What kind of fairy tales are there?

Fairy tales, like all other works of the literary genre, also have their own systematization, and not even just one. Fairy tales can be divided into several groups, firstly, by content, and secondly, by authorship. In addition, there is also a systematization of fairy tales based on nationality, which is transparent and understandable to everyone. For example, “Russian folk tales”, “German fairy tales”, etc. Tell me which ones there are fairy tales according to authorship, it’s also not so difficult. Everyone understands that there are folk tales, and there are original ones, written by a certain person. We will return to this later, but first we will talk about a more complex systematization of fairy tales - according to content.

3 Everyday tales Animal Tales

Types of fairy tales by content.

Any of these types is divided into several more, which we will talk about in the corresponding chapters. Let's start with everyday fairy tales.

Everyday tales.

As the name suggests, everyday fairy tales include those that describe the life and way of life of a particular people. However, it should be noted that in this kind of fairy tales the usual description is rare, and most often it is supplemented by various humorous and satirical descriptions. For example, any qualities of a particular class of society or estate are ridiculed. Among everyday fairy tales, the following types of fairy tales are distinguished (we list them with examples):

social and everyday (“Shemyakin Court”, “Dividing the Goose”, “Chatty Old Woman”) satirical household(“The Man and the Priest”, “The Master and the Carpenter”, “The Master and the Man”, “How the Priest Hired a Worker”) magical and everyday (with elements from fairy tales, bright examples to that: “Morozko”, “Cinderella”)

In general, it should be noted that this classification was derived by literary scholars rather conditionally, since it is not always possible to say unambiguously which category a particular fairy tale belongs to. Many can be classified as both social-everyday and satirical-everyday, and, for example, in the well-known fairy tale “Morozko”, a certain amount of magic is added to these two features, so it is both everyday, satirical, and magical at the same time. And this is the case with many fairy tales - be sure to take this point into account when classifying.

Fairy tales.

A fairy tale can be recognized, first of all, by its surroundings, which, as a rule, little correspond to the reality revealed to us in life. Heroes exist in their own fantasy world. Often such tales begin with the words “In a certain kingdom. " Fairy tales can also be divided into several types:

heroic tales (with victory over various mythical creatures or with adventures in which the hero goes on to find some kind of magical object). Examples: “Rejuvenating Apples”, “Vasilisa the Beautiful”; archaic tales (tell about destitute and lonely people and those who were kicked out or left their family for some reason and about their adventures). Examples: “Twelve Months”, “Children of the Cannibal”; tales about people endowed with magical powers. For example: “Marya the Mistress”, “Elena the Wise”.

Tales about animals.

Let's see what tales there are about animals:

tales about ordinary animals (wild and domestic). For example: “The Fox and the Hare”, “The Fox and the Crane”, “The Wolf and the Seven Little Goats”; tales about magical animals. For example: “Goldfish”, “Humpbacked Horse”, “Emelya” (“At the command of the pike”).

In addition, there are fairy tales like this:

cumulative (in which there is a repeating plot). For example: “Mitten”, “Kolobok”, “Turnip”; fables. As an example, let us cite the well-known fables “The Crow and the Fox” and “The Monkey and the Glasses.” A small note: not all literary scholars classify the fable as a fairy-tale genre, giving it a separate place among literary genres, but for the sake of completeness, I decided to include fables here too.

As you probably know, these fables are not folk art, they have authors. Thus, fairy tales can be divided into folk and original. “The Fox and the Hare” is a Russian folk tale, and “The Little Humpbacked Horse” is an original one, since it was written by P.P. Ershov. Well, we have considered, perhaps, all the main types of fairy tales, both in content and in terms of authorship and nationality.

This page presents wonderful fairy tales.

And here you will find several dozen of the most famous fairy tales about animals.

I would like to note that the fairy tales presented on the pages of this site are perhaps the most famous from the Russian folk tales section.

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1 - About the little bus who was afraid of the dark

Donald Bisset


A fairy tale about how mother bus taught her little bus not to be afraid of the dark... About the little bus who was afraid of the dark read Once upon a time there was a little bus in the world. He was bright red and lived with his dad and mom in the garage. Every morning …

2 - Three kittens

Suteev V.G.

A short fairy tale for the little ones about three fidgety kittens and their funny adventures. Little children love short stories with pictures, which is why Suteev’s fairy tales are so popular and loved! Three kittens read Three kittens - black, gray and...

3 - Hedgehog in the fog

Kozlov S.G.


A fairy tale about a Hedgehog, how he was walking at night and got lost in the fog. He fell into the river, but someone carried him to the shore. It was a magical night! Hedgehog in the fog read Thirty mosquitoes ran out into the clearing and began to play...

4 - About the mouse from the book

Gianni Rodari


A short story about a mouse who lived in a book and decided to jump out of it into the big world. Only he did not know how to speak the language of mice, but knew only a strange book language... Read about a mouse from a book...

5 - Apple

Suteev V.G.


A fairy tale about a hedgehog, a hare and a crow who could not divide the last apple among themselves. Everyone wanted to take it for themselves. But the fair bear judged their dispute, and each got a piece of the treat... Apple read It was late...

6 - Black Pool

Kozlov S.G.


A fairy tale about a cowardly Hare who was afraid of everyone in the forest. And he was so tired of his fear that he decided to drown himself in the Black Pool. But he taught the Hare to live and not be afraid! Black Whirlpool read Once upon a time there was a Hare...

7 - About the Hippopotamus, who was afraid of vaccinations

Suteev V.G.

A fairy tale about a cowardly hippopotamus who ran away from the clinic because he was afraid of vaccinations. And he fell ill with jaundice. Luckily, he was taken to the hospital and treated. And the hippopotamus became very ashamed of his behavior... About the Hippopotamus, who was afraid...

8 - Lisa is waiting for the bus

Nordqvist S.


One day the girl Lisa and her mother went to the city to the puppet theater. They waited for the bus, but it still didn’t come. At the bus stop, Lisa played around with the boy Johan and didn’t regret at all that they were late for the theater. ...

A child's favorite pastime is listening to fairy tales. They can be read or recited from memory, but the meaning must be explained to the child. The fact is that fairy tales contain the wisdom of generations of ancestors. It may be well hidden in some works, but it is always present. There are several different types of fairy tales. In this article we will talk about household ones.

What is an everyday fairy tale?

An everyday fairy tale is simply a storehouse of knowledge, because first of all it contains a description of folk life, which is where its name comes from. Since these works are created for children, everyday folk tales contain a lot of humor and exciting adventures. The hero of an everyday fairy tale is not a hero, but an ordinary person, for example, a soldier, peasant or blacksmith. He does not perform feats of arms and has no magical gifts, but overcomes all difficulties with the help of his ingenuity and dexterity. Also, often the main motive is a love theme - a wedding, wedding or life after marriage.

This type of fairy tale appeared not so long ago. Children perceive everyday fairy tales best between the ages of 2 and 7 years, so it is worth reading them more often during this period. You should also pay attention to the fact that certain types of fairy tales are suitable for a certain age.

What types of everyday fairy tales are there?

It should be noted that everyday fairy tales can be the result of both folk art and individual authors. For example, Charles Perrault or Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote many fairy tales in the everyday genre.

Fairy tales are divided into 3 subgroups, which allow us to more accurately determine what an everyday fairy tale is:

• social and everyday ("The Chatty Old Woman", "Shemyakin Court"),
• satirical-everyday ("The Man and the Pop", "The Master and the Man"),
• magical and everyday ones (“Morozko”, “Cinderella”).

However, it is worth noting that fairy tales can be divided only conditionally, because the same work can contain different elements: satire, magic, and just everyday life.

What do everyday fairy tales teach?

Everyday fairy tales were and are told to children in order to show them the right direction in life, to teach them to make the right choice. After all, what is an everyday fairy tale if not a lesson and instruction for future generations? She teaches us the best and the best, because good always triumphs over evil, people who are ready to help do not disappear in trouble, and our heroes are always ready to defend their homeland.

Everyday tales usually convey the idea that one must be hardworking and skillful. Such people succeed in everything. And the inept and lazy in these fairy tales are usually ridiculed, and they are left with nothing. Thus, in everyday fairy tales, gentlemen and priests are treated negatively. They are usually seen as greedy and lazy, and these qualities are always unpleasant to people. Moreover, we can say that heroes are clearly visible in everyday fairy tales. Moreover, people of lower classes have much more nobility and kindness than richer ones. The role of an everyday fairy tale is to expose lies and show precisely the social difficulties and problems that exist in society.

Magical everyday tales

Often the genres of fairy tales can be mixed, as for example in fairy tales. They usually contain 2 worlds, one of which is real, and the second is fictional. Thus, the famous beginning “In a certain kingdom...” is the main indicator of a fairy tale. Also, in addition to the fantasy world, there are also those endowed with special powers, such as Koschey or Baba Yaga.

Magical everyday tales can tell about heroes ("Vasilisa the Beautiful"), lost children ("The Twelve Months"), or about people with certain abilities ("Marya the Mistress"). They always begin with the elders leaving the younger ones or the strong leaving the weak alone, and they, in turn, violate a strictly established prohibition. This form of presentation is the most memorable for children.

In such fairy tales, there is always a magical good helper or object, with the help of which victory over the villain is achieved.

Perhaps, magical fairy tales about animals are very interesting for children. In Russian fairy tales, villains often have pets, for example, Baba Yaga. Usually these are cats that help good characters escape. This is not surprising, because the owners practically do not feed the animals, much less caress them.

Everyday tales about animals

Among other types of fairy tales, there are also tales about animals. They can talk about both simple creatures that live in the forest ("The Wolf and the Seven Little Goats", "The Fox and the Hare" and others), and about the magical "Humpbacked Horse". An everyday fairy tale about animals necessarily presupposes the ability of these creatures to talk and think like people. In everyday tales about animals, they often have very human problems and emotions, as well as living conditions. At its core, it's really about people.

A distinctive feature of Russian fairy tales about animals is that all animals are endowed with special, characteristic features. So, everyone knows from childhood that the fox is cunning, the hare is hardworking, and the wolf is cruel.

Everyday tales of the peoples of Russia

It is impossible to overestimate the importance of everyday fairy tales. So, every people not only of our great Russia, but also of the whole world knows what an everyday fairy tale is and tells it to children. Every nation has its own fairy tales, but their plots are often repeated. However, thanks to them we can learn more about the culture of another people and better understand them. This is very important in a situation like Russia. When children listen to the fairy tales of their people at an early age, they perceive them much better than foreign works.

The Tale of the Hero Naznay

The genres of fairy tales are very diverse, so sometimes an everyday fairy tale can be perfect for describing a hero. Bogatyr Naznay and his actions relate precisely to such a case.

This tale is about a hero who himself could not do anything, but was able to become a king. The fact is that he was very lucky, and he dealt with his enemies simply by chance. The hero was so unlucky that he guessed to write on his sword that he killed 500 people with one blow (although in fact he killed only 500 flies). The king found out about this, invited the hero and married him to his daughter. In fact, the hero did not perform any feats, but he was very lucky and dealt with his enemies. So, he killed a snake by simply falling on it from a tree in a dream, and defeated three evil heroes by quarreling between them: they themselves killed each other.

At the end of the tale, getting scared and starting to undress, Naznay frightened the attacking army, because they thought that in front of them, thanks to the victory, he had become king. In fact, we have before us an everyday fairy tale, since there is no heroism in it, only luck. The hero copes with difficulties thanks to her and his ingenuity.

Everyday tales different from magical ones. They are based on the events of everyday life. There are no miracles or fantastic images, there are real heroes: husband, wife, soldier, merchant, master, priest, etc. These are tales about the marriage of heroes and heroines, the correction of obstinate wives, inept, lazy housewives, gentlemen and servants, about the fooled master, a rich owner, a lady deceived by a cunning owner, clever thieves, a cunning and savvy soldier, etc. These are fairy tales on family and everyday themes. They express an accusatory orientation; the self-interest of the clergy, who does not follow the sacred commandments, and the greed and envy of its representatives are condemned; cruelty, ignorance, rudeness of the bar-serfs.

These tales sympathetically depict a seasoned soldier who knows how to make things and tell tales, cooks soup from an ax, and can outwit anyone. He is able to deceive the devil, the master, the stupid old woman. The servant skillfully achieves his goal, despite the absurdity of the situations. And this reveals the irony.

Everyday tales are short. The plot is usually centered on one episode, the action develops quickly, there is no repetition of episodes, the events in them can be defined as absurd, funny, strange. In these tales, comedy is widely developed, which is determined by their satirical, humorous, ironic character. They are not horror, they are funny, witty, everything is focused on action and narrative features that reveal the images of the characters. “They,” wrote Belinsky, “reflect the way of life of the people, their home life, their moral concepts and this crafty Russian mind, so inclined to irony, so simple-minded in its craftiness.” 1

One of the everyday tales is the fairy tale "The Prover Wife".

It has all the features of an everyday fairy tale. It begins with the beginning: “There lived an old man with an old woman.” The tale tells about ordinary events in the life of peasants. Its plot develops quickly. A large place in the fairy tale is given to dialogues (conversation between an old woman and an old man, an old woman and a master). Its heroes are everyday characters. It reflects the family life of the peasants: the heroes “hook” (that is, pick up) peas in the field, set up fishing equipment (“hooks”), and fishing gear in the form of a net (“muzzle”). The heroes are surrounded by everyday things: the old man puts a pike in a “pesterek” (birch bark basket), etc.

At the same time, the fairy tale condemns human vices: the talkativeness of the old man’s wife, who, having found a treasure, told everyone about it; the cruelty of the master who ordered a peasant woman to be flogged with rods.

The tale contains elements of the unusual: a pike in a field, a hare in the water. But they are connected with the real actions of the old man, who in a witty way decided to play a joke on the old woman, teach her a lesson, punish her for her talkativeness. “He (the old man - A.F.) took a pike, put it in the hare’s face instead, and took the fish to the field and put it in peas.” The old woman believed everything.

When the master began to inquire about the treasure, the old man wanted to remain silent, and his talkative old woman told the master about everything. She argued that the pike was in peas, the hare was hit in the face, and the devil tore the master’s skin. It is no coincidence that the fairy tale is called “The Proving Wife.” And even when she is punished with rods: “they stretched her, heartfelt, and began to treat her; you know, she says the same thing under the rods.” The master spat and drove the old man and old woman away.

The fairy tale punishes and condemns the talkative and stubborn old woman and treats the old man with sympathy, glorifying resourcefulness, intelligence, and ingenuity. The fairy tale reflects the elements of folk speech.

Everyday tales

Household fairy tales are different from fairy tales. They are based on the events of everyday life. There are no miracles or fantastic images, there are real heroes: husband, wife, soldier, merchant, master, priest, etc. These are tales about the marriage of heroes and heroines, the correction of obstinate wives, inept, lazy housewives, gentlemen and servants, about the fooled master, a rich owner, a lady deceived by a cunning owner, clever thieves, a cunning and savvy soldier, etc. These are fairy tales on family and everyday themes. They express an accusatory orientation; the self-interest of the clergy, who does not follow the sacred commandments, and the greed and envy of its representatives are condemned; cruelty, ignorance, rudeness of the bar-serfs.

These tales sympathetically depict a seasoned soldier who knows how to make things and tell tales, cooks soup from an ax, and can outwit anyone. He is able to deceive the devil, the master, the stupid old woman. The servant skillfully achieves his goal, despite the absurdity of the situations. And this reveals the irony.

Everyday tales are short. The plot is usually centered on one episode, the action develops quickly, there is no repetition of episodes, the events in them can be defined as absurd, funny, strange. In these tales, comedy is widely developed, which is determined by their satirical, humorous, ironic character. They are not horror, they are funny, witty, everything is focused on action and narrative features that reveal the images of the characters. “They,” wrote Belinsky, “reflect the way of life of the people, their home life, their moral concepts and this crafty Russian mind, so inclined to irony, so simple-minded in its craftiness.”

One of the everyday tales is the fairy tale"The Prover Wife".

It has all the features of an everyday fairy tale. It begins with the beginning: “There lived an old man with an old woman.” The tale tells about ordinary events in the life of peasants. Its plot develops quickly. A large place in the fairy tale is given to dialogues (conversation between an old woman and an old man, an old woman and a master). Its heroes are everyday characters. It reflects the family life of the peasants: the heroes “hook” (that is, pick up) peas in the field, set up fishing equipment (“hooks”), and fishing gear in the form of a net (“muzzle”). The heroes are surrounded by everyday things: the old man puts a pike in a “pesterek” (birch bark basket), etc.

At the same time, the fairy tale condemns human vices: the talkativeness of the old man’s wife, who, having found a treasure, told everyone about it; the cruelty of the master who ordered a peasant woman to be flogged with rods.

The tale contains elements of the unusual: a pike in a field, a hare in the water. But they are connected with the real actions of the old man, who in a witty way decided to play a joke on the old woman, teach her a lesson, punish her for her talkativeness. “He (the old man - A.F.) took a pike, put it in the hare’s face instead, and took the fish to the field and put it in peas.” The old woman believed everything.

When the master began to inquire about the treasure, the old man wanted to remain silent, and his talkative old woman told the master about everything. She argued that the pike was in peas, the hare was hit in the face, and the devil tore the master’s skin. It is no coincidence that the fairy tale is called “The Proving Wife.” And even when she is punished with rods: “they stretched her, heartfelt, and began to treat her; you know, she says the same thing under the rods.” The master spat and drove the old man and old woman away.

The fairy tale punishes and condemns the talkative and stubborn old woman and treats the old man with sympathy, glorifying resourcefulness, intelligence, and ingenuity. The fairy tale reflects the elements of folk speech.

Fairy tales. Heroes of Russian fairy tales

IN fairy tale A special, mysterious world appears before the listener, different from that in fairy tales about animals. It features extraordinary fantastic heroes, good and truth defeat darkness, evil and lies.

“This is a world where Ivan Tsarevich rushes through the dark forest on a gray wolf, where the deceived Alyonushka suffers, where Vasilisa the Beautiful brings scorching fire from Baba Yaga, where the brave hero finds the death of Kashchei the Immortal.”. 1

Some of the fairy tales are closely related to mythological ideas. Such images as Frost, Water, Sun, Wind are associated with the elemental forces of nature. The most popular of Russian fairy tales are: “The Three Kingdoms”, “The Magic Ring”, “Finist’s Feather – the Clear Falcon”, “The Frog Princess”, “Kashchei the Immortal”, “Marya Morevna”, “The Sea King and Vasilisa the Wise”, “ Sivka-Burka", "Morozko" and others.

The hero of a fairy tale is courageous and fearless. He overcomes all obstacles in his path, wins victories, and wins his happiness. And if at the beginning of the fairy tale he can act as Ivan the Fool, Emelya the Fool, then at the end he certainly turns into the handsome and well done Ivan Tsarevich. A.M. drew attention to this at one time. Bitter:

“The hero of folklore is a “fool”, despised even by his father and brothers, always turning out to be smarter than them, always the winner of all everyday adversities.” 2

A positive hero is always helped by other fairy-tale characters. So, in the fairy tale “Three Kingdoms” the hero is chosen into the world with the help of a wonderful bird. In other fairy tales, the heroes are helped by Sivka-Burka, the Gray Wolf, and Elena the Beautiful. Even such characters as Morozko and Baba Yaga help the heroes for their hard work and good manners. All this expresses popular ideas about human morality and morality.

Always next to the main characters in a fairy tale wonderful helpers: Gray Wolf, Sivka-Burka, Obedalo, Opivalo, Dubynya and Usynya, etc. They have wonderful means: a flying carpet, walking boots, a self-assembled tablecloth, an invisible hat. Images of positive heroes in fairy tales, helpers and wonderful objects express people's dreams.

The images of female heroines of fairy tales in the popular imagination are unusually beautiful. They say about them: “Neither to tell in a fairy tale, nor to describe with a pen.” They are wise, possess witchcraft powers, have remarkable intelligence and resourcefulness (Elena the Beautiful, Vasilisa the Wise, Marya Morevna).

The opponents of the positive heroes are dark forces, terrible monsters (Kashchei the Immortal, Baba Yaga, Dashing One-Eyed, Serpent Gorynych). They are cruel, treacherous and greedy. This is how the people’s idea of ​​violence and evil is expressed. Their appearance sets off the image of a positive hero and his feat. Storytellers spared no expense in color to emphasize the struggle between the light and dark principles. In its content and in its form, a fairy tale contains elements of the wonderful and unusual. The composition of fairy tales is different from the composition of fairy tales about animals. Some fairy tales begin with a saying - a humorous joke that is not related to the plot. The purpose of the saying is to attract the attention of listeners. It is followed by a beginning that begins the story. It takes listeners into a fairy-tale world, designates the time and place of action, the setting, and the characters. The fairy tale ends with an ending. The narrative develops sequentially, the action is given in dynamics. The structure of the tale reproduces dramatically tense situations.

In fairy tales, episodes are repeated three times (Tsarevich Ivan fights three snakes on Kalinov Bridge, three beautiful princesses are saved by Ivan in the underworld). They use traditional artistic means of expression: epithets (good horse, brave horse, green meadow, silk grass, azure flowers, blue sea, dense forests), similes, metaphors, words with diminutive suffixes. These features of fairy tales echo the epics and emphasize the vividness of the narrative.

An example of such a fairy tale is the fairy tale "Two Ivans - Soldiers' Sons".

Tales about animals.

One of the oldest types of Russian fairy tales - fairy tales about animals. The animal world in fairy tales is perceived as an allegorical image of the human. Animals personify the real carriers of human vices in everyday life (greed, stupidity, cowardice, boasting, trickery, cruelty, flattery, hypocrisy, etc.).

The most popular fairy tales about animals are the tales of the fox and the wolf. Image foxes stable She is portrayed as a lying, cunning deceiver: she deceives a man by pretending to be dead (“The Fox Steals Fish from the Sleigh”); deceives the wolf ("The Fox and the Wolf"); deceives the rooster ("The Cat, the Rooster and the Fox"); drives the hare out of the bast hut (“The Fox and the Hare”); exchanges a goose for a lamb, a lamb for a bull, steals honey (“The Bear and the Fox”). In all fairy tales, she is flattering, vengeful, cunning, calculating.

Another hero that the fox often encounters is wolf. He is stupid, which is expressed in the attitude of the people towards him, he devours kids ("The Wolf and the Goat"), is going to tear apart a sheep ("The Sheep, the Fox and the Wolf"), fattens a hungry dog ​​in order to eat it, and is left without a tail ("The Fox and wolf").

Another hero of fairy tales about animals is bear. He personifies brute strength and has power over other animals. In fairy tales he is often called “the oppressor of everyone.” The bear is also stupid. Persuading with the peasant to harvest the harvest, he is left with nothing each time (“The Man and the Bear”).

Hare, frog, mouse, thrush appear in fairy tales as the weak. They perform an auxiliary role and are often in the service of “large” animals. Only cat And rooster act as positive heroes. They help the offended and are faithful to friendship.

Allegory is manifested in the characterization of the characters: the depiction of the habits of animals and the peculiarities of their behavior resembles the depiction of human behavior and introduces critical principles into the narrative, which are expressed in the use of various techniques of satirical and humorous depiction of reality.

The humor is based on the reproduction of absurd situations in which the characters find themselves (a wolf puts its tail into an ice hole and believes that it will catch a fish).

The language of fairy tales is figurative, reproducing everyday speech, some fairy tales consist entirely of dialogues ("The Fox and the Black Grouse", "The Bean Seed"). In them, dialogue dominates the narrative. The text includes small songs ("Kolobok", "Goat-dereza").

The composition of fairy tales is simple, based on the repetition of situations. The plot of the fairy tales unfolds rapidly ("The Bean Seed", "Beasts in the Pit"). Tales about animals are highly artistic, their images are expressive.