Where is the column. Nelson's column, london, uk

Walking around Rome, you can admire the columns and in its various corners. Most of the columns were erected to the glory of one or another emperor. Picturesque stone pillars testify to the triumph of commanders and. The most famous monuments were glorified in the centuries by Marcus Aurelius, Trajan and other worthy ones.

The appearance of commemorative columns is closely connected with such a concept as Triumph (lat. triumphus), that is, “triumph”.

The bright appearance of the lucky winner in Rome became a prestigious prize. The commander received the right to enter the capital on a gilded chariot, surrounded by a jubilant crowd. In addition to momentary honors, the name of the winner was immortalized for posterity - commemorative obelisks, arches and columns were erected. Only noble men who had a high position in the empire could claim the title of triumphant.

• You can see all the ancient Roman columns in time with the best Russian guides in Rome. We sincerely recommend.

What did the columns look like?

The column of the ancient conqueror had a certain typical scheme: a cylinder carved from stone, erected on a pedestal, which was topped with a statue of a commander. Most often, the column was covered with carvings, which depicted a large-scale historical battle, the exploits of the winner and his army. Sometimes the column was made up of several parts and was hollow from the inside. Inside such monuments, a ladder was placed, along which it was possible to get to the upper platform of the monument.

Trajan's Column (Colonna Traiana)

It is believed that the tradition of installing triumphal columns in ancient Rome began precisely at the time (lat. Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus). The Roman ruler conducted a protracted military campaign against the Dacian tribes (lat. Daci). It was possible not only to crush the commanders skilled in battle, but also to annex the territories of the Dacians as a new province of the Roman Empire.

In 113 AD by order of Trajan, the artist and architect Apollodorus of Damascus (lat. Apollodorus Damascenus) set to work on a stone column. The memorial obelisk was made of Carrara marble weighing about 40 tons. The total height of the memorial is 38 m, it is made up of 20 parts, hollow inside. The surface of the column is decorated with battle paintings illustrating the war between the Dacians and the Romans.

In 113 AD the top of the column was decorated with a victorious eagle, which was soon replaced by a statue of the emperor. At the end of the 16th century, Pope Sixtus V (lat. Sixtus V) ordered that the memorial be decorated with a statue of the Apostle Peter.

Modern scientists note the high historical value of the reliefs applied to the column. Thanks to the painstaking work done, you can get a good idea of ​​uniforms, weapons and combat methods in ancient times. A simple visitor can simply admire the masterfully done work. Also on the monument there is an inscription indicating that the Senate and the Roman people honored the achievements of Emperor Trajan in a worthy manner.

• The address:(lat. Forum Traiani), Via dei Fori Imperiali
• Site: www.stoa.org

Column of Anthony Pius (Colonna di Antonino Pio)

Anthony's Column was once installed on (lat. Campus Martius). It was built in 161 AD. successors of Emperor Antony Pius. The deceased ruler and his wife were honored. Initially, the red granite column was placed on a powerful carved pedestal and surmounted by a statue of Anthony Pius.

After the fall of the Roman Empire, the column was abandoned for a long time. The base of the memorial went underground, part of the 15-meter column shaft was irretrievably lost. In the 17th century, the column was removed from under the layer of earth thanks to the efforts of Carlo Fontana. The pedestal was well preserved, it was restored and preserved for posterity. But the surviving part of the granite column was later used to clad the obelisk in Montecitorio Square (Palazzo Montecitorio).

Today, you can admire the memorial to Anthony Pius during a visit (Musei Vaticani). Only the surviving pedestal curbstone is exhibited, on which the emperor is depicted ascending to heaven. Among other reliefs, allegorical images of Rome and stand out.

• Official site: mv.vatican.va
• to the Vatican Museums

Column of Marcus Aurelius

Column of Marcus Aurelius built in 193 AD. in honor of Emperor Marcus Aurelius (lat. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus). The reign of Marcus Aurelius was overshadowed by the threat posed by the Germanic and Sarmatian tribes. The period from 166 to 180 years. AD remained in history as the Marcomannic War. The emperor and his successor son Commodus (lat. Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus) were able to conquer the warlike tribes and restore order at the eastern borders of the Empire.

Marcus Aurelius could not enjoy a triumph in his own honor, as he died in 180 AD. The memorial, modeled after Trajan's Column, had a 10-meter base and a 30-meter main body. The column was made up of 28 pieces of Carrara marble, decorated with detailed depictions of battles between the Romans, Germans and Sarmatians. The column was crowned with a statue of Marcus Aurelius, which in the 16th century was replaced by a statue of the Apostle Paul.

There is a column of Marcus Aurelius on the Column Square (Piazza Colonna) named after her. Some time after the restoration in the 16th and 17th centuries, the column was erroneously attributed to Anthony Pius.

Foca's Column (Colonna di Foca)

Foki's column is the final point in construction (lat. Forum Romanum). In 608 AD a white marble column, 13.6 m high, was installed near the Rostra (oratory) and dedicated to Phocas (Greek Φωκᾶς), the Byzantine emperor.

At a time when Christianity was not divided into Orthodoxy and Catholicism, the friendship between Byzantium and Rome was quite strong. It is believed that at the top of the column stood a gilded statue of Phocas, commissioned by the Pontiff Boniface IV (Bonifatius IV). It is noteworthy that after the overthrow of Emperor Phocas, all references to his greatness were destroyed, including the column installed in the Forum.

• The address: Via dei Fori Imperiali
• 3D walk around the forum: www.italyrome.info

Column of the Immaculate (Colonna dell'Immacolata)

This monument is part of the attractions (Piazza di Spagna). At one end of the square was the Spanish embassy, ​​and in the opposite part in 1854 a column dedicated to the immaculate conception of the Virgin Mary was installed. Next to the memorial is the Palazzo di Propaganda Fide, conceived by Gian Lorenzo Bernini and built by Francesco Borromini.

The column was designed by Luigi Poletti, while the statue of the Immaculate Mary was created by the sculptor Giuseppe Obici. The customer of this monument was Ferdinand II (Ferdinando II), the king of both Sicilies. Thus, the ruler wanted to bring together and.

Since December 1953, a bouquet of flowers has been laid annually at the foot of the column, as a sign of respect for the Immaculate Conception.

At the foot of a 12-meter marble column sit 4 biblical wise men: Moses, Isaiah, King David, seer Ezekiel.

• The address: Piazza di Spagna

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Colonnade… Russian verbal stress

- (fr. colonne pillar). 1) a pillar supporting or decorating some part of a building. 2) a monument in the form of a pillar. 3) a well-known formation of the army. 4) ships built in several lines. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

- (French colonne, from Latin columna pillar), architecturally processed, round in cross section, vertical support, the core element of the building, the supporting structure of the building and architectural orders. It arose as the simplest element of a rack ... ... Art encyclopedia

COLUMN, columns, female. (Italian colonna) (architect). 1. An architectural structure that looks like a tall cylinder and most often serves as a support for gables or internal parts of buildings. Portico with columns. “I ... built a house, with columns, huge ...” ... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Column- - vertical support of a building, structure, perceiving vertical loads from other elements (beams, trusses, arches, vaults, etc.) [New Polytechnic Dictionary, Moscow, Scientific Publishing House, 2000] Column - (French colonne from lat … Encyclopedia of terms, definitions and explanations of building materials

COLUMN, female, lat. pillar, pillar, riser; stand, prop; a lonely column, in the form of a monument, a stall. The decoration of pillars or columns is determined in architecture by orders, the conditional order to which they belong. | Equestrian, foot column, ... ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

Vertical linear structure, the height of which significantly exceeds its cross section. A column intended for the perception of vertical (to a lesser extent horizontal) loads. Source: Glossary of architectural terms 1 ... Construction vocabulary

Cm … Synonym dictionary

In military affairs, a system in which servicemen are located at the back of the head to each other, and units (vehicles) one after another. Until ser. 19th century (in the Air Force in the 20th century) a column is one of the forms of battle order of troops (aviation) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

COLUMN, s, wives. 1. A structure in the form of a high pillar, which serves as a support in a building or is erected as a monument. Hall with columns. Triumphant k. 2. About people, objects located or moving one after another in an elongated line. TO.… … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

- (Column of ships) building a fleet in several lines, each of which is called K. K. can be windward, leeward, right, left, middle. Samoilov K.I. Marine dictionary. M. L .: State Naval Publishing House of the NKVMF of the Union ... ... Marine Dictionary

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• The Last Column, W. Küchelbecker. Leningrad, 1937. Publishing house "Fiction". Publisher's binding. The preservation is good. The publication presents the unfinished novel by V. K. Kuchelbecker "The Last Column", ...

Alexander Column - one of the most famous monuments of St. Petersburg

I erected a monument to myself not made by hands,
The folk path will not grow to it,
He ascended higher as the head of the rebellious
Pillar of Alexandria...

A.S. Pushkin

If I remember correctly from the school bench, then the poem sounds exactly like this) After that, with the light hand of Alexander Sergeevich, they began to call the Alexander Column a pillar, moreover, Alexandria =) How did it appear and why is it so remarkable?

Alexander Column erected in the Empire style in 1834 in the center of Palace Square by the architect Auguste Montferrand by decree of Emperor Nicholas I in memory of the victory of his older brother Alexander I over Napoleon.

This monument supplemented the composition of the Arch of the General Staff, which was dedicated to the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812. The idea for the construction of the monument came from the famous architect Carl Rossi. When planning the space of Palace Square, he believed that a monument should be placed in the center of the square. However, he rejected the proposed idea of ​​installing another equestrian statue of Peter I.

An open competition was officially announced on behalf of Emperor Nicholas I in 1829 with the wording in memory of the “unforgettable brother.” Auguste Montferrand responded to this challenge by erecting a grandiose granite obelisk, but this option was rejected by the emperor. A sketch of that project has been preserved and is currently in the library of the Institute of Railway Engineers. Montferrand proposed to install a huge granite obelisk 25.6 meters high on a granite plinth 8.22 meters. The front side of the obelisk was supposed to be decorated with bas-reliefs depicting the events of the war of 1812 in photographs from the famous medallions made by Count F. P. Tolstoy. On the pedestal, it was planned to carry out the inscription “To the Blessed - Grateful Russia”. On the pedestal, the architect saw a rider on a horse trampling a serpent with his feet; a double-headed eagle flies in front of the rider, the goddess of victory follows the rider, crowning him with laurels; the horse is led by two symbolic female figures. The sketch of the project indicates that the obelisk was supposed to surpass all known monoliths in the world with its height. The artistic part of the project is superbly executed with watercolor technique and testifies to Montferrand's high skill in various areas of visual arts. Trying to defend his project, the architect acted within the chain of command, dedicating his essay “Plans et details du monument consacr ? ? la m?moire de l'Empereur Alexandre", but the idea was nevertheless rejected and Montferrand was unequivocally pointed to the column as the desired form of the monument.

The second project, which was later implemented, consisted in the installation of a column higher than Vendôme (erected in honor of Napoleon's victories). Below in the photo is a fragment of a column from Place Vendôme (author - PAUL)

Trajan's Column in Rome was offered to Auguste Montferrand as a source of inspiration

The narrow scope of the project did not allow the architect to escape from the influence of world famous designs, and his new work was only a slight modification of the ideas of his predecessors. The artist expressed his individuality by refusing to use additional decorations, such as bas-reliefs, spirally wrapping around the rod of the ancient Trajan's column. Montferrand showed the beauty of a giant polished pink granite monolith 25.6 meters high. In addition, Montferrand made his monument higher than all existing ones. In this new form, on September 24, 1829, the project without sculptural completion was approved by the sovereign. Construction was carried out from 1829 to 1834.

For the granite monolith - the main part of the column, a rock was used, which the sculptor outlined during his previous trips to Finland. Extraction and preliminary processing were carried out in 1830-1832 in the Pyuterlak quarry, which was located between Vyborg and Friedrichsham. These works were carried out according to the method of S. K. Sukhanov, the production was supervised by the foremen S. V. Kolodkin and V. A. Yakovlev. After the masons, having examined the rock, confirmed the suitability of the material, a prism was cut off from it, which was much larger than the future column. Gigantic devices were used: huge levers and gates in order to move the block from its place and topple it onto a soft and resilient bed of spruce branches. After separating the blank, huge stones were cut from the same rock for the foundation of the monument, the largest of which weighed more than 400 tons. Their delivery to St. Petersburg was carried out by water, for this a barge of a special design was involved. The monolith was duped on the spot and prepared for transportation. Ship engineer Colonel Glasin dealt with transportation issues, who designed and built a special boat, named "Saint Nicholas", with a carrying capacity of up to 1100 tons. A special pier was built to carry out loading operations. Loading was carried out from a wooden platform at its end, which coincides in height with the side of the vessel. Having overcome all difficulties, the convoy was loaded aboard, and the monolith set off for Kronstadt on a barge towed by two steamers to go from there to the Palace Embankment of St. Petersburg. Arrival of the central part Alexander Column Petersburg took place on July 1, 1832.

In 1829, on Palace Square in St. Petersburg, work began on the preparation and construction of the foundation and pedestal of the column. The work was supervised by O. Montferrand. First, a geological exploration of the area was carried out, as a result of which a suitable sandy continent was discovered near the center of the area at a depth of 5.2 m. In December 1829, the site for the column was approved, and 1,250 six-meter pine piles were driven into the base. Then the piles were cut under the spirit level, forming a platform for the foundation, according to the original method: the bottom of the pit was filled with water, and the piles were cut at the level of the water table, which ensured the horizontal position of the platform. This method was proposed by Lieutenant General A. A. Betancourt, an architect and engineer, organizer of construction and transport in the Russian Empire. Earlier, using the same technology, the foundation of St. Isaac's Cathedral was laid. The foundation of the monument was built of half-meter thick stone granite blocks. It was brought out to the horizon of the square with plank masonry. A bronze box with coins minted in honor of the victory of 1812 was laid in its center. In October 1830, the work was completed.

After laying the foundation, a huge four-hundred-ton monolith was erected on it, brought from the Puterlak quarry, which serves as the base of the pedestal. Of course, in those days, installing a 400-ton stone was, to put it mildly, not easy) But I don’t think this article should describe this process, I just note that it was hard for them ... By July 1832, the column monolith was on the way , and the pedestal is already completed. It is time to start the most difficult task - placing the column on the pedestal. This part of the work was also carried out by Lieutenant General A. A. Betancourt. In December 1830, he designed an original lifting system. It included: scaffolding 47 meters high, 60 capstans and a system of blocks, and he took advantage of all this in the following way: they rolled the column along an inclined plane to a special platform located at the foot of the scaffolding and wrapped it with many rings of ropes to which blocks were attached ; another system of blocks was at the top of the scaffolding; a large number of ropes, encircling the stone, went around the upper and lower blocks and were wound with free ends on capstans placed on the square. At the end of all the preparations, the day of the solemn ascent was appointed. On August 30, 1832, masses of people gathered to watch this event: they occupied the entire square, and besides this, the windows and the roof of the General Staff Building were occupied by spectators. The sovereign and the entire imperial family came to the lift. To bring the column to a vertical position on Palace Square, engineer A.A. Betancourt needed to attract the forces of 2,000 soldiers and 400 workers, who installed the monolith in 1 hour and 45 minutes. The stone block rose obliquely, slowly crawled, then lifted off the ground and was brought to a position above the pedestal. On command, the ropes were released, the column smoothly lowered and fell into place. The people shouted “Hurrah!” loudly. And Nicholas I then told Montferrand that he had immortalized himself.

After the column was installed, it remained to fix the bas-relief slabs and decorative elements on the pedestal, as well as to carry out the final processing and polishing of the column. The column was crowned with a bronze Doric capital with a rectangular brickwork abacus with bronze cladding. A cylindrical bronze pedestal with a hemispherical top was installed on it. In parallel with the construction of the column, in September 1830 O. Montferrand worked on the statue, supposed to be placed above it and, according to the wishes of Nicholas I, facing the Winter Palace. In the initial project, the column was completed by a cross, entwined with a snake to decorate the fasteners. In addition, the sculptors of the Academy of Arts proposed several options for compositions of figures of angels and virtues with a cross. There was a variant with the installation of the figure of St. Prince Alexander Nevsky. As a result, the figure of an angel with a cross was accepted for execution, made by the sculptor B. I. Orlovsky with expressive and understandable symbolism for everyone - “By this win!”. These words are connected with the story of finding the life-giving cross. The finishing and polishing of the monument took two years.

The opening of the monument took place on August 30, 1834 and marked the completion of work on the design of Palace Square. The ceremony was attended by the sovereign, the royal family, the diplomatic corps, the one hundred thousandth Russian army and representatives of the Russian army. It was carried out in an emphatically Orthodox setting and was accompanied by a solemn divine service at the foot of the column, in which the kneeling troops and the emperor himself took part. This open-air service drew a parallel with the historical prayer service of the Russian troops in Paris on the day of Orthodox Easter on March 29, 1814. In honor of the opening of the monument, a commemorative ruble with a circulation of 15,000 coins was issued.

The Alexander Column resembles samples of the triumphal structures of antiquity; the monument has an amazing clarity of proportions, laconic form, beauty of silhouette. On the plate of the monument is engraved “Grateful Russia to Alexander I”. This is the tallest monument in the world, made of solid granite and the third highest after the Grand Army Column in Boulogne-sur-Mer and Trafalgar in London (Nelson's column). It is higher than similar monuments in the world: the Vendome Column in Paris, Trajan's Column in Rome and the Pompey Column in Alexandria.

The monument is crowned with the figure of an angel by Boris Orlovsky. In his left hand the angel holds a four-pointed Latin cross, and in his right hand he raises to the sky. The angel's head is tilted, his gaze fixed on the ground. According to the original design of Auguste Montferrand, the figure at the top of the column rested on a steel bar, which was later removed, and during the restoration of 2002-2003, it turned out that the angel was held up by its own bronze mass. Not only is the column itself taller than the Vendome, the figure of an angel is taller than the figure of Napoleon I on the Vendome column. The sculptor gave the angel's facial features a resemblance to the face of Alexander I. In addition, the angel tramples a snake with a cross, which symbolizes the peace and tranquility that Russia brought to Europe by defeating the Napoleonic troops. The light figure of an angel, the falling folds of clothing, the clearly defined vertical of the cross, continuing the vertical of the monument, emphasize the slenderness of the column.

"Pillar of Alexandria" was surrounded by a decorative bronze fence designed by Auguste Montferrand. The height of the fence is about 1.5 meters. The fence was decorated with 136 double-headed eagles and 12 captured cannons, which were crowned with three-headed eagles. Between them were placed alternating spears and flagstaffs, crowned with guards' double-headed eagles. Locks were hung on the gate of the fence in accordance with the author's plan. In addition, the project involved the installation of a candelabrum with copper lanterns and gas lighting. The fence in its original form was installed in 1834, all the elements were completely installed in 1836-1837. In the northeastern corner of the fence there was a sentry box, in which there was a disabled person dressed in a full guard uniform, who guarded the monument day and night and kept order on the square. The entire space of the Palace Square was paved with end faces.

Imperial linen
And chariot motors, -
In the black maelstrom of the capital
Stylite-angel ascended...

Osip Mandelstam

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Statues are a special kind of art, which consists in creating images of those individuals who have made a special contribution to the history of the development of individual states and the whole world. A large number of statues are dedicated to military professionals who defended their own country and conquered new lands. One of these prominent personalities was the Vice Admiral of the Fleet of Great Britain, Viscount Horatio Nelson.

Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson - biography.

Horatio Nelson was born in 1758 in the family of a priest. In Horatio's family, besides him, there were 11 more children, the boy did not stand out among his brothers, he was often sick, and did not show a keen interest in learning. At the age of 12, Horatio went as a cabin boy to the fleet of his uncle, who taught him everything he knew about maritime affairs. Thanks to his uncle, the young man went on many voyages on the largest ships and achieved a high naval rank. A significant role in the service of Horatio brought his confidence and courage. In 1777, Horatio went to the frigate Lowestoff and took part in the American Revolution. In battle, Horatio Nelson showed himself as a real hero, skillfully coped with all the tasks and saved the lives of others. Already at the age of 20, Horatio became a captain and received command of his first frigate. Nelson also served in the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic battles. In 1801, Horatio received the rank of vice admiral.

In honor of the great achievements and successful command of the British fleet, as well as in memory of the tragic death of the admiral in the Battle of Trafalgar, a Admiral Nelson's column(Eng. Nelson's Column). The column is located on Trafalgar Square and is a high statue mounted on a pedestal, the upper part of which is decorated with a bust of Horatio Nelson. The bust reaches a height of 5.5 meters, the total height of Nelson's column is 46 meters. The column is decorated with bronze elements; bronze leaves are located on its top. At the foot there is a plaque with the name of the author of the column. In 1867, new details were added to the foot - four lions.

By Nelson's Column in London was Edward Bailey, a member of the Royal Academy of Arts, erected a column in the period from 1840 to 1843. The place of installation of the sculpture was Trafalgar Square, Nelson looks towards the Admiralty and Portsmouth, where her flagship, the Royal Navy ship HMS Victory, is located. This fact is a symbol of the fact that Admiral Horatio Nelson remains true to his cause and his flagship even in death.

The highest Nelson Column, where famous TV presenters managed to visit, conquering its top, is one of the highest points in London and the most famous monument to the military admiral.

Nelson's Column in London is a legend.

There are many legends about this column. The most common of these are the interest in the column of Adolf Hitler, who wanted to take the statue of Nelson to Berlin, and the sale of the statue to the Americans by the fraudster Arthur Ferguson. But, despite all the folk stories, Admiral Nelson's column continues to confidently stand in its rightful place.

The cost of Nelson's Column in Trafalgar Square is approximately $6 million, which is quite a large sum even for a monarchical state. Also, a fairly large amount of money was allocated in 2006 for the restoration of the column, it was sponsored by Zurich Financial Services AG. In anticipation of the restoration, a thorough laser examination of the dimensions of the column was carried out, which showed that its real height differs from the named one and is about 52 meters. However, Nelson's Column in London is a real landmark of Great Britain and a historical monument of the great naval battles.