substances, materials, products and other information necessary for the successful extinguishing of the fire, work UPZ, emergency systems, also organizes the involvement of forces and resources of the facility in the implementation of the necessary measures related to extinguishing the fire and preventing its development.
6. Operational quality control scheme
Construction control must be carried out by construction control units of the JCC at all stages of all types of construction and installation work. It is prohibited to carry out construction and installation work without the participation of the JCC. Responsibility for the organization and quality of construction control rests with the contractor.
SKK must carry out construction control during each technological stage of work. The results of construction control are recorded daily in the construction control log of the contractor at the work site, the general work log and the journal of comments and suggestions. The construction control log of the contractor is drawn up in accordance with Appendix B OR-91.200.00-KTN-108-16.
The following measures should be observed:
Written notification from the head of the construction contractor's site (stream) of the responsible representatives of the customer and the quality control body at the work site in a time sufficient to mobilize the customer's quality control specialists, but not less than 1 calendar day, about the start of new stages and types of construction and installation work work, changes in the number of teams (columns) performing work, shifts of work performed, the need to conduct a survey of hidden work, as well as other cases requiring a change in the number and/or qualifications of the customer's insurance company specialists, indicating the responsible representatives of the construction contractor's body and representatives of the quality control service of the construction contracting organization.
Notification of the customer and the inspection body about the need to carry out control measures for the acceptance of completed work 3 working days in advance if it is necessary to present work that requires specialized control and measuring equipment.
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