The workshop of the world is becoming a thing of the past summary. Great Britain late Victorian era

23.02.2024

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Today you will learn: Why the “workshop of the world” is becoming a thing of the past; What form of government has developed in Great Britain; What reforms have been carried out in this state; Which state was called the “rebel island” and why?

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We are working according to plan: the “Workshop of the World” is becoming a thing of the past. Two party system. The era of reform. "Trade follows the flag." Protest movement. "Rebel Island Gets Home Rule"

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By the end of the 19th century, there was a slowdown in industrial development in England. This was due to the export of capital. "Workshop of the World" is becoming a thing of the past

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English entrepreneurs and bankers preferred to invest capital in countries. Where raw materials and labor were cheaper. "Workshop of the World" is becoming a thing of the past

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Domestic industry often did not have the means to update outdated equipment; The competitiveness of goods began to decline. “Workshop of the World” is becoming a thing of the past.

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German goods with the “Made in Germany” mark appeared on the markets of all countries and were cheaper than English ones. In the 90s, England's role as the “workshop of the world” became a thing of the past. "Workshop of the World" is becoming a thing of the past

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The situation in agriculture remained difficult - farmers could not compete with the flow of cheap food. "Workshop of the World" is becoming a thing of the past

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Two-Party System During the 1960s, the old Tory and Whig parties became known as the Conservative and Liberal parties. In the 1970s, they were divided into separate camps in parliament.

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The era of reform. Benjamin Disraeli became the leader of the Conservative Party, and William Gladstone became the leader of the Liberal Party. Benjamin Disraeli William Gladstone

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The era of reform. Electoral reform of 1867 Destroyed the “rotten towns” Provided vacant seats to large cities Property qualifications decreased The number of voters increased

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The era of reform. The right of trend unions was legalized, giving them the right to judicial protection and holding strikes. A law on secret voting in parliamentary elections was introduced. School reform was carried out. A law on a 54-hour work week. Councils were created that had the power of local authorities.

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The era of reform. In 1884-1885 Liberals carried out a third electoral reform, according to which 100 “rotten towns” were destroyed and granted rights to homeowners and rural workers.

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“Trade follows the flag” Read the material on pp. 159 – 160 and answer the question: “What does the expression “Trade follow the flag” mean?

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Protest movement: In 1900, the Congress of Trend Juniors created the “Workers' Government Committee” In 1903, the number of members of the “Committee...” was almost 500 thousand people In 1906, the “Committee...” was renamed the Workers (Labor) Party »

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Protest movement. The six-week general strike of coal miners in 1912 was especially powerful. As a result, the government adopted a law on minimum wages for miners.

Topic: Great Britain: the end of the Victorian era

Voronkov D. P.

MBOU gymnasium No. 7

Plan:

Changes in the economy
Changes in the domestic and foreign policy systems
Changes in the social environment

Tasks

1. What are the reasons why Britain's status as the "workshop of the world" is becoming a thing of the past?

2. Do the words of the national anthem “Rule, Britain, the seas!” correspond to the actual state of affairs at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries?

"workshop of the world";

"world cabman";

1 electoral reform was carried out (1832);

Beginning of the Chart movement

Second quarter

Strengthening the export of capital abroad. English entrepreneurs and bankers preferred to invest capital in countries where raw materials and labor were cheaper.

Ruin of English farmers , which could not compete with cheap food from the colonies.

By the end of the 19th century, Great Britain was losing its leadership in economic development among the leading countries of the world:

Declining competitiveness of British goods compared to German and American ones.

Protectionism of younger industrial states, which fenced themselves off from the competition of English goods with high customs duties. England traditionally adhered to duty free rules.

Development of British imperialism

Concentration of production. Education monopolies .
Merger of industrial and banking capital. Education financial oligarchy.
Predominance export of capital over the export of goods.
The struggle for economic and territorial division of the world on spheres of influence.
Establishment of close connections between the financial oligarchy and the government .

2. Changes in domestic politics foreign policy system

Changes in the political sphere

PARTS

Tori

renaming

Whigs

conservative

compound

* Landed aristocracy;

liberal

leaders

*Church of England figures

Some farmers;
Most of the commercial and industrial bourgeoisie

Benjamin Disraeli

William Gladstone

Party leaders

Benjamin

Disraeli

Gladstone

Electoral reforms

Year

1 electoral reform

result

2 electoral reform

1832

Most of the “rotten towns” have been destroyed.

The number of voters has doubled

1867

Destruction of 46 electoral districts in 45 “rotten towns”;
Reduced property qualification

electoral reform

1884 – 1885

Further liquidation of “rotten places”;
further reduction of property qualifications

Conclusion:

The reforms contributed to the creation of civil society and the rule of law in Great Britain

Imperialism- (imperialism) - the political and economic domination of a country or countries over others, leading either to the establishment of foreign rule by force or to economic exploitation.

Expansion of the colonial empire

Jingoism(from the English jingo - jingo, the nickname of English chauvinists) is defined by the Great Soviet Encyclopedia as “extreme chauvinist and imperialist views. Jingoism is characterized by propaganda for the expansion of the colonial zone and incitement of national hatred.”

Basics of colonial policy

Extermination or oppression of the local population

The principle of “Divide and conquer”

Expansion of English goods and capital

Exploitation of the natural resources of the colonies, turning them into a source of raw materials for English industry

IN 1876 Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India,

A Great Britain became an empire .

1880 - 1890s –

England's loss of position

economic crises

"workshop of the world"

Declining living standards for unskilled workers

The emergence of new trade unions uniting dockers, gas plant workers and other unskilled workers. Conducting strikes.

1900 - creation of the “Workers' Representation Committee”:

8 hour work day,
8 hour work day,
pension provision from 60 years of age,
election of workers' representatives to parliament, etc.

1906 - creation of the Working Party (“ Labor ") parties - socialist party Great Britain.

David Lloyd George

Prime Minister of Great Britain

Social change

introduced benefits for accidents at work;
introduced pensions for people over 70 years of age;
established an 8-hour working day for miners;
in 1911, insurance for illness, disability, and unemployment was introduced

Presentation on the topic "Great Britain: the end of the Victorian era" on history in powerpoint format. This presentation for 8th grade students explains why the “workshop of the world” is becoming a thing of the past and what form of government developed in Great Britain at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.

Fragments from the presentation

The World Workshop is becoming a thing of the past

By the end of the 19th century, there was a slowdown in industrial development in England. This was due to the export of capital.
English entrepreneurs and bankers preferred to invest capital in countries. Where raw materials and labor were cheaper.
Domestic industry often did not have the means to update outdated equipment; the competitiveness of goods began to decline
German goods with the “Made in Germany” mark appeared on the markets of all countries and were cheaper than English ones. In the 90s, England's role as the “workshop of the world” became a thing of the past.
The situation in agriculture remained difficult - farmers could not compete with the flow of cheap food.

Two party system

In the 1960s, the old Tory and Whig parties became known as the Conservative and Liberal parties. In the 1970s, they were divided into separate camps in parliament.

Era of Reform

Benjamin Disraeli became the leader of the Conservative Party, and William Gladstone became the leader of the Liberal Party.
In 1884-1885 Liberals carried out a third electoral reform, according to which 100 “rotten towns” were destroyed and granted rights to homeowners and rural workers.

Protest movement:

In 1900, the Congress of Trend Juniors created the "Workers' Government Committee"
In 1903, the number of members of the “Committee...” was almost 500 thousand people
In 1906, the “Committee...” was renamed the Workers (Labor) Party.”
The six-week general strike of coal miners in 1912 was especially powerful. As a result, the government adopted a law on minimum wages for miners.

Slide 2

Today you will learn:

Why the “workshop of the world” is becoming a thing of the past; What form of government has developed in Great Britain; What reforms have been carried out in this state; Which state was called the “rebel island” and why?

Slide 3

We are working according to plan:

The Peace Workshop is becoming a thing of the past. Two party system. The era of reform. "Trade follows the flag." Protest movement. "Rebel Island Gets Home Rule"

Slide 4

By the end of the 19th century, there was a slowdown in industrial development in England. This was due to the export of capital. The World Workshop is becoming a thing of the past

Slide 5

English entrepreneurs and bankers preferred to invest capital in countries. Where raw materials and labor were cheaper. "Workshop of the World" is becoming a thing of the past

Slide 6

Domestic industry often did not have the means to update outdated equipment; The competitiveness of goods began to decline. “Workshop of the World” is becoming a thing of the past.

Slide 7

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The situation in agriculture remained difficult - farmers could not compete with the flow of cheap food. "Workshop of the World" is becoming a thing of the past

Slide 9

Two party system

In the 1960s, the old Tory and Whig parties became known as the Conservative and Liberal parties. In the 1970s, they were divided into separate camps in parliament.

Slide 10

The era of reform.

Benjamin Disraeli became the leader of the Conservative Party, and William Gladstone became the leader of the Liberal Party. Benjamin Disraeli William Gladstone

Slide 11

Electoral reform of 1867 Destroyed the “rotten towns” Provided vacant seats to large cities Property qualifications decreased The number of voters increased

Slide 12

The right of trend unions was legalized, giving them the right to judicial protection and holding strikes. A law on secret voting in parliamentary elections was introduced. School reform was carried out. A law on a 54-hour work week. Councils were created that had the power of local authorities.

Slide 13

In 1884-1885 Liberals carried out a third electoral reform, according to which 100 “rotten towns” were destroyed and granted rights to homeowners and rural workers.

Slide 14

"Trade follows the flag"

Read the material on pages 159 – 160 and answer the question: “What does the expression “Trade follows the flag” mean?

Slide 15

Protest movement.

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Protest movement:

In 1900, the Congress of Trend Juniors created the “Workers' Government Committee.” In 1903, the number of members of the “Committee...” was almost 500 thousand people. In 1906, the “Committee...” was renamed the Workers’ (Labor) Party.”

Slide 17

Protest movement.

The six-week general strike of coal miners in 1912 was especially powerful. As a result, the government adopted a law on minimum wages for miners.

Lesson topic:

Great Britain: end of the Victorian era

Lesson Objectives

Educational. Students will learn that democratic reforms are becoming the only possible method of government for both liberals and conservatives; understand the patterns of economic development of European countries at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries. - transition from free competition capitalism to monopoly capitalism; characterize the features of the development of capitalism in England

Developmental. They learn to transfer knowledge to new situations (knowledge about the modernization process, monopoly capitalism, the rule of law and civil society, etc.); recreate historical images (Disraeli, Gladstone, Queen Victoria, S. Rhodes); perform tasks rationally and determine the range of information necessary to solve the problem (what I need to know, what I already know, what I need to learn); argue your point of view.

Educational - contribute to the inculcation of humanistic ideas among students; to foster a desire for personal self-improvement.

Lesson type: combined lesson.

Lesson form: lesson-lecture.

Teaching methods and forms of organizing educational activities: problem-based or partially search method.

Basic concepts and terms:

Pound sterling, Home Rule, Labor Party, Jingoism, Entente

Means of education: Textbook, § 20. Workbook. Maps: “The world by the end of the 19th century. (1870)", "Europe at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. Economic Development", "The World to 1914". Encyclopedia for children. The World History. -M.: Avanta +, 1995. - T. 1. - P. 568-571 (Benjamin Disraeli). Reproductions of portraits of Queen Victoria, B. Disraeli, W. Gladstone and other public and political figures of Great Britain

During the classes

Teacher activities

Student activity

I .Organizational stage(1 min.)

Checking those present

II .Checking knowledge and skills(up to 15 minutes)

Questions to check the material covered in the last lesson:

Describe the government structure of the German Empire.

What changes took place in the state apparatus in connection with the constitution of 1871?

What are the reasons for the success of modernization of the German economy?

Reveal the essence of the conflict between Bismarck and the opposition. What social reforms were carried out on Bismarck's initiative?

Why was William II called “the man of great surprises”?

What are the directions of the foreign policy of the German Empire and its colonial policy?

Expected response:

1. Germany is a constitutional monarchy. Consists of 22 monarchies, 3 free cities (Lübeck, Bremen and Hamburg) and 1 imperial land - Alsace-Lorraine. Prussia accounted for 2/3 of the entire territory of the empire and 60% of the population of the empire, and was the main region of G.I.

2. Only the Prussian king was emperor. He led the armed forces, convened and dissolved the Reichstag. The Chancellor was the only minister and was responsible only to the Emperor. Reichstag - parliament. 2 chambers. Availability of property, age and gender qualifications.

3. Unification of the country, indemnity paid by France, annexation of Alsace and Lorraine, introduction of modern industrial technologies, militaristic tradition, “Prussian style”.

4. Introduction of labor legislation - insurance for illness, injury, old age and inability to work. Payment of pensions from age 70.

5. Wilhelm II – “a man of great surprises.” He loved loud phrases and beautiful poses, and strived to be the center of attention. He loved teaching and giving advice to everyone. The motto is “As I want, I order!”

6. Africa - Togo, Cameroon, German South West Africa and South West Africa. Marshall Islands. Creation of the Triple Alliance. The movement to the east, which would later lead to the First World War.

III. Learning new material

After checking the homework, the teacher introduces the students to the topic and lesson plan.

1.The “Workshop of the World” is becoming a thing of the past

The first point of the plan can be discussed during a conversation, which creates conditions for the transfer of knowledge previously acquired by schoolchildren (lessons “Industrial Revolution: achievements and problems” and “England: a difficult path to greatness and prosperity”).

Students receive an assignment: write down in your notebook the reasons for the slowdown in economic development.

To clarify the content when considering the development of monopoly capitalism, the teacher can give a number of examples. With the development of imperialism, the process of concentration of banks and the formation of the richest giant banking monopolies in the world began to occur at a rapid pace. The famous “Big Five” London banks and other banks controlled the entire financial world: by 1913, they had about 70% of the country’s total banking capital. At the head of the entire banking system was the Bank of England. There was practically not a single significant city on the world map that did not have a branch of some English bank (50 English banks in 1904 had 2,279 branches).

English entrepreneurs built oil factories in Holland, steel mills in Belgium, Russia and other European countries, and invested in the construction of railways and sea routes. But the greatest benefit came from the export of capital to non-European countries, especially to the USA, South America and the colonies. The active export of capital, possible primarily due to the presence of huge colonial possessions, reduced capital investment in the English economy, which slowed down the rate of economic growth.

Having summarized the reasons for the slowdown in economic development in England, the teacher emphasizes that the country remained a powerful industrial power, where the process of modernization was rapidly developing.

2.Two party system

The second question of the plan allows you to update students' knowledge about the English political two-party system. In addition to the text of the textbook, it should be emphasized that by the middle of the 19th century. In England, a civil society had developed to a significant extent: freedom of speech and demonstration was allowed, the publication of newspapers, class privileges lost their meaning, the freedom and abilities of the individual, his autonomy, independence, and individualism were put in first place.

3.The era of reform(figurative narration)

B. Disraeli developed the concept of a national party, which should become the Conservative Party, and its core was his idea of “one nation”. It stemmed from his belief that there is a hierarchy in human society because people have different abilities. The ruling class consists of educated people with a high level of ability. They must lead the country, but at the same time it is their duty to take care of the rest of society. Disraeli argued that the British were split into two nations - the rich, the educated and the poor. To clarify this point, you can refer to the additional reading materials located at the end of the paragraph. The task of the ruling class is to unite the people into one nation. He emphasized that this was also beneficial to the top of society: “The palace will not be calm as long as the hut is unhappy.” It is possible and necessary to eliminate the split in society through gradual reforms. At the same time, Disraeli sought to avoid destroying old traditions. In one of his speeches in 1868, he said: “In a progressive country, change occurs gradually, and the great question is not whether to resist the change, which is inevitable, but whether it will be carried out with due respect for morals, customs, laws and the traditions of the people or... arbitrarily.”

Disraeli spared no effort to bring the imperial idea into the consciousness of the British. He sought to maintain British pride in their country through an active foreign policy. It should be noted that the concept created by B. Disraeli still serves British conservatives today.

Students become acquainted with the implementation in practice of the imperial idea of conservatives when studying the fourth question of the plan. For this purpose, it is quite possible to organize independent work of schoolchildren with the textbook text and map.

Additional facts can be given about how Disraeli secured control of the Suez Canal for Great Britain.

The construction of the Suez Canal, which connected the Mediterranean and Red Seas, was completed in 1869. It significantly shortened the route of ships traveling from Europe to India and the Pacific Ocean. For Great Britain, the importance of the canal was enormous because most of the goods traveling through it were made in England. Meanwhile, shares in the company operating the channel were divided approximately equally between France and Egypt. The Khedive (ruler) of Egypt was a very wasteful man and, bogged down in debt, decided in 1875 to sell his share of the shares. The British learned that the Khedive was negotiating with the French about this. Disraeli understood that by taking over all shares of the Suez Canal, the French would thereby significantly complicate British trade. Then he decided to get ahead of the French and buy half the shares for his country for 4 million pounds.

4. Protest movements. Birth of the Labor Party; "Rebel Island" gets Home Rule

One of the central issues of the lesson is the story of the creation of the Labor Party. It should be made clear to schoolchildren that this was a socialist party, and also reminded that today it is the largest political party in England. The reformist ideology of the party, already known to students, is concretized by MacDonald's statement given in the text of the textbook.

The question of “Reforms in the name of “class peace” is revealed within the textbook. At the same time, schoolchildren compare the reforms carried out by Bismarck in the German Empire with the reforms carried out in England, pointing out that these reforms were carried out not by one person, but by a party and were deeper in content, designed not to strengthen a semi-authoritarian state, but to strengthen civil peace and expansion of individual rights.

It is important to consider the Irish question as it will help to understand the modern problem of Ulster.

Summing up the lesson, it should be added that at the beginning of the 20th century. Great Britain is emerging from a state of “brilliant isolation,” and its desire to maintain world leadership leads the country to participate in the First World War.

Record in a notebook the reasons for the slowdown in the rate of economic development in Great Britain.

Sample answer:

Export of capital

Outdated equipment

Low competitiveness of British goods

High price of goods

Free trade

Agriculture crisis

Together with the teacher, they draw up a diagram “The British Parliament in the 19th century.”

Tories - Conservatives since 1876 –Reliance on the Landed Aristocracy and the Church of England

Whigs - Liberals from the middle. XIX century – Support for landowners and the industrial bourgeoisie

Record the reforms of 1860-80.

Self-government reform

Trade union law

Electoral reforms

54-hour workweek law

School reform

That. - Established in the UK civil society

And rule of law

Independently study the relevant section of the textbook and answer the question - how did Great Britain benefit from the acquisition of the Suez Canal?

Answer: Great Britain received free access from the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean without going around Africa.

Reinforcing the material covered

Survey

1. Do you think they corresponded to the actual state of affairs at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries? The words of the British national anthem “Rule, Britannia, the Seas!”?

2.Compare social reforms in Great Britain and social reforms in Germany. How do you see their similarities and differences?

3. Why do you think the lines from Tennyson’s poems “one flag, one fleet, one empire, one crown” were popular in Great Britain?

Raise hands and answer questions

IV. Homework organization

Study paragraph 19. Answer the question in writing: at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. The UK is behind Germany and the USA in terms of economic development. Think about the reasons for this phenomenon.

One of the students is preparing a report on the life of B. Disraeli